Английская Википедия:Ashura

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox holiday

Шаблон:Musa Шаблон:Husayn

Ashura (Шаблон:Lang-ar, Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:IPA-ar) is a day of commemoration in Islam. It occurs annually on the tenth of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar. For Sunni Muslims, Ashura marks the parting of the Red Sea by Moses and the salvation of the Israelites. Also on this day, Noah disembarked from the Ark, God forgave Adam, and Joseph was released from prison, among various other auspicious events on Ashura in Sunni tradition. Ashura is celebrated in Sunni Islam through supererogatory fasting and other acceptable expressions of joy. In some Sunni communities, the annual Ashura festivities include carnivals, bonfires, and special dishes, even though some Sunni scholars have criticized such practices.

By contrast, for Shia Muslims, Ashura is a day of mourning as they annually commemorate the death of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the third Shia imam. Husayn refused on moral grounds to pledge his allegiance to the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya (Шаблон:Reign) and was subsequently killed, alongside most of his male relatives and his small retinue, by the Umayyad army in the Battle of Karbala on Ashura 61 AH (680 CE). Among the Shia minority, mourning for Husayn is viewed as an act of protest against oppression, a struggle for God, and a means of securing the intercession of Husayn in the afterlife. Ashura is observed through mourning gatherings, processions, and dramatic reenactments. In such ceremonies, Shia mourners strike their chests to share in the pain of Husayn. Extreme self-flagellation, often involving self-inflicted bloodshed, remains controversial among the Shia, condemned by many Shia clerics, and outlawed in some Shia communities. Ashura has sometimes been an occasion for sectarian violence, particularly against the Shia minority.

Etymology

Шаблон:Transl is an Aramaic word meaning 'tenth'.Шаблон:Sfn It may have also been derived from the Syriac words Шаблон:Transl or Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn It shares the same root as the Hebrew word 'āsōr.Шаблон:Sfn In Arabic, Ashura refers to the tenth day of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar, a month in which fighting has been forbidden since before the advent of Islam.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Ashura in Sunni Islam

Origins

Fasting on Ashura was likely a Jewish practice adopted by the Islamic prophet Muhammad after his arrival in the city of Medina in 622 CE,Шаблон:Sfn perhaps signifying Muhammad's sense of a shared prophetic mission with Moses.Шаблон:Sfn Although it remained optional, fasting on Ashura ceased to be a religious obligation after about a year when the relations with the Medinan Jews deteriorated.Шаблон:Sfn This transition is often associated with verses 2:183–5 of the Quran, the central religious text in Islam, which explicitly designate Ramadan as the month of fasting.Шаблон:Sfn It also seems improbable that Ashura initially coincided with the tenth of Muharram.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Instead, Ashura was probably observed at first on the tenth of the first Jewish month of Tishrei, known as Yom Kippur (Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The association of Ashura with the tenth of Muharram thus happened later, some time after the Jewish and Muslim calendars diverged.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In turn, the calendars began to diverge when Muhammad forbade Jewish-type calendar adjustments in connection with verse 9:37 of the Quran.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

A similar origin story for Ashura appears in some Sunni traditions.Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, there are traditions in canonical Sunni collections that describe fasting on Ashura as a pre-Islamic practice among the Quraysh tribe, in which Muhammad also partook while he was in Mecca.Шаблон:Sfn Some early Sunni traditions, many classified as unreliable,Шаблон:Sfn possibly invented by the Umayyads (Шаблон:Reign),Шаблон:Sfn link Ashura to various auspicious events: On this day, Moses parted the Red Sea,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Noah disembarked from the Ark,Шаблон:Sfn God forgave Adam, Joseph was released from prison, Jesus, Abraham, and Adam were born, Muhammad was conceived,Шаблон:Sfn and Jonah was freed from the fish that had swallowed him.Шаблон:Sfn Fasting on the ninth of Muharram, known as Tasu'a, was a later addition, probably to distinguish Muslims from Jews.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Customs

Шаблон:See also In Sunni Islam, ninth and tenth of Muharram are days for voluntary fasting, strongly encouraged by Sunni jurists.Шаблон:Sfn While not endorsed by all Sunni scholars,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Ashura is further viewed as a day of thanksgiving (Шаблон:Transl) to God, a joyous occasion, celebrated through pious acts and acceptable expressions of delight.Шаблон:Sfn Ashura is thus an important festival for many Sunnis, in contrast to the Shia, who mourn on this day the slaughter of Muhammad's grandson, Husayn ibn Ali, and his small retinue in the Battle of Karbala in 680.Шаблон:Sfn Such Sunni festivities either developed in response to Shia customs on Ashura or with the influence of pre-Islamic traditions.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In line with the former view, under the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (Шаблон:Reign), Ashura was celebrated as a festive public holiday to counter the commemoration of Husayn.Шаблон:Sfn The Abbasid caliph al-Qadir (Шаблон:Reign) did so too in Baghdad, Iraq.Шаблон:Sfn Another instance is the reenactment by a Sunni mob of the Battle of the Camel (656) against Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first Shia imam, in the Buyid-era Baghdad on Ashura 973.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Whatever the case is for their origins, such festivities were firmly established by the time of the Sunni jurist Ibn Taymiyya (Шаблон:Died in), to whom a questioner wrote, observing that people are joyful on Ashura; they bathe, adorn themselves, shake hands with each other, and cook grains.Шаблон:Sfn In the Maghreb, for instance, Ashura is celebrated today through fasting, almsgiving, honoring the dead, special dishes, jumping over bonfires, and carnivals.Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, particularly in South Asia, some Sunnis participated in the Shia rituals on Ashura,Шаблон:Sfn at least until modern times.Шаблон:Sfn Sufis also commonly commemorated the death of Husayn, more so in the earlier times, despite its variance with the views of the Sunni elite.Шаблон:Sfn For Sufis, rather than a tragedy, Ashura celebrates the eternal life of Husayn and his companions, who annihilated themselves in the Divine with their martyrdom.Шаблон:Sfn

Ibn Taymiyya

In response to an inquiry about their legal basis, Ibn Taymiyya rejects both mourning and celebrating on Ashura because, he contends, neither was practiced by Muhammad. Ibn Taymiyya does, however, encourage fasting on Ashura to emulate Muhammad. The Islamicist M. Katz questions the judgment of Ibn Taymiyya for not taking into account the Sunni reports that Muhammad fasted to celebrate Ashura, suggesting that Ibn Taymiyya has stripped fasting of its higher meaning.Шаблон:Sfn

Ashura in Shia Islam

Battle of Karbala

Шаблон:Main articles In Shia Islam, Ashura commemorates the death of Husayn ibn Ali, Muhammad's grandson and the third Shia imam.Шаблон:Sfn Husayn was killed, alongside most of his male relatives and his small retinue, on 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680) in the Battle of Karbala against the army of the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya (Шаблон:Reign), having been surrounded for some days and deprived of the drinking water of the nearby Euphrates river. After the battle, the women and children in Husayn's camp were taken prisoner and marched to the capital Damascus in Syria. The battle followed failed negotiations and Husayn's refusal to pledge his allegiance to Yazid, who is often portrayed by Muslim historians as impious and immoral.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The fight took place in the desert land of Karbala, en route to the nearby Kufa, whose residents had invited Husayn to lead them against Yazid.Шаблон:Sfn

Significance

Шаблон:Main articles

Файл:Tehran Ashura Demonstration, 11 December 1978 (12).jpg
Ashura demonstrations against the Pahlavids in Iran, 1978

Ashura is a day of mourning and grief for Shia Muslims.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was observed as such by their imams,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn who also frequently encouraged the Shia community to follow suit.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, a tradition attributed to the Shia imam Ali al-Rida (Шаблон:Died in) describes Ashura as a day of grieving and somber resignation from material affairs.Шаблон:Sfn Shia tradition also dismisses as fabricated those Sunni hadiths that mark Ashura as a joyful occasion.Шаблон:Sfn Indeed, traditions attributed to the Shia imams forbid fasting on this day,Шаблон:Sfn and promise eternal punishment for those who celebrate Ashura as a day of blessing.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In Shia Islam, Karbala symbolizes the eternal struggle between good and evil,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn the pinnacle of self-sacrifice,Шаблон:Sfn and the ultimate sabotage of Muhammad's prophetic mission.Шаблон:Sfn Historically, the event served to crystallize the Shia community into a distinct sect and remains an integral part of their religious identity to date.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On the one hand, mourners share in the pain of Husayn and hope to benefit from his intercession on the Day of Judgement.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On the other, they view mourning for Husayn as an act of protest against oppression, a struggle for God (Шаблон:Transl), and as such an act of worship.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Rituals

Шаблон:Main article

Файл:Mourning of Muharram in cities and villages of Iran-342 16 (136).jpg
Shia passion play (Шаблон:Transl) in Iran

In addition to pilgrimage to the shrine of Husayn, located in Karbala, Iraq,Шаблон:Sfn Shia Muslims annually commemorate the events of Karbala throughout the months of Muharram and Safar.Шаблон:Sfn Most rituals take place during the first ten days of Muharram, culminating on Ashura with processions in major Shia cities.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The main component of ritual ceremonies (Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Singular Шаблон:Transl) is the narration of the stories of Karbala (Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and the recitation of elegies and dirges (Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn all intended to raise the sympathy of audience and move them to tears.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A Шаблон:Transl often takes place in a dedicated building or structure, known variously as Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl, or Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Another component of mourning gatherings is the self-flagellation of participants to the rhythm of Karbala elegies.Шаблон:Sfn Rooted in ancient Arab practices,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn mild forms of self-flagellation, that is, striking one's face and chest in grief (Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn are common today in Shia communities.Шаблон:Sfn But there are also extreme forms of self-flagellation (Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl), in which the participants strike themselves, usually on the forehead or back, with knives, swords, or chains to which razor blades are attached.Шаблон:Sfn Banned in Iran and the Shia communities of Lebanon since the mid-90s,Шаблон:Sfn instrumental self-flagellation has been condemned by many Shia clerics,Шаблон:Sfn and it remains an often controversial practice among the Shia.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Tuwairij run 5.jpg
Шаблон:Transl march in Karbala, Iraq

Another mourning ritual is the dramatic reenactment of Karbala narratives (Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl), practiced today in Iran, in the western Gulf shore, and in Lebanon.Шаблон:Sfn On Ashura, always the "martyrdom of Husayn" is reenacted in such performances.Шаблон:Sfn In Karbala, an annual performance on Ashura reenacts the burning of Husayn's tents after the battle by the Umayyads and the captivity of the women and children.Шаблон:Sfn During Muharram, especially on Ashura,Шаблон:Sfn processions of mourners (Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl) march the streets,Шаблон:Sfn chanting dirges and elegies,Шаблон:Sfn sometimes accompanied by self-flagellation.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn For instance, in the Шаблон:Transl march in Karbala, male and then female mourners walk barefoot to the shrine of Husayn in the afternoon of Ashura.Шаблон:Sfn Depending on the region, processions carry symbolic objects, such as Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit),Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit),Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Transl,Шаблон:Sfn and tadjah.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Transl represents the ensign of Husayn in Karbala,Шаблон:Sfn while the last three objects symbolize his bier or tomb.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Terrorist attacks during Ashura

Шаблон:See also

Ashura has sometimes been an occasion for Sunni violence against Shia Muslims, who are often a minority in Muslim communities.Шаблон:Sfn In India, for instance, the Sunni activist Ahmad Barelvi (Шаблон:Died in) preached against Ashura rituals and, probably with some exaggeration, boasted of destroying thousands of Шаблон:Transls, which are buildings dedicated to ritual mourning.Шаблон:Sfn Some terrorist attacks against Ashura services are listed below.

In the Gregorian calendar

Ashura, tenth of Muharram in the Islamic calendar, corresponds to a different day every year in the Gregorian calendar.[9]

Islamic calendar 1444 1445 1446
Gregorian calendar 8 August 2022[10] 28 July 2023[10] 16 July 2024[10]

Gallery

See also

Шаблон:Portal Шаблон:Columns-list

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Commons Шаблон:Mourning of Muharram Шаблон:Muslimholidays Шаблон:Public holidays in Algeria Шаблон:Public holidays in Pakistan Шаблон:Sufism terminology Шаблон:Portal bar Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Ashura&oldid=13279183