Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Béla Guttmann

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Hungarian football player and manager (1899–1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Eastern name order|Guttmann Béla}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Béla Guttmann
| image = Guttmann 1953 (cropped).JPG
| caption = Guttmann in 1953
| fullname = Béla Guttmann
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1899|01|27}}<ref name="rsssf_int"/>
| birth_place = [[Budapest]],<ref name="rsssf_int"/> [[Austria-Hungary]] <br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1981|08|28|1899|01|27}}<ref name="rsssf_int"/>
| death_place = [[Vienna]],<ref name="rsssf_int"/> Austria
| position = [[Midfielder|Centre-half]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/jan/17/europeanfootball.sport1|author=Jonathan Wilson|title=Chelsea be warned: a Guttman is hard to find|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=17 January 2007}}</ref>
| youthyears1 = 1917–1919
| youthclubs1 = [[Törekvés SE]]
| years1 = 1919–1920
| years2 = 1921–1922
| years3 = 1922–1926
| years4 = 1926
| years5 = 1926–1929
| years6 = 1929–1930
| years7 = 1930
| years8 = 1931–1932
| years9 = 1932–1933
| clubs1 = [[Törekvés SE]]
| clubs2 = [[MTK Budapest FC|MTK Hungária]]
| clubs3 = [[Hakoah Vienna|Hakoah Wien]]
| clubs4 = [[Brooklyn Wanderers]]
| clubs5 = [[New York Giants (soccer)|New York Giants]]
| clubs6 = [[New York Hakoah]]
| clubs7 = [[New York Soccer Club]]
| clubs8 = [[Hakoah All-Stars]]
| clubs9 = [[Hakoah Vienna|Hakoah Wien]]
| caps1 = 17
| goals1 = 0
| caps2 = 16
| goals2 = 1
| caps3 = 96
| goals3 = 8
| caps4 = 
| goals4 = 
| caps5 = 83
| goals5 = 2
| caps6 = 21
| goals6 = 0
| caps7 = 22
| goals7 = 0
| caps8 = 50
| goals8 = 0
| caps9 = 4
| goals9 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 1921–1924
| nationalteam1 = [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]]<ref name="rsssf_int">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/players/hong-players-in-it.html|title=Hungarian Players and Coaches in Italy|first=Davide|last=Rota|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]|date=9 January 2001|access-date=12 March 2009}}</ref>
| nationalcaps1 = 4
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| manageryears1 = 1933–1935
| manageryears2 = 1935–1937
| manageryears3 = 1937–1938
| manageryears4 = 1938–1939
| manageryears5 = 1945
| manageryears6 = 1946
| manageryears7 = 1947
| manageryears8 = 1947–1948
| manageryears9 = 1949–1950
| manageryears10 = 1950–1951
| manageryears11 = 1953
| manageryears12 = 1953
| manageryears13 = 1953–1955
| manageryears14 = 1955–1956
| manageryears15 = 1956–1957
| manageryears16 = 1957–1958
| manageryears17 = 1958–1959
| manageryears18 = 1959–1962
| manageryears19 = 1962
| manageryears20 = 1964
| manageryears21 = 1965–1966
| manageryears22 = 1966–1967
| manageryears23 = 1967
| manageryears24 = 1973
| manageryears25 = 1973
| managerclubs1 = [[SC Hakoah Wien]]
| managerclubs2 = [[FC Twente|Enschede]]
| managerclubs3 = [[SC Hakoah Wien|Hakoah Wien]]
| managerclubs4 = [[Újpest FC|Újpest]]
| managerclubs5 = [[Vasas SC|Vasas]]
| managerclubs6 = [[Maccabi București|Ciocanul București]]
| managerclubs7 = [[Újpest FC|Újpest]]
| managerclubs8 = [[Budapest Honvéd FC|Kispest]]
| managerclubs9 = [[Calcio Padova|Padova]]
| managerclubs10 = [[U.S. Triestina Calcio|Triestina]]
| managerclubs11 = [[Quilmes Atlético Club|Quilmes]]
| managerclubs12 = [[APOEL F.C.|APOEL]]
| managerclubs13 = [[A.C. Milan|AC Milan]]
| managerclubs14 = [[Vicenza Calcio|Vicenza]]
| managerclubs15 = [[Budapest Honvéd FC|Honvéd]]
| managerclubs16 = [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]]
| managerclubs17 = [[F.C. Porto|Porto]]
| managerclubs18 = [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]]
| managerclubs19 = [[C.A. Peñarol|Peñarol]]
| managerclubs20 = [[Austria national football team|Austria]]
| managerclubs21 = [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]]
| managerclubs22 = [[Servette FC|Servette]]
| managerclubs23 = [[Panathinaikos FC|Panathinaikos]]
| managerclubs24 = [[FK Austria Wien|Austria Wien]]
| managerclubs25 = [[F.C. Porto|Porto]]
}}
'''Béla Guttmann''' ({{IPA-hu|ˈbeːlɒ ˈɡutmɒnn|lang}}; 27 January 1899<ref>''See'' [https://archive.today/20120723161134/http://photos.liveauctioneers.com/houses/agon-sportsworld-de/9730/4534_1_lg.jpg Guttmann's birth certificate].</ref> – 28 August 1981) was a Hungarian [[association football|footballer]] and coach. He was born in [[Budapest]], [[Austria-Hungary]], and was [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Jewish]]. He was deported by the Nazis to a [[Nazi slave labor camp]] where he was tortured; he survived [[the Holocaust]]. 

Before the war, he played as a [[midfielder]] for [[MTK Hungária FC]], [[SC Hakoah Wien]], and several clubs in the United States. Guttmann also played for the [[Hungary national football team]], including at the [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|1924 Olympic Games]].<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmd.org.uk/resource/bela-guttmann-hmd-2019/|title=Béla Guttmann|publisher=Holocaust Memorial Day Trust}}</ref>  

Guttmann coached in ten countries from 1933 to 1974, and won ten national championships and, most notably, two back-to-back [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]]s with [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]]. He also coached the national teams of Hungary and Austria, having also coached club football in the Netherlands, Italy, Brazil, Uruguay, and Portugal. He is perhaps best remembered as a coach and manager after the war of [[A.C. Milan]], [[São Paulo Futebol Clube|São Paulo FC]], [[FC Porto]], [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]], and [[C.A. Peñarol]]. His greatest success came with Benfica when he guided them to two successive European Cup wins, in [[European Cup 1960–61|1961]] and in [[1961–62 European Cup|1962]]. 

He pioneered the [[Formation (association football)#4–2–4|4–2–4 formation]] along with [[Márton Bukovi]] and [[Gusztáv Sebes]], forming a triumvirate of radical Hungarian coaches, and is also credited with mentoring [[Eusébio da Silva Ferreira|Eusébio]]. However, throughout his career he was never far from controversy. Widely travelled, as both a player and coach, he rarely stayed at a club longer than two seasons, and was quoted as saying "the third season is fatal". He was sacked at Milan while they were top of [[Serie A]], and he walked out on Benfica after they reportedly refused a request for a pay rise, allegedly leaving the club with a curse.

==Early life==
Guttmann was born in [[Budapest]], [[Austria-Hungary]], and was [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Jewish]].<ref name="auto10">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qpiphgls99IC&q=B%C3%A9la+Guttmann+jewish&pg=PA138|title=The International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame|first=Joseph M.|last=Siegman|date= 1992|publisher=SP Books|isbn=9781561710287|via=Google Books}}</ref> His parents, Ábrahám and Eszter were dance teachers.<ref name="auto14">{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1119666-bla-guttmann-the-original-jose-mourinho|title=Bela Guttmann : The Original Jose Mourinho|first=John|last=Ray|website=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesportsman.com/features/bela-guttmann-and-the-european-curse-that-could-last-a-century-for-benfica|title=Bela Guttmann and the European Curse That Could Last A Century For Benfica; The legendary manager's legacy with the Portuguese giants still remains today|date=28 August 2020|website=The Sportsman|author=Jack Porter}}</ref> He became a trained dance instructor himself, at 16 years of age.<ref name="auto13">{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/04/sport/football/benfica-bela-guttmann-curse/index.html|title=Benfica and 'the curse of Bela Guttmann'|author=James Masters|publisher=CNN|date=16 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto14"/> He obtained a Psychology degree in Austria.<ref name="auto14"/>

==Playing career==

===Club career===
Guttmann was a prominent member of the [[MTK Hungária FC]] team of the early 1920s.<ref>[http://www.nela.hu/nb_jatekos.php?id=8762 Béla Guttmann] at nela.hu</ref> Playing [[half back (association football)|halfback]] or [[center half]] alongside [[Gyula Mándi]], he helped MTK win [[Hungarian League]] titles in 1920 and 1921.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1">Joseph Siegman (2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=n_j1DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22B%C3%A9la+Guttmann%22+%22may%22+%22polo+grounds%22&pg=PA195 ''Jewish Sports Legends; The International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame'']</ref> 

[[File:Béla Guttmann (1925).jpg|thumbnail|left|Béla Guttmann during his [[SC Hakoah Wien|Hakoah Wien]] period (1925)]]
In 1922 Guttmann moved to [[Vienna]], Austria, to escape the [[antisemitism]] in Hungary of the [[Miklós Horthy|Admiral Horthy]] regime, as during 1919 to 1921 counter-revolutionary soldiers carried out repressive violence to destroy any supporters of Hungary's short-lived [[Hungarian Soviet Republic|Soviet republic]] and its [[Red Terror (Hungary)|Red Terror]]. Several hundreds of people were killed, many of them were Jewish in a campaign known as the [[White Terror (Hungary)|White Terror]], orchestrated by the Hungarian nationalist government.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://sportal.co.in/2019/09/revolutionary-coach-who-survived-nazi-labour-camp-to-become-worlds-first-superstar-manager/|title=Revolutionary coach who survived Nazi labour camp to become world's first superstar manager|date=27 September 2019 |work= Sportal – World Sports News}}</ref> In Vienna he joined the all-[[Jewish]] club [[SC Hakoah Wien]] and played for them as their [[centre back]] from 1922 to 1926 and in 1933.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> For the team's shirts, they wore the blue and white of the [[Zionist]] national movement, and a large [[Star of David]] was their badge.<ref name="auto2"/> In 1925 he won another league title when Hakoah won the [[Austrian football champions|Austrian League]].<ref name="auto3"/> In April 1926 the SC Hakoah Wien squad sailed to New York to begin a ten-match tour of the United States.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/spanish-flu-spawned-benfica-legend/53405|author=Chris Wright|title=Spanish flu spawned Benfica legend|website=The Portugal News|date=20 March 2020}}</ref> On 1 May a crowd of 46,000 watched them play an [[American Soccer League (1921–1933)|''American Soccer League XI'']] at the [[Polo Grounds]], a US record for a soccer game until 1977.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto5">Gabriel Kuhn (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&dq=%22B%C3%A9la+Guttmann%22+%22may%22+%22polo+grounds%22&pg=PA25 ''Soccer Vs. the State; Tackling Football and Radical Politics'']{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="auto7">Kevin E. Simpson (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9_7lDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22B%C3%A9la+Guttmann%22+%22may%22+%22polo+grounds%22&pg=PA117 ''Soccer Under the Swastika; Stories of Survival and Resistance During the Holocaust'']</ref> The ASL team won 3–0. At least six of the Hakoah players were later killed in the Holocaust.<ref name="auto7"/>

Following the tour Guttmann, who was Hakoah's most prominent player, and several of his teammates decided to stay on in the US.<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto5"/> After initially playing for [[Brooklyn Wanderers]], he signed for the [[New York Giants (soccer)|New York Giants]] of the [[American Soccer League (1921–33)|American Soccer League]] (ASL), playing 83 games and scoring two goals over two seasons.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto1"/> In 1928, the Giants were suspended from the ASL as part of the "Soccer War", a dispute pitting the ASL and [[United States Soccer Federation]].<ref>Colin Jose (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYAAQAAQBAJ&q=suspended ''The American Soccer League; The Golden Years of American Soccer 1921–1931'']</ref> 

Guttmann and the Giants joined the [[Eastern Soccer League]], but he soon moved to [[New York Hakoah]], a team made-up of former SC Hakoah Wien players, including [[Rudolph Nickolsburger]].<ref name="auto1"/> In 1929 he helped them win the [[Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup|U.S. Open Cup]] (then known as National Challenge Cup).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DXsRAQAAMAAJ&q=%22B%C3%A9la+Guttmann%22+%22national+challenge+cup%22 ''Encyclopaedia Judaica''], Vol. 15, 1996.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/08/the-benz-date-with-open-cup-history-2019-us-open-cup-final|title=The Benz' Date with Open Cup History|website=US Soccer|author=Frank Dell’Apa |date=24 August 2019}}</ref> 

After a merger with [[Brooklyn Hakoah]], they became the [[Hakoah All-Stars]] in 1930. In the fall of 1930 Guttmann rejoined the Giants, now known as the [[New York Soccer Club]], but was back at the All-Stars in the spring of 1931 where he finished his career as a player.<ref name="Colin">{{cite book | last = Jose | first = Colin | title = American Soccer League, 1921–1931 | type = Hardback | publisher = The Scarecrow Press | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-8108-3429-4 | id = () }}</ref> When he retired as a player he was 32 years old, and had played 176 ASL games.<ref name="auto1"/> 

As well as playing football, while in New York, Guttmann also taught dance, bought into a [[speakeasy]], invested in the stock market, and almost lost everything after the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]].<ref name="auto12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-nova.com/2019/09/24/bela-guttmann-the-coach-the-curse-the-lament-of-the-eagles/|title=Bela Guttmann: The Coach, The Curse & The Lament of The Eagles|work=Sports Nova|date=24 September 2019|access-date=14 September 2020|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816202744/https://www.sports-nova.com/2019/09/24/bela-guttmann-the-coach-the-curse-the-lament-of-the-eagles/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto11">Alan McDougall (2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=U1fMDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22B%C3%A9la+Guttmann%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA23 ''Contested Fields; A Global History of Modern Football'']</ref><ref name=great>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdKlDgAAQBAJ&q=B%C3%A9la+Guttmann+speakeasy+crash&pg=PT48|title=The Greatest Comeback: From Genocide To Football Glory: The Story of Béla Guttman|first=David|last=Bolchover|date=2017|publisher=Biteback Publishing|isbn=9781785902642|via=Google Books}}</ref>

===Hungarian international===
[[File:1924 valogatott.jpg|thumb|300px|1924 national team; [[Károly Fogl]], [[Zoltán Opata]], [[Ferenc Hirzer]], [[Rudolf Jeny]], [[József Eisenhoffer]], Béla Guttmann, [[Gyula Mándi]], [[Gábor Obitz]], [[József Braun]], [[György Orth]], [[János Biri]], and [[Gyula Kiss]]]]
Between 1921 and 1924, Guttmann also played six times for the [[Hungary national football team]], scoring on his debut on 5 June 1921 in a 3–0 win against [[Germany national football team|Germany]]. Later in the same month he also played against a ''Southern Germany XI''. His remaining four appearances all came in May 1924 in games against [[Switzerland national football team|Switzerland]], [[Saarland national football team|Saarland]], [[Poland national football team|Poland]], and [[Egypt national football team|Egypt]]. The latter two were at the [[Football at the 1924 Summer Olympics|1924 Olympic Games]] in Paris. During the preparations for the competition Guttmann objected to the fact that there were more officials than players in the Hungary squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/25695 |title=Béla Guttmann |work=Olympedia |access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref> He also complained that the hotel was more suitable for socialising than match preparation, and to demonstrate his disapproval he hung dead rats on the doors of the travelling officials.<ref name=great/>

==Coaching career==
Guttmann coached two dozen teams in ten countries, from 1933 to 1974, and won two [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]]s, and ten national championships.<ref>Daniel Sugarman (25 September 2017). [https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/biography-of-b%C3%A9la-guttmann-longlisted-for-william-hill-sports-book-of-the-year-award-1.444914 "Biography of Béla Guttmann longlisted for William Hill Sports Book of the Year award; The football manager survived the Holocaust and went on to win two European cups with Benfica, before supposedly putting a curse on the team,"] ''The Jewish Chronicle''.</ref><ref name="auto1"/> He also coached the national teams of Hungary, Austria, the Netherlands, Italy, Brazil, Uruguay, and Portugal.<ref name="auto1"/> As a coach, tactically he pioneered the [[Formation (association football)#4–2–4|4–2–4 formation]], and had his teams play fearless attacking football.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/revolutionary-coach-who-survived-nazi-20318793|title=Coach who survived Nazi labour camp to become world's first superstar manager|first=David|last=Bolchover|date=27 September 2019|website=Mirror}}</ref><ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://footballbh.net/2019/02/15/the-blessings-of-bela-guttman/|title=The Blessings of Bela Guttman|date=15 February 2019|website=Football Bloody Hell}}</ref> In addition, he required that his players follow his regime of diet, rigorous fitness, and hard training.<ref name="auto6"/><ref>[https://www.thejc.com/culture/books/bela-guttmann-football-1.439404 "Football’s greatest comeback; David Bolchover's new book examines the life and legacy of legendary football coach Bela Guttmann,"] ''The Jewish Chronicle'', 2 June 2017.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/crown-curse-benficas-jinx-after-eusebio-magic/cid/1769673|title=Crown & 'curse': Benfica's jinx after Eusebio magic|website=Telegraph India|date=5 January 2020}}</ref> 

===Return to Europe; Nazi forced labor camp===
Guttmann returned to Europe in 1932 and in the years before the outbreak of the [[Second World War]] he coached teams in Austria, The Netherlands, and Hungary. He had spells with his former club SC Hakoah Wien, and then Dutch side [[FC Twente|SC Enschede]].<ref name="auto10"/>

He then had his first serious success with [[Újpest FC]] in the 1938–39 season, winning the Hungarian League and the [[Mitropa Cup]] (the precursor to the [[European Cup]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmiqCwAAQBAJ&q=B%C3%A9la+Guttmann+mitropa+cup&pg=PT50|title=Futebol, linguagem, artes, cultura e lazer|first1=Elcio Loureiro|last1=Cornelsen|first2=Günther Herwig|last2=Augustin|first3=Silvio Ricardo da|last3=Silva|date= 2015|publisher=Editora Jaguatirica Digital|isbn=9788566605679|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/> Shortly thereafter, anti-Jewish laws introduced by the Hungarian government ensured Guttmann lost his job.<ref name="auto2"/>

During the [[History of the Jews in Hungary|destruction of Hungarian Jewry]], after the Nazis occupied Hungary in March 1944 and sent most of Hungary's Jews to [[Nazi concentration camp]]s where they were killed, Guttmann initially hid in an attic in [[Újpest]], aided by his non-Jewish brother-in-law.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/> He was then sent to a [[Nazi forced labor camp]] near Budapest where he was tortured.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.90min.com/posts/6412490-bela-guttmann-the-dance-instructor-who-changed-football-forever-and-managed-just-everyone|title=Bela Guttmann: The Dance Instructor Who Changed Football Forever (and Managed...Just Everyone)|website=90min.com|author=Chris Deeley|date=16 July 2019}}</ref> Years later he reminisced: "Our sergeant ... [had] learned how to torture people... Was I a footballer from the national team, was I a successful coach? Was I even a man? Who cared, you had to forget all about it."<ref name="auto2"/> He escaped in December 1944, just before he was about to be sent to [[Auschwitz concentration camp]], together with [[Ernest Erbstein]], another famous Jewish-Hungarian coach.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-greatest-comeback-review-a-sombre-salute-to-b%C3%A9la-guttmann-1.3148537|title=The Greatest Comeback review: a sombre salute to Béla Guttmann|first=Keith|last=Duggan|date=22 July 2017|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto11"/> His 78-year-old father Abraham, older sister Szeren, and wider family were murdered in Auschwitz.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/> For many years the story of what happened to him during the Holocaust was unclear, until [[David Bolchover]] wrote about it in his biography of Guttman, titled ''The Greatest Comeback''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsc.co.uk/reviews/61-Managers/13850-the-greatest-comeback-from-genocide-to-football-glory-by-david-bolchover|title=When Saturday Comes – The Greatest Comeback: From genocide to football glory by David Bolchover|first=Huw|last=Richards|website=www.wsc.co.uk}}</ref>

After the war Guttmann briefly took charge at Budapest side [[Vasas SC]] from July 1945–1946.<ref name=great/><ref name=name/>

He then joined [[Maccabi București|Ciocanul]] in Romania in 1946.<ref name="auto8">Alan McDougall (2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=b5rODwAAQBAJ&dq=%22B%C3%A9la+Guttmann%22+%22romania%22&pg=PA24 ''Contested Fields; A Global History of Modern Football'']</ref> Due to food shortages, Guttmann insisted his salary be paid in vegetables.<ref name="auto8"/><ref name=name/> He subsequently walked out on the Romanian club after a director attempted to intervene in team selection.<ref name="auto12"/> German journalist Hardy Grune believed that he was frustrated with the corruption in the Romanian soccer world.<ref name=name/>

Guttmann then in early 1947 rejoined Újpest FC, then known as ''Újpesti TE''.<ref name=name/> He won another Hungarian League title.<ref name=name/>

He then succeeded [[Ferenc Puskás I|Ferenc Puskás Sr.]] as coach at Hungarian side [[Budapest Honvéd FC|Kispest AC]]. In November 1948, Guttmann attempted to take off fullback Mihály Patyi at whose ungentlemanly play he was furious, leaving the team with 10 players.<ref name="auto9"/><ref name="auto6"/> Encouraged by the team captain, [[Ferenc Puskás]] Jr, Patyi remained on the pitch and Guttmann retired to the stands, reading a racing paper, refusing to coach the team, quitting on the spot.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto9"/> This was his final game in charge of the team, and he departed soon after the falling out.<ref name=name>{{Cite book|title=The Names Heard Long Ago: How the Golden Age of Hungarian Soccer Shaped the Modern Game|last=Wilson|first=Jonathan|publisher=Bold Type Books|year=2019|isbn=978-1568587844}}</ref>

===Italy===
Like many other Hungarian footballers and coaches, Guttmann spent time in Italy. He first coached for spells with [[Calcio Padova]] and [[U.S. Triestina Calcio]].

Guttmann was then appointed manager of [[A.C. Milan]] in 1953. With a team that included [[Gunnar Nordahl]], [[Nils Liedholm]], and [[Juan Alberto Schiaffino]], Guttmann had them top of [[Serie A]] 19 games into his second season in charge when a string of disputes with the board led to his dismissal. He later told a stunned press conference "''I have been sacked even though I am neither a criminal nor a homosexual. Goodbye''."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzdQDAAAQBAJ&q=B%C3%A9la+Guttmann+I+have+been+sacked+even+though+I+am+neither+a+criminal+nor+a+homosexual&pg=PT72|title=The Football Ramble|first1=Marcus|last1=Speller|first2=Luke|last2=Moore|first3=Pete|last3=Donaldson|first4=Jim|last4=Campbell|first5=The Football Ramble|last5=Limited|date= 2016|publisher=Random House|isbn=9781473537965|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="auto8"/> From then on he insisted on a clause in his contract that he could not be sacked if his team were top of the table.<ref name="auto8"/> He subsequently managed a fourth Italian club [[Vicenza Calcio]].

===South America===
Guttmann first went to [[South America]] on tour with the Hakoah All-Stars in the summer of 1930.<ref>Jose, Colin. [http://national.soccerhall.org/ColinJose/From%20Hakoah%20to%20Benfica.htm "From Hakoah to Benfica"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606105358/http://national.soccerhall.org/ColinJose/From%20Hakoah%20to%20Benfica.htm |date=6 June 2010 }}. National Soccer Hall of Fame.</ref> In 1957, he returned as a coach with the Kispest AC team which included Ferenc Puskás, [[Zoltán Czibor]], [[Sándor Kocsis]], [[József Bozsik]], [[László Budai]], [[Gyula Lóránt]], and [[Gyula Grosics]]. During a tour of [[Brazil]], Kispest AC played a series of five games against [[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|CR Flamengo]], [[Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas|Botafogo]], and a ''Flamengo / Botafogo XI''.

Guttmann then stayed on in Brazil and took charge in 1957 of [[São Paulo Futebol Clube|São Paulo FC]] and with a team that included [[Dino Sani]], [[Mauro Ramos|Mauro]], and [[Zizinho]], won the [[Campeonato Paulista|São Paulo State Championship]] in 1957.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto8"/> It was while in Brazil that he helped popularise the [[Formation (association football)#4–2–4|4–2–4 formation]], which had been pioneered by fellow countrymen [[Márton Bukovi]] and [[Gusztáv Sebes]], and was subsequently used by [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] as they won the [[1958 FIFA World Cup]]. Before finally retiring as coach, in 1962 Guttmann would return to South America to manage [[C.A. Peñarol]],<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto8"/> but was replaced in October by [[Peregrino Anselmo]], who guided the side to the [[Primera División Uruguaya|Uruguayan League]] title that very year.

===Portugal===
[[File:Béla Guttmann statue at Estádio da Luz.JPG|thumb|right|A statue of Béla Guttmann holding a replica of the [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]] in each arm]]
In 1958, Guttmann arrived in Portugal and embarked on the most successful spell of his career. He took charge of [[FC Porto]] and helped them overhaul a five-point lead enjoyed by [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]] to win his first of three [[Portuguese Liga|Portuguese League]] titles in 1959.<ref name="auto2"/> 

The following season, he jumped ship and joined Lisbon side Benfica.<ref>All told, Guttmann sat on the bench of Benfica 162 times (113 W, 27 D, 22 L), making his debut with the Lisbonian side on 20 September 1959 at [[Estádio da Luz (1954)|Estádio da Luz]] (Benfica 4 – 1 Setúbal); his last match in charge took place on 1 May 1966 at [[Estádio do Restelo]] (Setúbal 1 – 4 Benfica). In the European Cups, Guttmann amassed 22 matches (14 W, 3 D, 5 L); his first game was Hearts 1 – 2 Benfica, played on 29 September 1960 in [[Edinburgh]], while he had his last appearance on 9 March 1966 (Benfica 1 – 5 Manchester United, played at Estádio da Luz). Source: ''Almanaque do Benfica : Edição Centenário 1904–2004'', Almanaxi Editora, 2003, p. 535. {{ISBN|972-99074-0-4}}</ref> There he promptly sacked 20 senior players, promoted a host of youth players, and won the league again in 1960 and 1961.<ref name="auto4"/> Under Guttmann, Benfica, with a team that included [[Eusébio]], [[José Águas]], [[José Augusto de Almeida|José Augusto]], [[Costa Pereira]], [[António Simões]], [[Germano de Figueiredo|Germano]], and [[Mário Coluna]], also won the [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]] twice in a row. In [[1960–61 European Cup|1961]] they beat [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] 3–2 in the final and in [[1961–62 European Cup|1962]] they retained the title, coming from 2 to 0 and 3–2 down to beat [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] 5–3.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMRODAAAQBAJ&q=B%C3%A9la+Guttmann+European+Cup&pg=PA328|title=A View From The Terraces – Part 2|first=Steve|last=Wilson|date=2015|publisher=Lulu|isbn=9781326406615|via=Google Books}}</ref> After the game, he was held aloft by fans.<ref name="auto14"/>

Legend has it that Guttmann signed Eusébio after a chance meeting in a barber shop.<ref name="auto2"/> Seated next to Guttmann was [[José Carlos Bauer]], one of his successors at São Paulo. The Brazilian team were on tour in Portugal, and the coach mentioned an outstanding player he had seen while they toured [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]].<ref name="auto2"/> Eusébio had also attracted the interest of [[Sporting CP]]. Guttmann moved quickly and signed the then 19-year-old for Benfica.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2027017 |title= Eusebio – A Footballing Legend |publisher=BBC |date=25 January 1942 |access-date=27 January 2011}}</ref>

To celebrate Benfica's 110th birthday, a statue of Guttmann holding ''his'' two European Cups was unveiled. The statue made by Hungarian sculptor László Szatmári Juhos was placed at door 18 of the [[Estádio da Luz]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/1a_liga/Benfica/interior.aspx?content_id=870469 |language=Portuguese|title=Rui Gomes da Silva: "A nossa ideia foi trazer Béla Guttmann para o estádio" |date=28 February 2014 |work=Record |access-date=2 March 2014}}</ref>

==="The curse of Béla Guttmann"===
After the [[1962 European Cup Final]], Guttmann reportedly approached the Benfica board of directors and asked for a pay rise.<ref name="auto13"/><ref name="auto8"/> However, despite the success he had brought the club, he was turned down.<ref name="auto4"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldsoccer.com/blogs/bela-guttmann-curse-benfica-351924|author=Alex Philpott|title=Béla Guttmann and the curse of Benfica|date=17 May 2014|work=WorldSoccer}}</ref> On leaving Benfica, he allegedly cursed the club declaring "Not in a hundred years from now will Benfica ever be European champions again".<ref name="auto3"/> Later, on 6 April 1963, in an interview to ''[[A Bola]]'', he stated, "Benfica, at this moment, are well served and do not need me. They will win the [[1962–63 Primeira Divisão|Campeonato Nacional]] and will be champions of Europe again."<ref>{{cite news|last=Santos|first=Cruz dos|date=6 April 1963|title=De Guttman|trans-title=From Guttman|language=Portuguese|page=5|newspaper=A Bola|quote=O Benfica, nesta altura, está bem servido e não precisa de mim. Vai ganhar o Campeonato Nacional e voltará a ser campeão da Europa.}}</ref><ref name="O Benfica">{{cite news|last=Tomaz|first=João|date=11 May 2022|title= Morreu a maldição que nunca existiu|trans-title=The curse that never existed has died|url=https://www.slbenfica.pt/pt-pt/agora/noticias/2022/05/11/futebol-benfica-dossie-bela-guttmann-morreu-a-maldicao-que-nunca-existiu|language=pt|work=S.L. Benfica|access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> Benfica went on to reach five European Cup finals ([[1963 European Cup Final|1963]], [[1965 European Cup Final|1965]], [[1968 European Cup Final|1968]], [[1988 European Cup Final|1988]], and [[1990 European Cup Final|1990]]) but did not win any.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.socceramerica.com/article/58069/brazen-goalkeeper-cheating-helps-sevilla-win-europ.html |title=Brazen goalkeeper cheating helps Sevilla win Europa League |last=Gardner |first=Paul |date=15 May 2014 |work=SoccerAmerica |access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> Before the 1990 final, played in Vienna, Eusébio reportedly prayed at Guttmann's grave and asked for the curse to be broken.<ref name="auto8"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/slideshow/470/3|title=Top 10 footballing hoodoos – Bela Guttmann curses Benfica|work= Goal<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref>

According to [[David Bolchover]], in his biography of Guttmann, there is no documentary evidence on Guttmann saying anything related to a curse and that the first mention of such was in May 1988, by newspaper ''[[:pt:Gazeta dos Desportos|Gazeta dos Desportos]]'', on the day Benfica played their sixth European final.<ref name="O Benfica"/> The curse had its origins in March 1968 when ''A Bola'' published a loose and unsigned translation from German to Portuguese of an interview given by Guttmann to ''[[:de:Sport-Illustrierte|Sport-Illustrierte]]'' five months earlier, in October 1967.<ref name="O Benfica"/> Moreover, in November 2011, [[Eusébio]], who was coached by Guttmann, also denied the existence of the curse, calling it a "lie".<ref name="O Benfica"/> In 2022, after three lost finals of the [[UEFA Youth League]], [[S.L. Benfica Juniors|Benfica's under-19 team]] became European youth champions by winning the [[2021–22 UEFA Youth League|2021–22 edition]], thus ending the superstition.<ref name="O Benfica"/><ref>{{cite news|date=25 April 2022|title=Benfica ends 60-year European wait with Youth League title|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/soccer/benfica-ends-60-year-european-wait-with-youth-league-title/2022/04/25/16bb3e66-c4c2-11ec-8cff-33b059f4c1b7_story.html|newspaper=Washington Post|publisher=Associated Press|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=25 April 2022|title=El Benfica rompe la maldición de Béla Guttman conquistando la Youth League|trans-title=Benfica break Béla Guttman's curse by conquering Youth League|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/youth-league/2022/04/25/6266e0b3ca4741420f8b458d.html|language=Spanish|work=Marca|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>

==Honours==

===Player===
'''MTK Hungária FC'''
* [[Hungarian League]]: [[1919–20 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1919–20]], [[1920–21 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1920–21]]

'''SC Hakoah Wien'''
* [[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Austrian Champions]]: 1924–25

'''New York Hakoah'''
* [[Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup|National Challenge Cup]]: [[1929 National Challenge Cup|1929]]

===Manager===
'''Újpest FC/Újpesti TE'''
* [[Hungarian National Championship I|Hungarian League]]: [[1938–39 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1938–39]], [[1946–47 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|1946–47]]
* [[Mitropa Cup]]: 1939

'''São Paulo'''
* [[Campeonato Paulista|São Paulo State Champions]]: 1957

'''Porto'''
* [[Portuguese Liga]]: [[1958–59 Portuguese Liga|1958–59]]

'''Benfica'''
* [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]]: [[1960–61 European Cup|1960–61]], [[1961–62 European Cup|1961–62]]
* [[Primeira Liga|Primeira Divisão]]: [[1959–60 Portuguese Liga|1959–60]], [[1960–61 Portuguese Liga|1960–61]]
* [[Taça de Portugal]]: 1961–62
* [[Intercontinental Cup (football)|Intercontinental Cup]] runner-up: [[1961 Intercontinental Cup|1961]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/news/intercontinental-cup-1961-514912|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925002004/https://www.fifa.com/news/intercontinental-cup-1961-514912|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2019|title=Intercontinental Cup 1961|date=7 May 2007|website=FIFA|access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>

'''Peñarol'''
* [[Uruguayan Primera División|Uruguayan Championship]]: [[1962 Uruguayan Primera División|1962]]
* [[Copa Libertadores]] runner-up: [[1962 Copa Libertadores|1962]]

'''Panathinaikos'''
* [[Greek Cup]]: [[1966–67 Greek Cup|1966–67]]

=== Individual ===

*[[World Soccer (magazine)#Greatest Managers of All Time|World Soccer 9th Greatest Manager of All Time]]: 2013
*[[ESPN]] 16th Greatest Manager of All Time: 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/news/story/_/id/1511149/bela-guttmann|title=Greatest Managers, No. 16: Bela Guttmann|date=5 August 2013|website=ESPN|author=Andy Brassell}}</ref>
*[[France Football]] 20th Greatest Manager of All Time: 2019<ref name="Top6FF">{{cite web |url=https://www.francefootball.fr/magazine/?prov=W-HP-LBMU|title=Top 50 des coaches de l'historie|publisher=France Football |date=19 March 2019 |access-date=19 March 2019}}</ref>
*[[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]] 3rd Greatest [[Eastern Europe]]an Manager of the 20th Century: 1999

==See also==
*[[List of Jews in sports#Football (Association; Soccer)|List of select Jewish footballers]]
* [[List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning managers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
;General
*{{cite book
| last      = Wilson
| first     = Jonathan
| title     = Behind The Curtain – Travels in Eastern European Football
| publisher = [[Orion Publishing Group]]
| year      = 2006
| isbn      = 978-0-7528-6907-0
}}
*{{cite book
| last      = Radnedge
| first     = Keir
| title     = 50 Years of the European Cup and Champions League
| publisher = [[Carlton Publishing Group]]
| year      = 2005
| isbn      = 978-1-84442-529-7
}}
*{{cite book
| last      = Castro
| first     = Ruy
| title     = Garrincha: The Triumph and Tragedy of Brazil's Forgotten Footballing Hero
| publisher = Yellow Jersey Press
| year      = 2005
| isbn      = 978-0-224-06433-0
}}
*{{cite book
| last      = Clausson
| first     = Detlev
| title     = Béla Guttmann, uma história mundial do futebol
|trans-title=Béla Guttmann, a history of world football
| publisher = Paquiderme
| year      = 2006
| isbn      = 978-989-99403-0-7
}}
*{{cite book
| last      = Csaknady
| first     = Jeno
| title     = A história de Béla Guttmann
|trans-title=The history of Béla Guttmann
| publisher = Bertrand
| year      = 1964
}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Béla Guttmann}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100606105358/http://national.soccerhall.org/ColinJose/From%20Hakoah%20to%20Benfica.htm Guttmann at United States Soccer Hall of Fame]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110813222230/http://www.jewsinsports.org/profile.asp?sport=soccer&ID=6 Guttmann at www.jewsinsports.org]
*[http://www.jewishsports.net/BioPages/BelaGuttmann.htm Guttmann at www.jewishsports.net]
*[http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/01/17/chelsea_be_warned_a_guttman_is.html ''A Guttmann these days is hard to find'' by Jonathan Wilson]
*[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesh/hong-unoff-intres.html Unofficial International Appearance]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060408095613/http://es.uefa.com/uefa/History/OnThisDay/index%2Cnewsid%3D149303.html UEFA biography]
*[http://www.s-port.de/david/guttmann.html Biographical article on Guttmann, Bremen University] {{in lang|de}}

{{Hungary football squad 1924 Summer Olympics}}
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{{UEFA Champions League winning managers}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Guttman, Bela}}
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