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{{short description|Former German-language newspaper published in Berlin, Canada}}
{{About|the newspaper named the ''Berliner Journal''|the newspaper format|Berliner (format)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=May 2022}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Berliner Journal
| logo =
| image = Berliner Journal, 12 August 1914 front page (cropped).jpg
| image_alt = The front page of the ''Berliner Journal''
| caption = Top of the ''Berliner Journal'' front page, 12 August 1914, reporting on the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]] in Europe
| type = [[Weekly newspaper]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
{{hlist|[[John Motz]]|{{Interlanguage link|Friedrich Rittinger|de|lt=Friedrich Rittinger}}
}}
| publisher = Rittinger & Motz printing firm
| editor = 
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = 1859
| political = 
| language = [[German language|German]] ([[English language|English]] after October 1918)
| ceased publication = 1918
| headquarters = [[Kitchener, Ontario|Berlin]] ([[Berlin-to-Kitchener name change|renamed Kitchener]] in 1916)
| publishing_country = 
| circulation = 5,155 (1908)
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 
| oclc = 1147283368
}}

The '''''Berliner Journal''''' (later the '''''Ontario Journal''''') was a German-language [[weekly newspaper|weekly-newspaper]] published in Berlin, Canada (later [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]]) from 1859 to 1918. The newspaper was founded by German immigrants {{Interlanguage link|Friedrich Rittinger|de|lt=Friedrich Rittinger}} and [[John Motz]], who operated the paper together through most of its existence until their sons – [[William John Motz]], Herman Rittinger and [[John Adam Rittinger]] – took over the operation at the turn of the century.

German speakers made up a large segment of those immigrating to Canada in the 19th century, and demand for German-language publications in [[Upper Canada]] was high. When founded, the ''Berliner Journal'' was one of several German-language newspapers in [[Ontario]]. By 1908, competitors had either ceased publication or amalgamated into it, making the ''Journal'' one of only two German papers in Ontario and the most widely read in Canada. At its peak, circulation was over 5,000 with a readership spanning the country and extending into the northern United States.

The outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]] led to rising [[anti-German sentiment]] in Canada. After [[Berlin-to-Kitchener name change|Berlin changed its name to Kitchener]] in 1916, the newspaper was renamed the ''Ontario Journal'' in January 1917. A 1918 [[Order in Council]] prohibiting the use of "enemy languages" in Canadian publications led the ''Journal'' to publishing only in English beginning in October 1918 and then folding altogether in December 1918.{{refn|group=note|name=closure}}

{{TOC limit|3}}

== Origins: 1859–1899 ==

[[File:Corner of King and Queen Streets, Berlin, Ontario, 1863.jpg|thumb|alt=The original ''Berliner Journal'' building|At left, the ''Berliner Journal'' printing office in 1863.]]

=== Founding and early years ===
{{Interlanguage link|Friedrich Rittinger|de|lt=Friedrich Rittinger}} from [[Michelbach an der Bilz|Michaelbach]], [[Baden]], and [[John Motz]] from {{ill|Diedorf, Südeichsfeld|de|Diedorf (Südeichsfeld)|lt=Diedorf}}, near [[Mühlhausen]], founded the ''Berliner Journal'' in [[Kitchener, Ontario|Berlin, Canada West]], in 1859.<ref>{{harvnb|Monkiewicz|Skidmore|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8uxfTF4Lm-kC&pg=PA137 137]}}: founded in 1859; {{harvnb|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/154 154]}}: Rittinger and Motz; {{harvnb|McKegney|1991|p=225n37}}: Diedorf, Thuringia; {{harvnb|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/53 53]}}: Michaelbach, Baden.</ref> German publications were in high demand, with Germans then the third-largest immigrant group in Canada after the English and French.{{sfn|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA107 107]}}{{refn|group=note|Before the [[unification of Germany]] in 1871, the use of "German" did not refer to a single [[nation state]]. Those who immigrated to Canada before the unification understood that their family had left an area of what became the German nation state or from an area that shared its culture and language.{{sfn|Bloomfield|1995|p=[https://archive.org/details/waterlootownship0000bloo/page/214 214]}}}} As a [[weekly newspaper]], the ''Journal'' began as one of several German-language newspapers in [[Canada West]].<ref>{{harvnb|Monkiewicz|Skidmore|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8uxfTF4Lm-kC&pg=PA137 137]}}: weekly; {{harvnb|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/154 154]}}: one of several newspapers.</ref> By 1867, there were 18 German-language newspapers in [[Southwestern Ontario]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia  |last1=Bassler |first1=Gerhard P. |last2=Millette |first2=Dominique |last3=Lambert |first3=Maude-emmanuelle |author1-link=Gerhard P. Bassler |title=German Canadians |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |date=22 January 2018 |section=Religious and Cultural Life |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/german-canadians |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124223943/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/german-canadians/ |archive-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in any year between 1859 and 1908, [[Waterloo County, Ontario|Waterloo County]] usually had four German newspapers, and always between three and five.{{sfn|McKegney|1991|p=8}}

Soon after his arrival in Berlin in 1848, Rittinger worked in the mechanical department of ''[[Der Deutsche Canadier]]'' – a well-established German-language newspaper – being responsible for printing copies of the newspaper.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|pp=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/53 53–54]}} When he and Motz decided they wanted to get into the newspaper business in 1859, they initially tried to negotiate for the purchase of the {{lang|de|Canadier|italic=yes}}. After the owner refused to sell, Rittinger – who was now head of the mechanical department – left to found the ''Journal'' with Motz.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|pp=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/40 40], [https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/53 53]}} Upon its founding, the ''Journal'' became involved in a bitter feud with the {{lang|de|Canadier|italic=yes}},{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/149 149]}} with the {{lang|de|Canadier|italic=yes}} mocking the ''Journal'', suggesting it would not make it beyond one issue.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/33 33]}} Feuds between rival newspapers were common in nineteenth century Ontario, especially between direct competitors like the ''Journal'' and {{lang|de|Canadier|italic=yes}}.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|pp=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/39 39], [https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/98 98]}}

[[File:Berliner journal.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Several men and teenagers stand pose in-front of the printing office.|The printing office at 42 [[Waterloo Regional Road 15|King Street West]], {{circa|1889}}. From the left, Herman Rittinger, [[William John Motz]], [[John Motz]] and {{Interlanguage link|Friedrich Rittinger|de|lt=Friedrich Rittinger}} stand second through fifth.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/101 101]}}]]

The first issue of the ''Journal'' ran on 29 December 1859 and included four-pages on 26 × 20 inch paper.{{sfn|Lorenzkowski|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1_yN7dUecpgC&pg=PA22 22]}} Rittinger acquired [[Blackletter|German types]] from Joseph Unzicker of nearby [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]] by providing a [[promissory note]] against Unzicker's recently failed newspaper. The first issue was [[Movable type|typeset]] at Rittinger's home in downtown Berlin using a handpress provided by the ''Berlin Chronicle'', a local English newspaper.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/54 54]}}{{refn|group=note|In present day Kitchener, Rittinger's home was located near the corner of Queen and [[Weber Street]]s.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/54 54]}}}} They delivered 600 copies of the first issue to both paying and prospective subscribers.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/54 54]}} For subsequent issues, the ''Chronicle'' provided the ''Journal'' with work space at their office.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/54 54]}}{{sfn|Stroh|1930|p=206}}{{refn|group=note|Kalbflesich writes that the ''Chronicle''{{'s}} office served as the ''Journal''{{'s}} "for some time" but does not specify a time period.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/54 54]}} When the ''Journal''{{'s}} printing office was photographed {{circa|lk=no|1889}} he specifies its address as "King Street West".{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/101 101]}} The [[Kitchener Public Library]] is more precise, describing it as 42 King Street West on the north side of the street.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Kitchener Public Library |author1-link=Kitchener Public Library |title=Rittinger and Motz printing office |url=https://vitacollections.ca/kpl-gsr/3303025/data?n=2 |website=vitacollections.ca |access-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426135708/https://vitacollections.ca/kpl-gsr/3303025/data?n=2 |archive-date=26 April 2021 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>}} In the absence of [[copyright]] laws, the paper's content included columns reprinted verbatim from German sources – especially the [[German Americans|German-American]] [[Daily newspaper|dailies]] {{lang|de|Wechselblätter}} and {{lang|de|Texas Vorwärts}} – as well as material translated from the English-Canadian press.{{sfn|Lorenzkowski|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1_yN7dUecpgC&pg=PA22 22–24]}} Motz and Rittinger edited the translated pieces, removing content they thought sensationalist and which "the average German could only poorly digest".{{sfn|Lorenzkowski|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1_yN7dUecpgC&pg=PA23 23]}} The paper was printed by hand and – with neither [[Mail|postal]] nor [[Rail transport|railway]] service yet available – delivered on horseback. Subscribers scattered across the countryside required the horse rider to swim across both the [[Grand River (Ontario)|Grand]] and [[Conestogo River]]s.{{sfn|Lehmann|1986|p=413n102}} By 1863, the paper's [[Newspaper circulation|circulation]] was around 1,000.{{sfn|Lorenzkowski|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1_yN7dUecpgC&pg=PA22 22]}} The {{lang|de|Canadier|italic=yes}} found it increasingly difficult to compete with the ''Journal'' and folded in January 1865.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/40 40]}} Following the closure, an article published in the ''Journal'' mocked its former competitor, framed as an [[obituary]] recounting a person's slow decline in health.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|pp=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/32 32–33]}}

Professor Werner Entz writes that Rittinger and Motz entered the newspaper business less conscious of making a profit than of making an impact through their journalism.<ref>{{harvnb|Entz|1957|p=175ff.}}, quoted in {{harvnb|Leibbrandt|1980|pp=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/154 154–155]}}.</ref> Both expressed their desire to be recognized as the best German newspaper in Canada and were quick to notice praise.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/98 98]}} A piece speaking favourably of the ''Journal'' published in the {{lang|de|Deutsche Roman-Zeitung|italic=yes}} of [[Berlin]], [[Prussia]], was reprinted in its entirety in the ''Journal''.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|pp=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/98 98–99]}} Scholar Herbert Karl Kalbfleisch reflects that the quick success of the ''Journal'' reflected the strong combination of Rittinger's experience as a technical director and Motz's "facile pen".{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/53 53]}} As the paper's editor, Motz believed it important for the press and social organizations to cooperate on shared causes, evidenced by the ''Journal'' pushing for German to be taught in Ontario schools and the promotion of German cultural events;{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|pp=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/133 133], [https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/156 156]}} in 1897, Motz, along with community leader [[George Rumpel (manufacturer)|George Rumpel]], headed the committee in charge of the dedication of a bust of [[William I, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm I]] in Berlin's [[Victoria Park, Kitchener|Victoria Park]].{{sfn|English|McLaughlin|1983|p=70}} Following the 1870 [[Franco-Prussian War]], Motz, along with community leader and future [[Waterloo North]] MP [[Hugo Kranz]], founded a "German patriotic relief organization", which raised one thousand dollars towards "the wounded and widows and orphans of the German armies".{{sfn|Lorenzkowski|2012|p=[https://archive.org/details/beyondnationimmi0000unse/page/111 111]}}
{{clear}}

=== Early coverage ===
[[File:Neujahrs-gruss.jpg|thumb|alt=The ''Berliner Journal'' broadside for 1888.|Most German newspapers in Ontario issued an annual [[Broadside (printing)|broadside]] with a long poem to celebrate the [[New Year]]. The ''Berliner Journal''{{'s}} poem of 1888 (pictured) was written in the local [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania German dialect]].{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|pp=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/96 96–98]}}]]

While Berlin's English language papers wrote about Canadian and municipal political news,{{sfn|English|McLaughlin|1983|p=37}} the ''Journal'' focused primarily on foreign news along with working to cultivate local German culture.{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/108 108]}} The newspaper covered events relating to Germany alongside German literary prose and poetry.{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|pp=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/155 155–156]}} From 1860 through 1914, the paper published German language lessons to generate further German pride, nearly two-thirds of which had been previously published in German-American newspapers.{{sfn|Lorenzkowski|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1_yN7dUecpgC&pg=PA24 24]}} The paper discussed [[Canada–United States relations]] and provided news on the [[American Civil War]]. The editors made clear that the paper supported the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]], speaking favourably of [[Abraham Lincoln]] and [[German Americans]] [[Carl Schurz]], [[Franz Sigel]] and [[Louis Blenker]].{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|pp=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/87 87–88]}}

Like most German-American and German-Canadian newspapers, the ''Journal''{{'s}} coverage of Germany was sympathetic and supportive of their various war efforts,{{sfn|Manz|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_KTAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA136 136–137]}} something apparent in the newspaper's early reporting of the [[Second Schleswig War|Danish-Prussian]] and [[Austro-Prussian War]]s.{{sfn|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA108 108]}} News of the 1870 Franco-Prussian War and [[Unification of Germany|German unification]] in 1870–71 dominated the paper's coverage;{{sfn|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA108 108]}} readers desperate to know about the conclusion of battles travelled "many miles on foot, or by vehicle, to procure their copy of the ''Journal'' at the press."{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/89 89]}} Historian Barbara Lorenzkowski writes that, by covering the homeland's military victories and subsequent celebrations of peace, the ''Journal'' "[inserted] its readers into a festive space that transcended national boundaries", allowing German immigrants in North America to "[re-enact] the very rituals celebrated by the 'German brethren' in the Fatherland".{{sfn|Lorenzkowski|2012|p=[https://archive.org/details/beyondnationimmi0000unse/page/111 111]}}

Most Berliners had immigrated to Canada before the [[Völkisch movement|''Völkisch'' movement]] arose in the late 19th century, leading to a community generally less infatuated with [[German nationalism]] than those who immigrated after the 1870s.{{sfn|McLaughlin|1991|pp=43–44}} The ''Journal'' still had occasional fits of nationalism, seen in editorials suggesting that German victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War was due in part to cultural and moral superiority, and that a French victory in the war would have led to disastrous consequences for German-Canadians.{{sfn|Löchte|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA108 108–110]}}{{refn|group=note|A 2 February 1871 editorial read in part: "If the arrogant French people had been successful, the Germans would have been treated like [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indians]] or [[Negro]]s."{{sfn|Löchte|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA109 109–110]}} An 1888 piece mentioned in passing that [[Romance language]]s had neither "the freshness, power, nor universality of the German," nor its "greater richness, flexibility and originality."{{sfn|Lorenzkowski|2010|p=223n26}}}} Lorenzkowski writes that these claims were generally exceptions.{{sfn|Lorenzkowski|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1_yN7dUecpgC&pg=PA27 27], 223n26}} Over time, the ''Journal'' moved towards spurning German nationalism more than other local German papers.{{sfn|English|McLaughlin|1983|p=76}} As anti-liberal trends expanded in Germany in the end of the 19th century, Motz critiqued the German government's actions,{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/156 156]}} especially the lack of both parliamentary rights and [[freedom of speech]].{{sfn|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA111 111]}}

Rittinger, a member of the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Church]], and Motz, a devout [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], were tolerant of each other's religions.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|pp=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/53 53–54]}} In an 1859 editorial, Motz called for religious tolerance and freedom, writing he intended to keep the ''Journal'' out of religious matters.<ref>{{harvnb|Richardson|1992|p=87}}, quoted in {{harvnb|Coschi|2018|pp=12–13}}.</ref> He further explained he intended the newspaper to be neutral in discussion of politics, though slightly leaning towards the [[Reform movement (Upper Canada)|Reform Party]].{{sfn|Monkiewicz|Skidmore|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8uxfTF4Lm-kC&pg=PA138 138]}} In other pieces, he encouraged the paper's readers to be politically active and provided instructions on how to become a British subject so that they may vote.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/88 88]}} Despite his promise to be generally neutral in political discussions, the paper reliably supported the policies of the Reform Party's successor, the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]].<ref>{{harvnb|Richardson|1992}}, quoted in {{harvnb|Robinson|2019|p=76}}; {{harvnb|Monkiewicz|Skidmore|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8uxfTF4Lm-kC&pg=PA138 138]}}.</ref> [[Conservatism|Conservatives]] in Berlin opposed the ''Journal'' for its [[Liberalism|liberal]] slant and formed competing papers, such as the {{lang|de|Freie Presse|italic=yes}} (Free Press) and the {{lang|de|Deutsche Zeitung|italic=yes}} (German Newspaper) in 1891.<ref>{{harvnb|Monkiewicz|Skidmore|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8uxfTF4Lm-kC&pg=PA138 138]}}: the {{lang|de|Freie Presse|italic=yes}} and the {{lang|de|Deutsche Zeitung|italic=yes}}; {{harvnb|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/154 154]}}: 1891.</ref> {{lang|de|Zeitung|italic=yes}}'s editorials complained of "English [[Nativism (politics)|nativism]] in Canada" and sought to promote German ways,{{sfn|McLaughlin|1991|p=45}} while the ''Journal'' instead focused on more pressing German-Canadian issues.{{sfn|English|McLaughlin|1983|p=76}} Historian Kenneth McLaughlin suggests {{lang|de|Zeitung|italic=yes}}, which folded in 1899,{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/154 154]}} was too narrowly German to maintain itself in Ontario.{{sfn|McLaughlin|1991|p=45}} From 1875 to 1893, the ''Journal''{{'s}} circulation increased from 1,620 to around 2,200,<ref>{{harvnb|Lehmann|1986|p=76}}: 1,620 in 1875; {{harvnb|Lorenzkowski|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1_yN7dUecpgC&pg=PA22 22]}}: around 2,200 in 1893.</ref> expanding to eight pages on 21½ × 15½ inch paper.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/87 87]}}

== Expansion: 1899–1915 ==
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 |image2 = Rittinger,JohnA-fromHallofFame.jpg
 |alt1 = John Motz in his sheriff uniform
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 |footer = Left: Cofounder and editor [[John Motz]], {{circa|lk=no}}{{thin space}}1899–1911, left the paper in 1899 to become Waterloo County's honorary sheriff. Right: [[John Adam Rittinger]], undated, became editor-in-chief in 1904.
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=== Transfer to sons ===

Rittinger died in 1897,{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/103 103]}} and in 1899 Motz left the ''Berliner Journal'' to become the honorary [[sheriff]] of Waterloo County.{{sfn|McKegney|1991|p=225n37}} Their sons took over the newspaper that year,{{sfn|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA108 108]}} [[William John Motz]] serving as local editor and Herman Rittinger the technical publisher-director.{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|pp=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/156 156–157]}} In 1904, another of Friedrich Rittinger's sons, [[John Adam Rittinger]], became the newspaper's editor-in-chief after the ''Journal'' acquired the paper he owned and operated, ''[[Die Ontario Glocke]]'' of nearby [[Walkerton, Ontario]].{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|pp=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/156 156–157]}}

John Adam Rittinger was born 16 February 1855 in Berlin, Canada West.{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/222 222]}} After graduating from [[St. Jerome's University|St. Jerome's College]] in 1873, Rittinger learned the printing trade at his father's shop and apprenticed for newspapers in [[Guelph]], Toronto, [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], New York and [[Chicago]].<ref>{{harvnb|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/222 222]}}: learned printing trade at father's shop; {{harvnb|McLaughlin|Stortz|Wahl|2002|p=53}}: St. Jerome's College in 1873; {{harvnb|Tötösy de Zepetnek|1995|p=114}} apprenticed at other newspapers.</ref> In December 1875, he and the [[Pennsylvania Dutch|Pennsylvania German]] Aaron Eby acquired the {{lang|de|Walkerton Glocke|italic=yes}} in Walkerton, Ontario. Their partnership dissolved in 1878 over political disagreements, with Rittinger becoming the sole owner and editor, renaming it {{lang|de|Die Ontario Glocke|italic=yes}} in 1882.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/69 69]}}{{refn|group=note|Leibbrandt writes the name change occurred in 1878.{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/222 222]}}}} Readers knew him affectionally as the "{{lang|de|Glockemann|italic=no}}", or the "Bell Ringer".{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/222 222]}} On 1 July 1904,{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/70 70]}} the ''Berliner Journal'' acquired the {{lang|de|Glocke|italic=yes}} and made Rittinger its new editor-in-chief.{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/224 224]}}{{r|group=note|"Glocke"}}

William John Motz also attended St. Jerome's College, graduating in 1889.{{sfn|McLaughlin|Stortz|Wahl|2002|p=60}} He studied [[classics]] and [[philosophy]] under St. Jerome's founder, [[Friar]] [[Louis Funcken]],{{sfn|McLaughlin|Stortz|Wahl|2002|p=60}} whom Kalbfleisch describes as "a preist of great erudition and exceptional pedagogical ability."<ref>{{harvnb|Kalbfleisch|1967|p=29}}, quoted in {{harvnb|Weissenborn|1984|p=221}}.</ref>{{refn|group=note|When Funcken died in 1890, John Adam Rittinger provided a [[eulogy]].{{sfn|McLaughlin|Stortz|Wahl|2002|p=62}} Rittinger, the first [[Protestantism|Protestant]] to be President of St. Jerome's College's [[Alumnus|Alumni]] Union,{{sfn|McLaughlin|Stortz|Wahl|2002|p=54}} described Funcken as having been "tolerant toward his fellow Christians of other denominations". He further added: "{{nbsp}}... many able and useful citizens made their first higher studies under him. The good influence he exerted on his pupils, even in later years, was astonishing. They were still to him his 'dear boys' of former years, were they priests, lawyers or even editors."{{sfn|McLaughlin|Stortz|Wahl|2002|p=62}}{{sfn|Wahl|1983|p=528}}}} Motz subsequently obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in [[political science]] at the [[University of Toronto]] and an [[Master of Arts|MA]] at St. Francis Xavier College in [[New York City|New York]]. After returning to St. Jerome's and teaching for three years, he left for the ''Journal'' editorship in January 1899.{{sfn|McLaughlin|Stortz|Wahl|2002|p=60}} In the years that followed, he occasionally returned to St. Jerome's to provide guest lectures on journalism.{{sfn|McLaughlin|Stortz|Wahl|2002|pp=60, 101}}

Both Motz and Rittinger's views as espoused in the ''Journal'' were heavily influenced by their education under Funcken,{{sfn|Wahl|1983|p=528}} promoting the use of the German language, civic duty and continuing to criticize the anti-liberal trends in Germany and Prussia.{{sfn|McLaughlin|Stortz|Wahl|2002|pp=60–62}} In a 1911 letter, Julius Funcken, brother of Louis and, though he lived in [[Netherlands|Holland]], an avid reader of the ''Journal'', wrote, "we believe we are not mistaken when we see Louis' views in the trends of the paper."{{sfn|McLaughlin|Stortz|Wahl|2002|p=61}} The sons focused the ''Journal'' more heavily on local and national Canadian coverage than on Germany.{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/157 157]}} Their approach to political coverage was also more neutral than John Motz's had been before them, only using the editorial columns to make political arguments.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/103 103]}} [[Letter to the editor|Letters to the editor]] written in the [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania-German dialect]] rather than traditional [[Standard German|High German]] became more common.{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/157 157]}}
{{clear}}

=== Mergers and expansion ===

[[File:Rittinger & Motz printing office, c. 1906-1910.jpg|alt=The Rittinger & Motz printing firm building|thumb|By 1906, increasing circulation necessitated Rittinger & Motz, the newspaper's printing firm, move to larger facilities at 15 Queen St. S. (pictured {{circa|lk=no}}{{thinspace}}1906–1908).]]

The ''Journal'' absorbed several other German newspapers, including Walkerton's {{lang|de|Ontario Glocke|italic=yes}} in July 1904,{{refn|group=note|Lehmann writes the ''Journal'' acquired the {{lang|de|Glocke|italic=yes}} in 1878 but that the {{lang|de|Glocke|italic=yes}} continued to appear independently in Walkerton until the early 20th century.{{sfn|Lehmann|1986|p=86}}|name="Glocke"}} [[Stratford, Ontario|Stratford]]'s {{lang|de|Canadische Kolonist|italic=yes}} in July 1906, and both [[New Hamburg, Ontario|New Hamburg]]'s {{lang|de|Canadische Volksblatt|italic=yes}} and [[Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo]]'s {{lang|de|Canadischer Bauernfreund|italic=yes}} in July 1909.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|pp=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/103 103–104]}}{{refn|group=note|The {{lang|de|Canadische Volksblatt|italic=yes}} amalgamated into the {{lang|de|Canadischer Bauernfreund|italic=yes}} on 2 December 1908.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/104 104]}}}} Though the content was identical, the amalgamated papers continued to be issued under their original names so as to not upset longtime subscribers.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|pp=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/70 70], [https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/103 103–104]}} The ''Journal''{{'s}} expansion required the newspaper's printer, the Rittinger & Motz printing firm, relocate to larger facilities. With the help of a $5,000 loan ({{Inflation|CA|5000|1906|fmt=eq|cursign=[[Canadian Dollar|CA$]]|r=-3}}) from local manufacturer and politician [[Louis Jacob Breithaupt]], it moved to 15 Queen Street South in 1906.{{sfn|Robinson|2019|pp=74–75}}

After the {{lang|de|Glocke|italic=yes}} merger in 1904, the ''Berliner Journal'' increased to twelve pages, and then to sixteen pages in 1909.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/87 87]}} By this time, it was one of only two German papers in Ontario; the other, [[Pembroke, Ontario|Pembroke]]'s {{lang|de|italic=yes|Deutsche Post}}, attracted little attention outside of [[Eastern Ontario]] and folded in 1916.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/100 100]}} The ''Journal'' rose from a circulation of 3,900 in 1906 to a peak of 5,155 in 1908,{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|pp=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/155 155], [https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/157 157]}} with the average circulation for the year ending 31 December 1909 being 5,154.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/105 105]}} These numbers made it the most widely read German-language newspaper in Canada, with subscribers in [[Toronto]], [[Ottawa]], [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], [[Montreal]] and [[British Columbia]].{{sfn|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA108 108]}} Readership also extended into the [[northern United States]],{{sfn|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA108 108]}} including [[Pennsylvania]], [[Ohio]] and [[Michigan]].{{sfn|Monkiewicz|Skidmore|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8uxfTF4Lm-kC&pg=PA137 137]}}

=== ''Letters of {{lang|de|Joe Klotzkopp|italic=yes}}, Esq.'' ===

{{Main|John Adam Rittinger#Letters of Joe Klotzkopp, Esq.}}

After moving from the {{lang|de|Glocke|italic=yes}} to the ''Journal'', Rittinger continued to publish his widely popular letters to the editor, signed under the [[pseudonym]] "{{lang|de|Joe Klotzkopp|italic=no}}".{{sfn|Weissenborn|1984|p=[http://lib-contentdm2.lib.sfu.ca/cdm/fullbrowser/collection/gc/id/14262/rv/compoundobject/cpd/14322 223]}} The name translates from Pennsylvania German to English as either "Joe the Blockhead"{{sfn|Weissenborn|1984|p=[http://lib-contentdm2.lib.sfu.ca/cdm/fullbrowser/collection/gc/id/14262/rv/compoundobject/cpd/14322 223]}} or "John the Blockhead".{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/157 157]}} Rittinger published his first humorous letter in the 22 January 1890 edition of the {{lang|de|Glocke|italic=yes}}.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/70 70]}}{{refn|group=note|Kalbfleisch writes the first letter "seems to have appeared in the {{lang|de|Glocke|italic=yes}} on January 22, 1890."{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/70 70]}} Both Tötösy de Zepetnek and scholar Georg K. Weissenborn write the letters began in 1890,<ref>{{harvnb|Tötösy de Zepetnek|1995|p=115}}; {{harvnb|Tötösy de Zepetnek|2005|p=925}}; {{harvnb|Weissenborn|1984|p=[http://lib-contentdm2.lib.sfu.ca/cdm/fullbrowser/collection/gc/id/14262/rv/compoundobject/cpd/14322 223].}}</ref> while Hayes says they began in 1895.{{sfn|Hayes|1997|p=115}}}} After publishing them occasionally through November, subscribers demanded more, prompting their resumption the following year,{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/70 70]}} with Rittinger continuing to write and publish them for the next twenty-five years.{{sfn|Weissenborn|1984|p=[http://lib-contentdm2.lib.sfu.ca/cdm/fullbrowser/collection/gc/id/14262/rv/compoundobject/cpd/14322 223]}}

{{quote box|quote= When I reflect on it I am in fact amazed that not more of our younger fellows join the ranks to fight in Europe. Is there anything more beautiful in this world than to have yourself shot to death for the kings and emperors, or afterwards, when the war is over, to hobble around without an arm or leg, but with a silver medal on your chest?{{sfn|Hayes|1997|p=115}} |source=– [[John Adam Rittinger|Joe Klotzkopp]], ''Berliner Journal'', April 1915. Translated by Herbert Karl Kalbfleisch. |width=25%|align=left|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|style=padding:8px;}}

The letters uniquely and humorously combine the Pennsylvania German dialect with phonetic reproductions of English words.{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/222 222]}} The dialect was common among the Germans of nineteenth-century Ontario, and German-language newspapers across [[Upper Canada|Upper]] and [[Lower Canada]] and [[Nova Scotia]] regularly published letters using it.{{sfn|Tötösy de Zepetnek|2005|p=925}} Rittinger originally learned [[Standard German|High German]],{{sfn|Weissenborn|1984|p=[http://lib-contentdm2.lib.sfu.ca/cdm/fullbrowser/collection/gc/id/14262/rv/compoundobject/cpd/14322 223]}} and acquired the dialect later in life.{{sfn|Tötösy de Zepetnek|2005|p=925}} His character {{lang|de|Joe Klotzkopp|italic=no}} is "a poor, but easy-going farmer", living with his wife {{lang|de|Särah Klotzkopp|italic=no}} near [[Neustadt, Ontario]] in [[Bruce County]].<ref>{{harvnb|Weissenborn|1984|p=[http://lib-contentdm2.lib.sfu.ca/cdm/fullbrowser/collection/gc/id/14262/rv/compoundobject/cpd/14322 223]}}: "a poor,{{nbsp}}...", Neustadt, Bruce County; {{harvnb|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/70 70]}}: Särah.</ref> The letters describe contemporary [[Upper Canada|Upper Canadian]] life,{{sfn|Tötösy de Zepetnek|2005|p=925}} injecting humour into the rural life of [[German Canadians|German-Canadians]],{{sfn|Hayes|1997|p=115}} while using levity to impart serious moral lessons.<ref name="KqW">{{harvnb|Kalbfleisch|1957|p=20}}, quoted in {{harvnb|Weissenborn|1984|p=[http://lib-contentdm2.lib.sfu.ca/cdm/fullbrowser/collection/gc/id/14262/rv/compoundobject/cpd/14322 223]}}.</ref>

Scholar Gottlieb Leibbrandt writes that the letters are of particular interest to scholars as "superb examples of German-Canadian comic literature in dialect."{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/157 157]}} Researcher Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek suggests that because the letters are restricted thematically to contemporaneous issues, their value to modern scholars resides in studying their style and use of language, along with "their humoristic and ironic mode of narration."{{sfn|Tötösy de Zepetnek|2005|p=925}} Scholar [[Hermann Boeschenstein]] writes that the letters mediate between European and Canadian cultures, and that "Rittinger proved{{nbsp}}... that immigration can be conducive to the exchange and dissemination of valuable experience and ideas".<ref>{{harvnb|Boeschenstein|1980|p=15}}, translated and quoted in {{harvnb|Weissenborn|1984|p=[http://lib-contentdm2.lib.sfu.ca/cdm/fullbrowser/collection/gc/id/14263/rv/compoundobject/cpd/14322 224]}}.</ref> Leibbrandt, Tötösy de Zepetnek and Kalbfleisch agree that Rittinger's writings rank him among the greatest of Canadian humorists.<ref>{{harvnb|Tötösy de Zepetnek|2005|p=925}}; {{harvnb|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/222 222]}}; {{harvnb|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/71 71]}}.</ref> Kalbfleisch remarks that Rittinger's "wit and humour were ever present adjunct to his racy and picturesque style", especially within the {{lang|de|Joe Klotzkopp|italic=no}} letters.<ref name="KqW" /> He compares Rittinger's work to that of [[Thomas Chandler Haliburton]] and [[Stephen Leacock]], and ultimately concludes that "[h]ad he written in the English language his reputation in Canada would now be secure.<ref>{{harvnb|Kalbfleisch|1958|p=7}}, quoted in {{harvnb|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/222 222]}}.</ref> By comparison, scholar E. W. Herd characterizes the letters as "naïve and popular". He opines that their humour is more easily appreciated by a Pennsylvania German reader, while "for other readers the parody is not so obvious, and the humour loses its spice".{{sfn|Herd|1990|p=157}}
{{clear}}

== Decline: 1915–1918 ==
=== First World War and anti-German sentiments ===

{{See also|Berlin-to-Kitchener name change#anti-German|label 1=Berlin-to-Kitchener name change § World War I|British entry into World War I}}

Great Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914.{{sfn|Clark|2013|p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061146657/page/544/ 544]}} As a [[Dominion]] of the [[British Empire]], Canada automatically entered the war following Britain's declaration.{{sfn|Copp|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iqtjsLl292oC&pg=PA36 36]}} On 12 August, the ''Berliner Journal'' warned, "The die is cast, the two greatest European empires face each other with weapons raised."{{sfn|English|McLaughlin|1983|p=108}} Published in the same issue, an "Address to all Germans in Ontario" implored German-Canadians to recognize their loyalty to Canada:{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/247 247]}} {{blockquote|The love for our old fatherland is innate, and the admiration of our new homeland should not bring us into inner conflict{{nbsp}}... Canada{{nbsp}}... has invited us to make a home here. We mustn't forget the years of peace and prosperity we have experienced under the British flag.{{nbsp}}... The "[[Union Jack]]" has fluttered above us, our children were born under it. Germany's victory or defeat will not change anything in our relations to our adopted fatherland, to our new home.{{nbsp}}... Don't allow yourselves to be driven to demonstrations of any kind, avoid arguments with citizens of other nations. Be silent, bear this difficult time with dignity and show that you are true Germans, grateful to the country that accommodated you and in which you found a new home.{{sfn|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA112 112]}}}}

{{quote box|quote= Since the beginning of this regrettable war we have made it our solemn duty to publish only officially confirmed dispatches in our war news, and in spite of this we could not please some of our readers. For the one we are too pro-German, for the other too pro-British.{{sfn|Bausenhart|1972|p=36}} |source=– ''Berliner Journal'' editorial, 20 January 1915. Translated by Werner A. Bausenhart. |width=25%|align=right|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|style=padding:8px;}}

The war led to condemnation of the German tradition in Canada and rising anti-German sentiments,{{sfn|McLaughlin|Jaeger|2007|p=88}} especially following the May 1915 [[Sinking of the RMS Lusitania|sinking of the RMS ''Lusitania'']].{{sfn|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA114 114]}} To maintain its position in the community, the ''Journal'' generally avoided exaggerating anti-German incidents.{{sfn|Löchte|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA113 113–114]}} The paper's editors found it difficult to please all readers; they resolved to only publish official war news but alternately received complaints that the paper was either too British or too German in its coverage.{{sfn|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA112 112]}} Circulation declined, with angry readers cancelling their subscriptions in protest.{{sfn|Löchte|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA112 112–113]}}{{refn|group=note|A letter to the editor in the 20 January 1915 issue read: {{blockquote|We dont want Kiser Williams paper in canada we want King George papers we dont want Kiser too rool in Ontario we have inglish paper too find out whats going on. You better get out too Germany there you can print what you like. {{sic}}{{sfn|Löchte|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA112 112–113]}}}}}} To those immigrants that remained loyal to Germany, the editors explained in a September 1914 article that being born and raised in Canada – being several generations removed from Germany – led them to being more British in their outlook. They further explained it would be ungrateful of them to "[denigrate] the land in which we enjoy complete freedom as well as protection of life and property."{{sfn|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA113 113]}} The ''Journal'' encourage German-Canadians to comply with all Canadian laws, while also stating in a 13 January 1915 editorial that each immigrant had a right to "entertain in his heart sympathy for the old homeland."{{sfn|Bassler|2021|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hV9NEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 99]}}

In July 1915, the ''[[London Advertiser]]'' of nearby [[London, Ontario]] accused the ''Journal'' of spreading sedition after it published a piece by William John Motz summarizing the first year of the war.{{sfn|McKegney|1991|p=141}} The following month, the ''Advertiser''{{'s}} editor, A. C. Laut, attempted to get the ''Journal'' censored by writing to Canada's chief press censor, [[Ernest J. Chambers]]. Laut accused the ''Journal'' of suggesting that the war began due to a commercial rivalry between Britain and Germany. Chambers appealed to [[Secretary of State for Canada|Secretary of State]] [[Louis Coderre]] for a warrant to suppress the newspaper, but was unsuccessful after [[Waterloo North]] [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]] [[William George Weichel]] defended both the paper and Motz's character.<ref>{{harvnb|Keshen|1992|p=329}}; {{harvnb|Keshen|1996|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wBPTZvl5YxYC&pg=PA82 82–83]}}.</ref> In an August 1915 letter, Chambers admitted to Motz that, "it appears{{nbsp}}... that your attitude has been somewhat misrepresented". Despite the admission, Chambers still refused to admonish Laut, explaining to Motz that publishing a German-language newspaper while being of "German extraction{{nbsp}}... imposes upon you certain standards of carefulness which might not be expected of others."{{sfn|Keshen|1992|pp=329–330, 330n36}}

=== Restructuring and name change ===
{{See also|Berlin-to-Kitchener name change}}

Herman Rittinger died on 22 September 1913 and John A. Rittinger on 29 July 1915.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/105 105]}} In September 1915, C. C. Johannes Maass took over as editor.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|pp=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/105 105–106]}} Maass was born in 1862 in [[Bergen auf Rügen|Bergen on Ruegen]]. He studied at [[Francke Foundations|Franckesche Stiftungen]] in [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]], Germany, and studied [[theology]] at Berlin's Kropp Seminary, working as a Lutheran pastor in several Ontario towns, including New Hamburg, [[Preston, Ontario|Preston]] and Berlin.{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/230 230]}} In 1899, he published a book, {{lang|de|Gedichte|italic=yes}} (''Poems''),{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/230 230]}} publishing more of his poetry in the ''Journal'' during his editorship.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|pp=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/105 105–106]}}

Further restructuring in the Rittinger & Motz printing firm's leadership led to former Berlin mayor [[William Schmalz|W. H. Schmalz]] becoming vice-president and William John Motz president, with the two providing technical direction.<ref>{{harvnb|Kalbfleisch|1968|pp=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/105 105–106]}}: Schmalz as vice-president and Motz as president; {{harvnb|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/157 157]}}: technical direction.</ref> Shortly after John Adam Rittinger's death, politician [[William Daum Euler]] took a stake in the newspaper by buying all of Rittinger's shares in the printing firm.<ref>{{harvnb|Friesen|1988|p=139}}, quoted in {{harvnb|Robinson|2019|p=188}}.</ref> The Rittinger & Motz byline that had appeared below the newspaper's masthead since its founding was removed in March 1916 and the paper's length was reduced to eight pages in May.{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/106 106]}}

{{quote box|quote= A name established, like that of Berlin for 90 years, has become part of civic consciousness. To change it is to produce a feeling of unnaturalness among those citizens especially who, with their fathers before them, have dwelt in the place for generations. To such persons the place under the new name will never seem quite the same. They have been robbed of part of their being. This, and not because there is a Berlin in Germany, was the real reason for the opposition to a change in Berlin's name.<ref>{{harvnb|Bassler|1991|p=67}}; {{harvnb|Bassler|2021|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hV9NEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 98]}}.</ref> |source=– ''Berliner Journal'' editorial explaining their opposition to the [[Berlin-to-Kitchener name change]], 26 July 1916. Translated by [[Gerhard P. Bassler]]. |width=25%|align=right|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|style=padding:8px;}}

Tensions in the community over the city's German heritage and German naming led to a [[Berlin-to-Kitchener name change|1916 referendum regarding the city name]],{{sfn|McLaughlin|Jaeger|2007|p=92}} a change the editors of the ''Journal'' strongly opposed.{{sfn|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA114 114]}} After the referendum passed successfully and the city name officially changed from Berlin to Kitchener, editorial content largely disappeared from the newspaper. Articles covering anodyne topics became more common; titles of articles in the summer of 1917 included: "On Getting Up Early", "Nervous Parents", and "About Cold Baths".{{sfn|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA114 114]}}

Though the city was no longer named Berlin, the leaders of the ''Journal'' initially refused to change the newspaper's name, instead only adding beneath the [[Nameplate (publishing)|masthead]]: "{{lang|de|verlegt und gedruckt in Canada|italic=no}}" (published and printed in Canada).{{sfn|English|McLaughlin|1983|p=119}} In November 1916, the Rittinger & Motz firm sent a letter to their customers explaining that they could not change the name "until the ratepayers of this city definitely decide the name issue in a fair election without intimidation or danger of violence".{{sfn|Coschi|2018|p=149}}{{refn|group=note|Historian Adam Crerar writes that the referendum was characterized by intimidation;{{sfn|Crerar|2005|p=[https://archive.org/details/canadafirstworld0000unse/page/256/ 256]}} soldiers of the local [[118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF|118th Battalion]] kept potential name change opponents away from the polls,{{sfn|Crerar|2005|p=[https://archive.org/details/canadafirstworld0000unse/page/256/ 256]}} while name change proponents challenged unnaturalized citizens.{{sfn|English|McLaughlin|1983|p=117}}}} The refusal outraged the [[Kitchener City Council]] [[alderman|aldermen]] J. A. Hallman, [[Charles C. Hahn|C. C. Hahn]] and W. G. Cleghorn, with Hahn suggesting legal action against the firm.{{sfn|Coschi|2018|p=149}} Schmalz – who had been a vocal opponent of the name change – found himself targeted by locals.{{sfn|Hayes|1997|p=123}} Manufacturer D. B. Detweiler swore in an affidavit that the company Schmalz managed, the Economical Fire Insurance Company, posted a notice in the early days of the war calling upon German [[reservist]]s to serve for Germany.<ref>{{harvnb|Hayes|1997|p=123}}: D. B. Detweiler, the Economical Fire Insurance Company; {{harvnb|English|McLaughlin|1983|pp=119–120}}: swore in an affidavit, posted a notice.</ref> The prosecution stalled, but caused embarrassment for Schmalz.{{sfn|English|McLaughlin|1983|p=120}} His son, a [[Royal Military College of Canada|Royal Military College]] graduate, likely lost his opportunity at a military career due to their relation.{{sfn|Hayes|1997|p=123}} The ''Journal'' eventually relented, changing its name to the ''Ontario Journal'' on 10 January 1917.{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|pp=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/158 158], [https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/255 255]}}

=== {{Anchor|German publication ban}} German publication ban ===

On 25 September 1918, the Canadian Government passed an [[Order in Council]] prohibiting "the publication of books, newspapers, magazines or any printed matter in the language of any country or people for the time being at war with Great Britain."<ref>{{harvnb|McKegney|1991|pp=8, 224n29}}: 25 September 1918; {{harvnb|Bausenhart|1972|p=[https://www.proquest.com/openview/6231f605206ca4e3f6e3f3188ddb1e06/1 35]}}: "the publication of books{{nbsp}}..."</ref> The order had the effect of suppressing newspapers not published in English or French, such as the ''Berliner Journal''. As the ''Journal'' was a weekly publication, its next issue was scheduled for 2 October.{{sfn|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA115 115]}}

{{multiple image
 |perrow = 2
 |total_width = 275
 |align = left
 |direction =
 |image1 = W. D. Euler.png
 |image2 = W.J. Motz.png
 |alt1 = Portrait of W. D. Euler
 |alt2 = Portrait of William John Motz
 |footer = [[William Daum Euler|W. D. Euler]] (left) and [[William John Motz]] retained influence in Kitchener by buying several local English-language newspapers and merging them into ''[[Waterloo Region Record|The Daily Record]]''.
 |footer_align = center
}}

A piece in the 4 December 1918 issue of the ''Journal'' questioned the lateness of the Order, asking: "The war ended six weeks after the Union Government prohibited German papers in Canada. Why didn't they take action in 1914?"{{sfn|Bausenhart|1972|p=[https://www.proquest.com/openview/6231f605206ca4e3f6e3f3188ddb1e06/1 35]}} Historian Werner A. Bausenhart suggests the Order was likely connected to [[Newton Rowell]]'s attempt to consolidate news information through his creation of ''The Canadian Official Record'' in September 1918.{{sfn|Bausenhart|1972|pp=44–45}} Bausenhart writes that, with ''The Canadian Official Record''{{'s}} first issue published on 1 October, only a week after the Order, "[i]t would seem probable, then, that in connection with Mr. Rowell's reorganization of the Department of Public Information, this Order-in-Council was intended to bring some order to the diverse field of Canadian periodical publications."{{sfn|Bausenhart|1972|p=45}} The editors of the ''Journal'' did not anticipate the ban and hoped to acquire special permission to continue publishing. The order permitted publication in German only if every article had an accompanying English or French translation, an option the editors rejected as impractical.{{sfn|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA115 115]}} The ''Journal'' ran its last German issue on 2 October, its circulation around 3,200.{{sfn|Löchte|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA113 113], [https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA115 115]}} Its first English-only issue ran on 9 October 1918 and the paper ceased publication entirely in December.<ref>{{harvnb|Lorenzkowski|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1_yN7dUecpgC&pg=PA43 43], 227n99}}: first English-only issue on 9 October 1918, an issue ran as late as 25 December 1918; {{harvnb|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA113 113]}}: The ''Journal'' "ceased publication" ten years after 1908, i.e. 1918.</ref>{{refn|group=note|name=closure|Sources disagree on the ''Ontario Journal''{{'}}s date of closure. Scholars Anne Löchte, [[John English (Canadian politician)|John English]] and Kenneth McLaughlin write it ceased publication in 1918 without specifying a month,<ref>{{harvnb|Löchte|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA113 113]}}: "In 1908, the ''Journal'' had more than five thousand subscibers. Ten years later, when it ceased publication, it had just thirty-two hundred."<br />{{harvnb|English|McLaughlin|1983|p=163}}: "The German press in Kitchener died in 1918 when the ''Journal'' was forced to close by an order-in-council which banned publications in the German language".</ref> while Herbert Karl Kalbfleisch and Gottlieb Leibbrandt write it ceased after the order-in-council passed on 2 October 1918.<ref>{{harvnb|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/106 106]}}: "[O]n October 2, 1918,{{nbsp}}... an Order-in-Council issued by the cabinet of the government of Canada [prohibited] newspapers in the German language in Canada. The ''Journal'' was obliged to abide by this decree{{nbsp}}..."<br />{{harvnb|Leibbrandt|1980|p=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/158 158]}}: "[A]n order-of-council on October 2, 1918, put an end to all Canadian papers in the German language and the ''Journal'' ceased publication".</ref> Patricia P. McKegney instead writes the order-in-council passed on 25 September 1918 and that the newspaper ended on 2 October 1918.<ref>{{harvnb|McKegney|1991|p=224n29}}: "[D]ated September 25, 1918."<br />{{harvnb|McKegney|1991|p=190}}: [T]he German-language newspaper, the ''Ontario Journal'' (Oct. 2, 1918) [ended] by a Federal Order-in-Council."</ref> By contrast, Barbara Lorenzkowski writes the ''Journal'' ran its first English-only issue on 9 October 1918,{{sfn|Lorenzkowski|2010|p=227n99}} and both her and Werner A. Bausenhart quote from December 1918 issues of ''Journal''.<ref>{{harvnb|Bausenhart|1972|p=[https://www.proquest.com/openview/6231f605206ca4e3f6e3f3188ddb1e06/1 35]}}: "On December 4, 1918, the ''Ontario Journal'', now appearing in English, remarked{{nbsp}}..."<br />{{harvnb|Lorenzkowski|2010|p=227n99}}: "See also the editorial 'Past and Future,' ''Ontario Journal'', 25 December 1918."</ref>{{pb}}[[WorldCat]] indicates the last issue ran on 10 May 1924,<ref>{{cite book |title=Berliner Journal. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/977929550 |via=[[WorldCat]] |oclc=977929550 |access-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426155058/https://www.worldcat.org/title/berliner-journal/oclc/977929550 |archive-date=26 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the ''Waterloo Region Record''{{'s}} website implies the paper closed in 1924, writing that after its 1859 founding it "[continued] for the next 65 years".<ref name="WRR">{{cite web |title=About Us |date=19 January 2021 |url=https://www.therecord.com/about/aboutus.html |publisher=[[Waterloo Region Record]] |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401082438/https://www.therecord.com/about/aboutus.html |archive-date=1 April 2021 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>{{pb}}An anonymous piece in the 1959 edition of the ''Waterloo Historical Society's Annual Volume'' writes that in 1919 the owners of the ''Journal'' sold their 15 Queen St. S. publishing office and then "joined forces with" the ''News Record''.{{sfn|Anon.|1959|p=62}} Historian and [[archivist]] Arthur Grenke similarly writes that the ''Journal'' and ''Record'' "joined forces" in 1919.{{sfn|Grenke|1989|p=60}} The 1919 edition of ''Vernon's City of Kitchener and Town of Waterloo Directory'' lists the ''Ontario Journal'' as being at 15 Queen St. S.,{{sfn|Vernon|1919|p=340}} while the 1920 edition lists it as being at 49 King St. W., the same address as the ''News Record''.{{sfn|Vernon|1920|p=339}} The ''Journal'' continued to appear in subsequent editions of the directory, up to and including 1924–25, but does not appear in the 1925–26 edition.<ref>{{harvnb|Vernon|1921|p=337}}; {{harvnb|Vernon|1922–23|p=389}}; {{harvnb|Vernon|1923–24|p=375}}; {{harvnb|Vernon|1924–25|p=349}}; {{harvnb|Vernon|1925–26|p=362}}.</ref>}}

The government repealed the ban in January 1920 but – besides the short-lived ''Kitchener Journal'' from 1967 to 1969 – the German-language press did not return to the city.{{sfn|Leibbrandt|1980|pp=[https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/158 158], [https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib/page/160 160]}} Kalbfleisch reflects: "[I]ts prohibition, in retrospect, seems to have been hasty and ill-advised. A language in itself does not create disloyalty, even if it is at the moment the language of the enemy."{{sfn|Kalbfleisch|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb/page/111 111]}} Scholar Gerhard Friesen argues that the [[World War I|First World War]] eradicated German culture in Canada and assigns blame to the editors of the ''Journal'' for not having led a defence of the German community.<ref>{{harvnb|Friesen|1988|pp=139, 150}}, quoted in {{harvnb|Coschi|2018|p=89n8}}.</ref>

Despite the closure of the ''Journal'', William John Motz retained influence in the community by purchasing other local newspapers with Euler.{{sfn|English|McLaughlin|1983|p=163}} They bought the two largest newspapers in the area,{{sfn|McKegney|1991|p=190}} the ''Waterloo News Record'' in October 1919 and the ''Daily Telegraph'' in July 1922, merging them to form ''The Daily Record''.{{sfn|English|McLaughlin|1983|p=163}} Motz served as the newspaper's managing director.{{sfn|Uttley|1937|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofkitchen00uttl/page/107 107]}} The newspaper has continued to publish into the 21st century, most recently having changed its name in 2008 to the ''[[Waterloo Region Record]]''.<ref name="WRR" />

{{clear}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Journalism|Canada}}
*[[List of German-language newspapers of Ontario]]
*[[List of early Canadian newspapers]]
*[[List of defunct newspapers of Canada]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|group=note|30em}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|20em}}

=== Sources ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|indent=yes=|35em}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bassler |first1=Gerhard P. |author1-link=Gerhard P. Bassler |title=The German Canadian Mosaic Today and Yesterday: Identities, Roots, and Heritage |date=1991 |publisher=German-Canadian Congress |location=Ottawa |isbn=0-9695486-0-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bassler |first1=Gerhard P. |author1-mask=9 |title=Nation Builders and Enemy Aliens: Four Centuries of German Experience in Canada |date=2021 |publisher=[[FriesenPress]] |location=Altona |isbn=978-1-5255-9035-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hV9NEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bloomfield |first1=Elizabeth |title=Waterloo Township Through Two Centuries |date=1995 |location=Kitchener |publisher=[[Waterloo Historical Society]] |isbn=0-9699719-0-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/waterlootownship0000bloo |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Boeschenstein |editor1-first=Hermann |editor1-link=Hermann Boeschenstein |title=Heiteres und Satirisches aus der Deutschkanadischen Literatur: John Adam Rittinger, Walter Roome, Ernst Loeb, Rolf Max Kully |date=1980 |publisher=German-Canadian Historical Association |location=Toronto |isbn=0-921415-13-3 |language=de}}
*{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Christopher |author1-link=Christopher Clark |title=The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 |date=2013 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-114665-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061146657 |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last1=English |first1=John |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Kenneth |author1-link=John English (Canadian politician) |title=Kitchener: An Illustrated History |date=1983 |publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]] |location=Waterloo |isbn=0-88920-137-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNLfAgAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book |last1=Grenke |first1=Arthur |title=Archival Sources for the Study of German Language Groups in Canada |date=1989 |publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada|National Archives of Canada]] |location=Ottawa |isbn=0-662-56365-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKPfAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hayes |first1=Geoffrey |title=Waterloo County: An Illustrated History |date=1997 |publisher=[[Waterloo Historical Society]] |location=Kitchener |isbn=0-9699719-1-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kalbfleisch |first1=Herbert Karl |title=The History of the Pioneer German Language Press of Ontario, 1835–1918. |date=1968 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |isbn=978-0-8020-1579-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer0000kalb |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last1=Keshen |first1=Jeff |title=Propaganda and Censorship During Canada's Great War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBPTZvl5YxYC |date=1996 |publisher=[[University of Alberta Press]] |location=Edmonton |isbn=978-1-77212-134-6 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Lehmann |first1=Heinz |translator-last=Bassler |translator-first=Gerhard P. |translator-link=Gerhard P. Bassler |title=The German Canadians, 1750–1937: Immigration, Settlement & Culture |date=1986 |publisher=Jesperson Press |location=St. John's |isbn=0-920502-76-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzDXAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Leibbrandt |first1=Gottlieb |translator-last=Weissenborn |translator-first=G. K. |title=Little Paradise: The Saga of the German Canadians of Waterloo County, Ontario 1800–1975 |year=1980 |publisher=Allprint Co |location=Kitchener |url=https://archive.org/details/littleparadisesa0000leib |url-access=registration |isbn=0-919207-01-4}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lorenzkowski |first1=Barbara |title=Sounds of Ethnicity: Listening to German North America, 1850–1914 |date=2010 |publisher=[[University of Manitoba Press]] |location=Winnipeg |isbn=978-0-88755-188-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_yN7dUecpgC }}
*{{cite book |last1=Manz |first1=Stefan |title=Constructing a German Diaspora: The "Greater German Empire", 1871–1914 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-317-65824-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KTAAwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=McKegney |first1=Patricia P. |title=The Kaiser's Bust: A Study of War-Time Propaganda in Berlin, Ontario, 1914–1918 |date=1991 |publisher=University of Bamberg Press |location=Wellesley |isbn=0-9695356-0-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=McLaughlin |first1=Kenneth |last2=Stortz |first2=Gerald J. |last3=Wahl |first3=James A. |title=Enthusiasm for the Truth: An Illustrated History of St. Jerome's University |date=2002 |publisher=[[St. Jerome's University]] |location=Waterloo |isbn=0-9731213-0-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=McLaughlin |first1=Kenneth |last2=Jaeger |first2=Sharon |title=Waterloo: An Illustrated History, 1857–2007 |date=2007 |publisher=[[Waterloo, Ontario|City of Waterloo]] |location=Waterloo |isbn=978-0-9691175-1-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Uttley |first1=W. V. |title=A History of Kitchener, Ontario |date=1937 |publisher=The Chronicle Press |location=Waterloo |oclc=22695585 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofkitchen00uttl|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite journal |editor1-last=Vernon |editor1-first=Henry |title=Vernon's City of Kitchener and Town of Waterloo Directory |journal=Vernon's City of Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, Directory |date=1919 |edition=15th |publisher=Vernon Directories Limited |location=Hamilton |url=https://makinghistory.kpl.org/en/permalink/descriptions10285 |issn=0316-179X |oclc=1086782070}}
*{{cite journal |editor1-last=Vernon |editor1-first=Henry |editor1-mask=6 |title=Vernon's City of Kitchener and Town of Waterloo Directory |journal=Vernon's City of Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, Directory |date=1920 |edition=16th |publisher=Vernon Directories Limited |location=Hamilton |url=https://makinghistory.kpl.org/en/permalink/descriptions10286 |issn=0316-179X |oclc=1086782070}}
*{{cite journal |editor1-last=Vernon |editor1-first=Henry |editor1-mask=6 |title=Vernon's City of Kitchener and Town of Waterloo Directory |journal=Vernon's City of Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, Directory |date=1921 |edition=17th |publisher=Vernon Directories Limited |location=Hamilton |url=https://makinghistory.kpl.org/en/permalink/descriptions10287 |issn=0316-179X |oclc=1086782070}}
*{{cite journal |editor1-last=Vernon |editor1-first=Henry |editor1-mask=6 |title=Vernon's City of Kitchener and Town of Waterloo Directory |journal=Vernon's City of Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, Directory |date=1922–23 |edition=18th |publisher=Vernon Directories Limited |location=Hamilton |url=https://makinghistory.kpl.org/en/permalink/descriptions10288 |issn=0316-179X |oclc=1086782070}}
*{{cite journal |editor1-last=Vernon |editor1-first=Henry |editor1-mask=6 |title=Vernon's City of Kitchener and Town of Waterloo Directory |journal=Vernon's City of Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, Directory |date=1923–24 |edition=19th |publisher=Vernon Directories Limited |location=Hamilton |url=https://makinghistory.kpl.org/en/permalink/descriptions10289 |issn=0316-179X |oclc=1086782070}}
*{{cite journal |editor1-last=Vernon |editor1-first=Henry |editor1-mask=6 |title=Vernon's City of Kitchener and Town of Waterloo Directory |journal=Vernon's City of Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, Directory |date=1924–25 |edition=20th |publisher=Vernon Directories Limited |location=Hamilton |url=https://makinghistory.kpl.org/en/permalink/descriptions10290 |issn=0316-179X |oclc=1086782070}}
*{{cite journal |editor1-last=Vernon |editor1-first=Henry |editor1-mask=6 |title=Vernon's City of Kitchener and Town of Waterloo Directory |journal=Vernon's City of Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario, Directory |date=1925–26 |edition=21st |publisher=Vernon Directories Limited |location=Hamilton |url=https://makinghistory.kpl.org/en/permalink/descriptions10291 |issn=0316-179X |oclc=1086782070}}
{{refend}}

==== Book chapters ====
{{refbegin|indent=yes|35em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Copp|first1=Terry |author1-link=Terry Copp|editor1-last=MacKenzie |editor1-first=David |title=Canada and the First World War: Essays in Honour of Robert Craig Brown |date=2005 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |isbn=0-8020-8445-1 |pages=35–61 |chapter=The Military Effort, 1914–1918 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/canadafirstworld0000unse/page/35/ |chapter-url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last1=Crerar |first1=Adam |editor1-last=MacKenzie |editor1-first=David |title=Canada and the First World War: Essays in Honour of Robert Craig Brown |date=2005 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |isbn=0-8020-8445-1 |pages=230–271 |chapter=Ontario and the Great War |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/canadafirstworld0000unse/page/230/ |chapter-url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last1=Friesen |first1=Gerhard |editor1-last=Gürttler |editor1-first=Karin R. |editor2-last=Mornin |editor2-first=Edward |title=Sixth Symposium German-Canadian Studies, 30–31 May 1987 |date=1988 |location=Hamilton |isbn=0-919944-08-6 |chapter=The Presentation of German-Canadian Concerns in the ''Berliner Journal'', 1914–1917}}
* {{cite book |last1=Löchte |first1=Anne |editor1-last=Schulze |editor1-first=Mathias |editor2-last=Skidmore |editor2-first=James M. |editor3-last=John |editor3-first=David G. |editor4-last=Liebscher |editor4-first=Grit |editor5-last=Siebel-Achenbach |editor5-first=Sebastian |title=German Diasporic Experiences: Identity, Migration, and Loss |date=2008 |publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]] |location=Waterloo |isbn=978-1-55458-027-9 |pages=107–116 |chapter="We dont want Kiser to rool in Ontario": Franco-Prussian War, German unification, and World War I as reflected in the Canadian ''Berliner Journal'' (1859–1918) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEHzS8W1oY8C&pg=PA107}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lorenzkowski |first1=Barbara |editor1-last=Freund |editor1-first=Alexander |title=Beyond the Nation?: Immigrants' Local Lives in Transnational Culture |date=2012 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |location=Toronto |isbn=978-1-4426-4278-2 |pages=107–137 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/beyondnationimmi0000unse/page/106/ |chapter=''Germania'' in Canada: Nation and Ethnicity at the German Peace Jubilees of 1871 |chapter-url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last1=McLaughlin |first1=Kenneth |editor1-last=Burke |editor1-first=Susan M. |editor2-last=Hill |editor2-first=Matthew H. |title=From Pennsylvania to Waterloo: Pennsylvania-German Folk Culture in Transition |date=1991 |publisher=[[Schneider Haus|Joseph Schneider Haus]] |location=Kitchener |isbn=0-9695578-0-9 |pages=35–45 |chapter=Waterloo County: A Pennsylvania-German Homeland}}
*{{cite book |last1=Monkiewicz |first1=Agata |last2=Skidmore |first2=James M. |editor1-last=Adam |editor1-first=Thomas |title=Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History |date=2005 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara |chapter=''Berliner Journal'' |volume=1 |pages=137–138 |isbn=1-85109-633-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uxfTF4Lm-kC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Tötösy de Zepetnek |first1=Steven |editor1-last=Adam |editor1-first=Thomas |title=Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History |date=2005 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara |chapter=Rittinger, John Adam |volume=3 |pages=924–925 |isbn=1-85109-633-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uxfTF4Lm-kC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Weissenborn |first1=Georg K. |title=Deutschkanadisches Jahrbuch / German-Canadian Yearbook |editor1-last=Friesen |editor1-first=Gerhard |editor2-last=Gürttler |editor2-first=Karin |date=1984 |volume=VIII |publisher=Historical Society of Mecklenburg Upper Canada |location=Toronto |pages=221–224 |chapter=John Adam Rittinger: The 'Glockemann' (1855–1915) |journal=Deutschkanadisches Jahrbuch: German-Canadian Yearbook |chapter-url=http://lib-contentdm2.lib.sfu.ca/cdm/fullbrowser/collection/gc/id/14260/rv/compoundobject/cpd/14322 |oclc=858594325 |issn=0316-8603}}
{{refend}}

==== Journal articles ====
{{refbegin|indent=yes|35em}}
*{{cite journal |author1=Anon. |title=Berliner Journal |journal=Waterloo Historical Society Annual Volume |location=Waterloo |publisher=Chronicle Press |date=1959 |volume=47 |pages=62–70 |issn=0315-5021 |oclc=1131407970}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bausenhart |first1=Werner A. |title=The Ontario German Language Press and Its Suppression by Order-in-Council in 1918 |journal=[[Canadian Ethnic Studies]] |date=January 1972 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=35–48 |issn=0008-3496 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/6231f605206ca4e3f6e3f3188ddb1e06/1 |url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Entz |first1=Werner |title=120 Jahre deutschkanadische Presse (German-Canadian press: 120 years of existence) |journal=Mitteilungen. |date=July–September 1957 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=175–182 |publisher=Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen |language=de}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Herd |first=E. W. |date=May 1990 |title=Review Essay: ''Deutschkanadische Schriften'' |url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/sem.v26.2.152 |journal=[[Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies]] |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=152–162 |doi=10.3138/sem.v26.2.152 |issn=0037-1939}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kalbfleisch |first1=Herbert Karl |title=John A. Rittinger |journal=The American-German Review |date=August–September 1957 |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=18–20 |location=Philadelphia |issn=0002-8622}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kalbfleisch |first1=Herbert Karl |author1-mask=11 |title=A Word About Joe Klotzkopp |journal=The German-Canadian Review |date=Spring 1958 |volume=11 |pages=2–7 |issn=0827-9438}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kalbfleisch |first1=Herbert Karl |author1-mask=11 |title=The Early German Newspapers of Eastern Canada |journal=[[Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies]] |date=March 1967 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21–36 |doi=10.3138/sem.v3.1.21 |url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/pdf/10.3138/sem.v3.1.21 |issn=0037-1939 |url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Keshen |first1=Jeff |title=All the News That Was Fit to Print: Ernest J. Chambers and Information Control in Canada, 1914–19 |journal=[[Canadian Historical Review]] |date=September 1992 |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=315–343 |doi=10.3138/CHR-073-03-02 |language=en |issn=0008-3755 |doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Stroh |first1=Jacob |title=Reminiscences of Berlin (Now Kitchener) |journal=Waterloo Historical Society Annual Volume |location=Waterloo |publisher=Chronicle Press |date=1930 |volume=18 |pages=175–207 |url=https://www.whs.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/1930.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803094257/http://www.whs.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/1930.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |issn=0315-5021 |oclc=1131407970}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Tötösy de Zepetnek |first1=Steven |title=Early German-Canadian Ethnic Minority Writing |journal=[[Canadian Ethnic Studies]] |date=1995 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=99–122 |issn=0008-3496 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/ab790528a28234b01dfcbc7698a2a780/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=47027 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wahl |first1=James A. |title=Father Louis Funcken's Contribution to German Catholicism in Waterloo County, Ontario |journal=Sessions d'étude – Société canadienne d'histoire de l'Église catholique |date=1983 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=513–531 |doi=10.7202/1007220ar |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/sessions/1983-v50-n2-sessions1827474/1007220ar.pdf}}
{{refend}}

==== Theses ====
{{refbegin|indent=yes|35em}}
*{{cite thesis |last=Coschi |first=Mario Nathan |date=2018 |title=From Wilhelm to Hans: Ethnicity, Citizenship, and the German Community of Berlin/Kitchener, Ontario, 1871–1970s |type=PhD thesis |institution=[[McMaster University]] |location=Hamilton |url=https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/22896/2/coschi_mario_n_2018march_phd.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318111653/https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/22896/2/coschi_mario_n_2018march_phd.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2020 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite thesis |last=Richardson |first=Lynn Elizabeth |date=1992 |title=A Facile Pen: John Motz and the ''Berliner Journal'', 1859–1911 |type=MA thesis |institution=[[University of Waterloo]]/[[National Library of Canada]] |location=Waterloo/Ottawa |isbn=0-315-72550-8 |oclc=29310856}}
*{{cite thesis |last=Robinson|first=Curtis B. |date=2019 |title=Ethnic Elites, Propaganda, Recruiting and Intelligence in German-Canadian Ontario, 1914–1918 |type=PhD thesis |institution=[[Memorial University of Newfoundland]] |location=St. John's |url=https://research.library.mun.ca/13804/1/thesis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130175744/https://research.library.mun.ca/13804/1/thesis.pdf |archive-date=30 November 2020 |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite thesis |last=Featherston|first=Maria |date=1977|title=The ''Berliner Journal'': A Study of a German-language Newspaper |type=MA thesis |publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University]] |location=Waterloo |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last1=Löchte |first1=Anne |title=Das ''Berliner Journal'' (1859–1918): eine deutschsprachige Zeitung in Kanada |date=2007 |publisher=[[Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|V&R Unipress]] |location=Göttingen |isbn=978-3-89971-370-1 |language=de |series=Forschungsreihe des Waterloo Centre for German Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmAbAQAAIAAJ |ref=none}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Lorenzkowski |first1=Barbara |title=Languages of Ethnicity: Teaching German in Waterloo County's Schools, 1850–1915 |journal=Histoire sociale/Social History |date=May 2008 |volume=41 |issue=81 |pages=1–39 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/250955 |ref=none |language=en |issn=0018-2257}}
*{{cite book |last1=Stilz |first1=Gerhard |editor1-last=Zapf |editor1-first=Harald |editor2-last=Lösch |editor2-first=Klaus |title=Cultural Encounters in the New World |date=2003 |publisher=Gunter Narr Verlag |isbn=978-3-8233-6044-5 |pages=151–183 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKFqlghBGRwC&pg=PA151 |ref=none |language=de |chapter=Deutsche Immigrantenliteratur in Kanada}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Berliner Journal}}
*{{WorldCat|oclc=977929550|name=''Berliner Journal''}}
*''[https://newspapers.lib.sfu.ca/bj3-collection Berliner Journal]'' 1880–1916 copies (in German) digitized by [[Simon Fraser University]]
*[https://www.kpl.org/localhistory/newspapers Newspapers on Microfilm] at the [[Kitchener Public Library]]
*[https://uwaterloo.ca/library/special-collections-archives/exhibits/motz-family-fonds Motz Family Fonds] digital exhibit at the [[University of Waterloo]] Library. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929070011/https://uwaterloo.ca/library/special-collections-archives/exhibits/motz-family-fonds |date=29 September 2015}}
*[https://digital.library.uwaterloo.ca/uwdl-29f8733e-6d40-40f7-8089-660fad845a5d/klotzkopp-korrespondence-letters-joe-klotzkopp-esq  Klotzkopp Korrespondence, the letters of Joe Klotzkopp, Esq.] (in German), University of Waterloo Library. Special Collections & Archives. ''[[Waterloo Region Record|Kitchener-Waterloo Record]]'' fonds. GA92-7-127.
*[http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?BioId=41735 John Motz] at the ''[[Dictionary of Canadian Biography]]''
*[http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/rittinger_john_adam_14E.html John Adam Rittinger] at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography''

[[Category:German-language newspapers published in Berlin/Kitchener]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1859]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in Ontario]]
[[Category:Defunct weekly newspapers]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1918]]
[[Category:1859 establishments in Canada West]]
[[Category:1918 disestablishments in Ontario]]
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