Английская Википедия:Berliner Journal

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Use Canadian English Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox newspaper

The Berliner Journal (later the Ontario Journal) was a German-language weekly-newspaper published in Berlin, Canada (later Kitchener) from 1859 to 1918. The newspaper was founded by German immigrants Шаблон:Interlanguage link and John Motz, who operated the paper together through most of its existence until their sons – William John Motz, Herman Rittinger and John Adam Rittinger – took over the operation at the turn of the century.

German speakers made up a large segment of those immigrating to Canada in the 19th century, and demand for German-language publications in Upper Canada was high. When founded, the Berliner Journal was one of several German-language newspapers in Ontario. By 1908, competitors had either ceased publication or amalgamated into it, making the Journal one of only two German papers in Ontario and the most widely read in Canada. At its peak, circulation was over 5,000 with a readership spanning the country and extending into the northern United States.

The outbreak of the First World War led to rising anti-German sentiment in Canada. After Berlin changed its name to Kitchener in 1916, the newspaper was renamed the Ontario Journal in January 1917. A 1918 Order in Council prohibiting the use of "enemy languages" in Canadian publications led the Journal to publishing only in English beginning in October 1918 and then folding altogether in December 1918.Шаблон:Refn

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Origins: 1859–1899

The original Berliner Journal building
At left, the Berliner Journal printing office in 1863.

Founding and early years

Шаблон:Interlanguage link from Michaelbach, Baden, and John Motz from Шаблон:Ill, near Mühlhausen, founded the Berliner Journal in Berlin, Canada West, in 1859.[1] German publications were in high demand, with Germans then the third-largest immigrant group in Canada after the English and French.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn As a weekly newspaper, the Journal began as one of several German-language newspapers in Canada West.[2] By 1867, there were 18 German-language newspapers in Southwestern Ontario,[3] and in any year between 1859 and 1908, Waterloo County usually had four German newspapers, and always between three and five.Шаблон:Sfn

Soon after his arrival in Berlin in 1848, Rittinger worked in the mechanical department of Der Deutsche Canadier – a well-established German-language newspaper – being responsible for printing copies of the newspaper.Шаблон:Sfn When he and Motz decided they wanted to get into the newspaper business in 1859, they initially tried to negotiate for the purchase of the Шаблон:Lang. After the owner refused to sell, Rittinger – who was now head of the mechanical department – left to found the Journal with Motz.Шаблон:Sfn Upon its founding, the Journal became involved in a bitter feud with the Шаблон:Lang,Шаблон:Sfn with the Шаблон:Lang mocking the Journal, suggesting it would not make it beyond one issue.Шаблон:Sfn Feuds between rival newspapers were common in nineteenth century Ontario, especially between direct competitors like the Journal and Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn

Several men and teenagers stand pose in-front of the printing office.
The printing office at 42 King Street West, Шаблон:Circa. From the left, Herman Rittinger, William John Motz, John Motz and Шаблон:Interlanguage link stand second through fifth.Шаблон:Sfn

The first issue of the Journal ran on 29 December 1859 and included four-pages on 26 × 20 inch paper.Шаблон:Sfn Rittinger acquired German types from Joseph Unzicker of nearby Hamilton by providing a promissory note against Unzicker's recently failed newspaper. The first issue was typeset at Rittinger's home in downtown Berlin using a handpress provided by the Berlin Chronicle, a local English newspaper.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn They delivered 600 copies of the first issue to both paying and prospective subscribers.Шаблон:Sfn For subsequent issues, the Chronicle provided the Journal with work space at their office.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn In the absence of copyright laws, the paper's content included columns reprinted verbatim from German sources – especially the German-American dailies Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang – as well as material translated from the English-Canadian press.Шаблон:Sfn Motz and Rittinger edited the translated pieces, removing content they thought sensationalist and which "the average German could only poorly digest".Шаблон:Sfn The paper was printed by hand and – with neither postal nor railway service yet available – delivered on horseback. Subscribers scattered across the countryside required the horse rider to swim across both the Grand and Conestogo Rivers.Шаблон:Sfn By 1863, the paper's circulation was around 1,000.Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Lang found it increasingly difficult to compete with the Journal and folded in January 1865.Шаблон:Sfn Following the closure, an article published in the Journal mocked its former competitor, framed as an obituary recounting a person's slow decline in health.Шаблон:Sfn

Professor Werner Entz writes that Rittinger and Motz entered the newspaper business less conscious of making a profit than of making an impact through their journalism.[4] Both expressed their desire to be recognized as the best German newspaper in Canada and were quick to notice praise.Шаблон:Sfn A piece speaking favourably of the Journal published in the Шаблон:Lang of Berlin, Prussia, was reprinted in its entirety in the Journal.Шаблон:Sfn Scholar Herbert Karl Kalbfleisch reflects that the quick success of the Journal reflected the strong combination of Rittinger's experience as a technical director and Motz's "facile pen".Шаблон:Sfn As the paper's editor, Motz believed it important for the press and social organizations to cooperate on shared causes, evidenced by the Journal pushing for German to be taught in Ontario schools and the promotion of German cultural events;Шаблон:Sfn in 1897, Motz, along with community leader George Rumpel, headed the committee in charge of the dedication of a bust of Kaiser Wilhelm I in Berlin's Victoria Park.Шаблон:Sfn Following the 1870 Franco-Prussian War, Motz, along with community leader and future Waterloo North MP Hugo Kranz, founded a "German patriotic relief organization", which raised one thousand dollars towards "the wounded and widows and orphans of the German armies".Шаблон:Sfn

Early coverage

The Berliner Journal broadside for 1888.
Most German newspapers in Ontario issued an annual broadside with a long poem to celebrate the New Year. The Berliner JournalШаблон:'s poem of 1888 (pictured) was written in the local Pennsylvania German dialect.Шаблон:Sfn

While Berlin's English language papers wrote about Canadian and municipal political news,Шаблон:Sfn the Journal focused primarily on foreign news along with working to cultivate local German culture.Шаблон:Sfn The newspaper covered events relating to Germany alongside German literary prose and poetry.Шаблон:Sfn From 1860 through 1914, the paper published German language lessons to generate further German pride, nearly two-thirds of which had been previously published in German-American newspapers.Шаблон:Sfn The paper discussed Canada–United States relations and provided news on the American Civil War. The editors made clear that the paper supported the Union, speaking favourably of Abraham Lincoln and German Americans Carl Schurz, Franz Sigel and Louis Blenker.Шаблон:Sfn

Like most German-American and German-Canadian newspapers, the JournalШаблон:'s coverage of Germany was sympathetic and supportive of their various war efforts,Шаблон:Sfn something apparent in the newspaper's early reporting of the Danish-Prussian and Austro-Prussian Wars.Шаблон:Sfn News of the 1870 Franco-Prussian War and German unification in 1870–71 dominated the paper's coverage;Шаблон:Sfn readers desperate to know about the conclusion of battles travelled "many miles on foot, or by vehicle, to procure their copy of the Journal at the press."Шаблон:Sfn Historian Barbara Lorenzkowski writes that, by covering the homeland's military victories and subsequent celebrations of peace, the Journal "[inserted] its readers into a festive space that transcended national boundaries", allowing German immigrants in North America to "[re-enact] the very rituals celebrated by the 'German brethren' in the Fatherland".Шаблон:Sfn

Most Berliners had immigrated to Canada before the Völkisch movement arose in the late 19th century, leading to a community generally less infatuated with German nationalism than those who immigrated after the 1870s.Шаблон:Sfn The Journal still had occasional fits of nationalism, seen in editorials suggesting that German victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War was due in part to cultural and moral superiority, and that a French victory in the war would have led to disastrous consequences for German-Canadians.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Lorenzkowski writes that these claims were generally exceptions.Шаблон:Sfn Over time, the Journal moved towards spurning German nationalism more than other local German papers.Шаблон:Sfn As anti-liberal trends expanded in Germany in the end of the 19th century, Motz critiqued the German government's actions,Шаблон:Sfn especially the lack of both parliamentary rights and freedom of speech.Шаблон:Sfn

Rittinger, a member of the Lutheran Church, and Motz, a devout Roman Catholic, were tolerant of each other's religions.Шаблон:Sfn In an 1859 editorial, Motz called for religious tolerance and freedom, writing he intended to keep the Journal out of religious matters.[5] He further explained he intended the newspaper to be neutral in discussion of politics, though slightly leaning towards the Reform Party.Шаблон:Sfn In other pieces, he encouraged the paper's readers to be politically active and provided instructions on how to become a British subject so that they may vote.Шаблон:Sfn Despite his promise to be generally neutral in political discussions, the paper reliably supported the policies of the Reform Party's successor, the Liberal Party.[6] Conservatives in Berlin opposed the Journal for its liberal slant and formed competing papers, such as the Шаблон:Lang (Free Press) and the Шаблон:Lang (German Newspaper) in 1891.[7] Шаблон:Lang's editorials complained of "English nativism in Canada" and sought to promote German ways,Шаблон:Sfn while the Journal instead focused on more pressing German-Canadian issues.Шаблон:Sfn Historian Kenneth McLaughlin suggests Шаблон:Lang, which folded in 1899,Шаблон:Sfn was too narrowly German to maintain itself in Ontario.Шаблон:Sfn From 1875 to 1893, the JournalШаблон:'s circulation increased from 1,620 to around 2,200,[8] expanding to eight pages on 21½ × 15½ inch paper.Шаблон:Sfn

Expansion: 1899–1915

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Transfer to sons

Rittinger died in 1897,Шаблон:Sfn and in 1899 Motz left the Berliner Journal to become the honorary sheriff of Waterloo County.Шаблон:Sfn Their sons took over the newspaper that year,Шаблон:Sfn William John Motz serving as local editor and Herman Rittinger the technical publisher-director.Шаблон:Sfn In 1904, another of Friedrich Rittinger's sons, John Adam Rittinger, became the newspaper's editor-in-chief after the Journal acquired the paper he owned and operated, Die Ontario Glocke of nearby Walkerton, Ontario.Шаблон:Sfn

John Adam Rittinger was born 16 February 1855 in Berlin, Canada West.Шаблон:Sfn After graduating from St. Jerome's College in 1873, Rittinger learned the printing trade at his father's shop and apprenticed for newspapers in Guelph, Toronto, Buffalo, New York and Chicago.[9] In December 1875, he and the Pennsylvania German Aaron Eby acquired the Шаблон:Lang in Walkerton, Ontario. Their partnership dissolved in 1878 over political disagreements, with Rittinger becoming the sole owner and editor, renaming it Шаблон:Lang in 1882.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Readers knew him affectionally as the "Шаблон:Lang", or the "Bell Ringer".Шаблон:Sfn On 1 July 1904,Шаблон:Sfn the Berliner Journal acquired the Шаблон:Lang and made Rittinger its new editor-in-chief.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:R

William John Motz also attended St. Jerome's College, graduating in 1889.Шаблон:Sfn He studied classics and philosophy under St. Jerome's founder, Friar Louis Funcken,Шаблон:Sfn whom Kalbfleisch describes as "a preist of great erudition and exceptional pedagogical ability."[10]Шаблон:Refn Motz subsequently obtained a BA in political science at the University of Toronto and an MA at St. Francis Xavier College in New York. After returning to St. Jerome's and teaching for three years, he left for the Journal editorship in January 1899.Шаблон:Sfn In the years that followed, he occasionally returned to St. Jerome's to provide guest lectures on journalism.Шаблон:Sfn

Both Motz and Rittinger's views as espoused in the Journal were heavily influenced by their education under Funcken,Шаблон:Sfn promoting the use of the German language, civic duty and continuing to criticize the anti-liberal trends in Germany and Prussia.Шаблон:Sfn In a 1911 letter, Julius Funcken, brother of Louis and, though he lived in Holland, an avid reader of the Journal, wrote, "we believe we are not mistaken when we see Louis' views in the trends of the paper."Шаблон:Sfn The sons focused the Journal more heavily on local and national Canadian coverage than on Germany.Шаблон:Sfn Their approach to political coverage was also more neutral than John Motz's had been before them, only using the editorial columns to make political arguments.Шаблон:Sfn Letters to the editor written in the Pennsylvania-German dialect rather than traditional High German became more common.Шаблон:Sfn

Mergers and expansion

The Rittinger & Motz printing firm building
By 1906, increasing circulation necessitated Rittinger & Motz, the newspaper's printing firm, move to larger facilities at 15 Queen St. S. (pictured Шаблон:CircaШаблон:Thinspace1906–1908).

The Journal absorbed several other German newspapers, including Walkerton's Шаблон:Lang in July 1904,Шаблон:Refn Stratford's Шаблон:Lang in July 1906, and both New Hamburg's Шаблон:Lang and Waterloo's Шаблон:Lang in July 1909.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Though the content was identical, the amalgamated papers continued to be issued under their original names so as to not upset longtime subscribers.Шаблон:Sfn The JournalШаблон:'s expansion required the newspaper's printer, the Rittinger & Motz printing firm, relocate to larger facilities. With the help of a $5,000 loan (Шаблон:Inflation) from local manufacturer and politician Louis Jacob Breithaupt, it moved to 15 Queen Street South in 1906.Шаблон:Sfn

After the Шаблон:Lang merger in 1904, the Berliner Journal increased to twelve pages, and then to sixteen pages in 1909.Шаблон:Sfn By this time, it was one of only two German papers in Ontario; the other, Pembroke's Шаблон:Lang, attracted little attention outside of Eastern Ontario and folded in 1916.Шаблон:Sfn The Journal rose from a circulation of 3,900 in 1906 to a peak of 5,155 in 1908,Шаблон:Sfn with the average circulation for the year ending 31 December 1909 being 5,154.Шаблон:Sfn These numbers made it the most widely read German-language newspaper in Canada, with subscribers in Toronto, Ottawa, Halifax, Montreal and British Columbia.Шаблон:Sfn Readership also extended into the northern United States,Шаблон:Sfn including Pennsylvania, Ohio and Michigan.Шаблон:Sfn

Letters of Шаблон:Lang, Esq.

Шаблон:Main

After moving from the Шаблон:Lang to the Journal, Rittinger continued to publish his widely popular letters to the editor, signed under the pseudonym "Шаблон:Lang".Шаблон:Sfn The name translates from Pennsylvania German to English as either "Joe the Blockhead"Шаблон:Sfn or "John the Blockhead".Шаблон:Sfn Rittinger published his first humorous letter in the 22 January 1890 edition of the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn After publishing them occasionally through November, subscribers demanded more, prompting their resumption the following year,Шаблон:Sfn with Rittinger continuing to write and publish them for the next twenty-five years.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Quote box

The letters uniquely and humorously combine the Pennsylvania German dialect with phonetic reproductions of English words.Шаблон:Sfn The dialect was common among the Germans of nineteenth-century Ontario, and German-language newspapers across Upper and Lower Canada and Nova Scotia regularly published letters using it.Шаблон:Sfn Rittinger originally learned High German,Шаблон:Sfn and acquired the dialect later in life.Шаблон:Sfn His character Шаблон:Lang is "a poor, but easy-going farmer", living with his wife Шаблон:Lang near Neustadt, Ontario in Bruce County.[11] The letters describe contemporary Upper Canadian life,Шаблон:Sfn injecting humour into the rural life of German-Canadians,Шаблон:Sfn while using levity to impart serious moral lessons.[12]

Scholar Gottlieb Leibbrandt writes that the letters are of particular interest to scholars as "superb examples of German-Canadian comic literature in dialect."Шаблон:Sfn Researcher Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek suggests that because the letters are restricted thematically to contemporaneous issues, their value to modern scholars resides in studying their style and use of language, along with "their humoristic and ironic mode of narration."Шаблон:Sfn Scholar Hermann Boeschenstein writes that the letters mediate between European and Canadian cultures, and that "Rittinger provedШаблон:Nbsp... that immigration can be conducive to the exchange and dissemination of valuable experience and ideas".[13] Leibbrandt, Tötösy de Zepetnek and Kalbfleisch agree that Rittinger's writings rank him among the greatest of Canadian humorists.[14] Kalbfleisch remarks that Rittinger's "wit and humour were ever present adjunct to his racy and picturesque style", especially within the Шаблон:Lang letters.[12] He compares Rittinger's work to that of Thomas Chandler Haliburton and Stephen Leacock, and ultimately concludes that "[h]ad he written in the English language his reputation in Canada would now be secure.[15] By comparison, scholar E. W. Herd characterizes the letters as "naïve and popular". He opines that their humour is more easily appreciated by a Pennsylvania German reader, while "for other readers the parody is not so obvious, and the humour loses its spice".Шаблон:Sfn

Decline: 1915–1918

First World War and anti-German sentiments

Шаблон:See also

Great Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914.Шаблон:Sfn As a Dominion of the British Empire, Canada automatically entered the war following Britain's declaration.Шаблон:Sfn On 12 August, the Berliner Journal warned, "The die is cast, the two greatest European empires face each other with weapons raised."Шаблон:Sfn Published in the same issue, an "Address to all Germans in Ontario" implored German-Canadians to recognize their loyalty to Canada:Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Blockquote

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The war led to condemnation of the German tradition in Canada and rising anti-German sentiments,Шаблон:Sfn especially following the May 1915 sinking of the RMS Lusitania.Шаблон:Sfn To maintain its position in the community, the Journal generally avoided exaggerating anti-German incidents.Шаблон:Sfn The paper's editors found it difficult to please all readers; they resolved to only publish official war news but alternately received complaints that the paper was either too British or too German in its coverage.Шаблон:Sfn Circulation declined, with angry readers cancelling their subscriptions in protest.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn To those immigrants that remained loyal to Germany, the editors explained in a September 1914 article that being born and raised in Canada – being several generations removed from Germany – led them to being more British in their outlook. They further explained it would be ungrateful of them to "[denigrate] the land in which we enjoy complete freedom as well as protection of life and property."Шаблон:Sfn The Journal encourage German-Canadians to comply with all Canadian laws, while also stating in a 13 January 1915 editorial that each immigrant had a right to "entertain in his heart sympathy for the old homeland."Шаблон:Sfn

In July 1915, the London Advertiser of nearby London, Ontario accused the Journal of spreading sedition after it published a piece by William John Motz summarizing the first year of the war.Шаблон:Sfn The following month, the AdvertiserШаблон:'s editor, A. C. Laut, attempted to get the Journal censored by writing to Canada's chief press censor, Ernest J. Chambers. Laut accused the Journal of suggesting that the war began due to a commercial rivalry between Britain and Germany. Chambers appealed to Secretary of State Louis Coderre for a warrant to suppress the newspaper, but was unsuccessful after Waterloo North Member of Parliament William George Weichel defended both the paper and Motz's character.[16] In an August 1915 letter, Chambers admitted to Motz that, "it appearsШаблон:Nbsp... that your attitude has been somewhat misrepresented". Despite the admission, Chambers still refused to admonish Laut, explaining to Motz that publishing a German-language newspaper while being of "German extractionШаблон:Nbsp... imposes upon you certain standards of carefulness which might not be expected of others."Шаблон:Sfn

Restructuring and name change

Шаблон:See also

Herman Rittinger died on 22 September 1913 and John A. Rittinger on 29 July 1915.Шаблон:Sfn In September 1915, C. C. Johannes Maass took over as editor.Шаблон:Sfn Maass was born in 1862 in Bergen on Ruegen. He studied at Franckesche Stiftungen in Halle, Germany, and studied theology at Berlin's Kropp Seminary, working as a Lutheran pastor in several Ontario towns, including New Hamburg, Preston and Berlin.Шаблон:Sfn In 1899, he published a book, Шаблон:Lang (Poems),Шаблон:Sfn publishing more of his poetry in the Journal during his editorship.Шаблон:Sfn

Further restructuring in the Rittinger & Motz printing firm's leadership led to former Berlin mayor W. H. Schmalz becoming vice-president and William John Motz president, with the two providing technical direction.[17] Shortly after John Adam Rittinger's death, politician William Daum Euler took a stake in the newspaper by buying all of Rittinger's shares in the printing firm.[18] The Rittinger & Motz byline that had appeared below the newspaper's masthead since its founding was removed in March 1916 and the paper's length was reduced to eight pages in May.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Quote box

Tensions in the community over the city's German heritage and German naming led to a 1916 referendum regarding the city name,Шаблон:Sfn a change the editors of the Journal strongly opposed.Шаблон:Sfn After the referendum passed successfully and the city name officially changed from Berlin to Kitchener, editorial content largely disappeared from the newspaper. Articles covering anodyne topics became more common; titles of articles in the summer of 1917 included: "On Getting Up Early", "Nervous Parents", and "About Cold Baths".Шаблон:Sfn

Though the city was no longer named Berlin, the leaders of the Journal initially refused to change the newspaper's name, instead only adding beneath the masthead: "Шаблон:Lang" (published and printed in Canada).Шаблон:Sfn In November 1916, the Rittinger & Motz firm sent a letter to their customers explaining that they could not change the name "until the ratepayers of this city definitely decide the name issue in a fair election without intimidation or danger of violence".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn The refusal outraged the Kitchener City Council aldermen J. A. Hallman, C. C. Hahn and W. G. Cleghorn, with Hahn suggesting legal action against the firm.Шаблон:Sfn Schmalz – who had been a vocal opponent of the name change – found himself targeted by locals.Шаблон:Sfn Manufacturer D. B. Detweiler swore in an affidavit that the company Schmalz managed, the Economical Fire Insurance Company, posted a notice in the early days of the war calling upon German reservists to serve for Germany.[19] The prosecution stalled, but caused embarrassment for Schmalz.Шаблон:Sfn His son, a Royal Military College graduate, likely lost his opportunity at a military career due to their relation.Шаблон:Sfn The Journal eventually relented, changing its name to the Ontario Journal on 10 January 1917.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Anchor German publication ban

On 25 September 1918, the Canadian Government passed an Order in Council prohibiting "the publication of books, newspapers, magazines or any printed matter in the language of any country or people for the time being at war with Great Britain."[20] The order had the effect of suppressing newspapers not published in English or French, such as the Berliner Journal. As the Journal was a weekly publication, its next issue was scheduled for 2 October.Шаблон:Sfn

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A piece in the 4 December 1918 issue of the Journal questioned the lateness of the Order, asking: "The war ended six weeks after the Union Government prohibited German papers in Canada. Why didn't they take action in 1914?"Шаблон:Sfn Historian Werner A. Bausenhart suggests the Order was likely connected to Newton Rowell's attempt to consolidate news information through his creation of The Canadian Official Record in September 1918.Шаблон:Sfn Bausenhart writes that, with The Canadian Official RecordШаблон:'s first issue published on 1 October, only a week after the Order, "[i]t would seem probable, then, that in connection with Mr. Rowell's reorganization of the Department of Public Information, this Order-in-Council was intended to bring some order to the diverse field of Canadian periodical publications."Шаблон:Sfn The editors of the Journal did not anticipate the ban and hoped to acquire special permission to continue publishing. The order permitted publication in German only if every article had an accompanying English or French translation, an option the editors rejected as impractical.Шаблон:Sfn The Journal ran its last German issue on 2 October, its circulation around 3,200.Шаблон:Sfn Its first English-only issue ran on 9 October 1918 and the paper ceased publication entirely in December.[21]Шаблон:Refn

The government repealed the ban in January 1920 but – besides the short-lived Kitchener Journal from 1967 to 1969 – the German-language press did not return to the city.Шаблон:Sfn Kalbfleisch reflects: "[I]ts prohibition, in retrospect, seems to have been hasty and ill-advised. A language in itself does not create disloyalty, even if it is at the moment the language of the enemy."Шаблон:Sfn Scholar Gerhard Friesen argues that the First World War eradicated German culture in Canada and assigns blame to the editors of the Journal for not having led a defence of the German community.[22]

Despite the closure of the Journal, William John Motz retained influence in the community by purchasing other local newspapers with Euler.Шаблон:Sfn They bought the two largest newspapers in the area,Шаблон:Sfn the Waterloo News Record in October 1919 and the Daily Telegraph in July 1922, merging them to form The Daily Record.Шаблон:Sfn Motz served as the newspaper's managing director.Шаблон:Sfn The newspaper has continued to publish into the 21st century, most recently having changed its name in 2008 to the Waterloo Region Record.[23]

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Books

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Шаблон:Refend

Book chapters

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Шаблон:Refend

Journal articles

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Шаблон:Refend

Theses

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Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

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Криптовалюты
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Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: founded in 1859; Шаблон:Harvnb: Rittinger and Motz; Шаблон:Harvnb: Diedorf, Thuringia; Шаблон:Harvnb: Michaelbach, Baden.
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: weekly; Шаблон:Harvnb: one of several newspapers.
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb, quoted in Шаблон:Harvnb.
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb, quoted in Шаблон:Harvnb.
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb, quoted in Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb.
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: the Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Harvnb: 1891.
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: 1,620 in 1875; Шаблон:Harvnb: around 2,200 in 1893.
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: learned printing trade at father's shop; Шаблон:Harvnb: St. Jerome's College in 1873; Шаблон:Harvnb apprenticed at other newspapers.
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb, quoted in Шаблон:Harvnb.
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "a poor,Шаблон:Nbsp...", Neustadt, Bruce County; Шаблон:Harvnb: Särah.
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Harvnb, quoted in Шаблон:Harvnb.
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb, translated and quoted in Шаблон:Harvnb.
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb.
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb, quoted in Шаблон:Harvnb.
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb.
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: Schmalz as vice-president and Motz as president; Шаблон:Harvnb: technical direction.
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb, quoted in Шаблон:Harvnb.
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: D. B. Detweiler, the Economical Fire Insurance Company; Шаблон:Harvnb: swore in an affidavit, posted a notice.
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: 25 September 1918; Шаблон:Harvnb: "the publication of booksШаблон:Nbsp..."
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: first English-only issue on 9 October 1918, an issue ran as late as 25 December 1918; Шаблон:Harvnb: The Journal "ceased publication" ten years after 1908, i.e. 1918.
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb, quoted in Шаблон:Harvnb.
  23. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок WRR не указан текст
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