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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Word consisting of two words put together}}
{{About|a type of word|the method of teaching how to read|synthetic phonics}} 
{{Redirects|Portmanteau|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

In [[linguistics]], a '''blend''' — sometimes known, perhaps more narrowly, as a '''blend word''', '''lexical blend''', '''portmanteau''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-portmanteau-1.ogg|p|ɔr|t|ˈ|m|æ|n|t|oʊ}} {{respell|port|MAN|toh}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ɔr|(|t|)|m|æ|n|ˈ|t|oʊ}} {{respell|POR(T)|man|TOH}}; pl. ''portmanteaux''), or '''portmanteau word''' — is a word formed, usually intentionally, by combining the sounds and meanings of two or more words.<ref name="Garner">[https://books.google.com/books?id=FwmQpyibKkAC&q=portmanteau&pg=PA644 Garner's Modern American Usage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227091359/https://books.google.com/books?id=FwmQpyibKkAC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA644|date=27 February 2017}}, p.&nbsp;644.</ref><ref name="MW">{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/portmanteau|title=Portmanteau|access-date=21 June 2008|work=Merriam-Webster Offline Dictionary|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509063834/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/portmanteau|archive-date=9 May 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/91/P0459100.html|access-date=21 June 2008|title=Portmanteau word|work=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition|year=2000|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126113733/http://www.bartleby.com/61/91/P0459100.html|archive-date=26 November 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> English examples include ''smog'', coined by blending ''smoke'' and ''fog'',<ref name="MW"/><ref name="Websters college">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2010|title=portmanteau word|encyclopedia=Webster's New World College Dictionary|publisher=Wiley|location=Cleveland|isbn=978-0-7645-7125-1}}</ref> as well as ''motel'', from ''motor'' (''[[motorist]]'') and ''hotel''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Portmanteau word|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/471231/portmanteau-word|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=23 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215161154/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/471231/portmanteau-word|archive-date=15 December 2013}}</ref> The component word fragments within blends are called ''splinters''.

A blend is similar to a [[contraction (grammar)|contraction]], but contractions are formed, usually non-intentionally, from words whose sounds gradually drift together over time due to them commonly appearing together in sequence, such as ''do not'' naturally becoming ''don't'' (phonologically, {{IPAc-en|d|uː|_|n|ɒ|t}} becoming {{IPAc-en|d|oʊ|n|t}}). A blend also differs from a [[compound (linguistics)|compound]], which fully preserves the [[stem (linguistics)|stems]] of the original words. The 1973 ''Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation'' explains that "In words such as ''motel, boatel'' and ''Lorry-Tel'', ''hotel'' is represented by various shorter substitutes – ''{{nbh}}otel, {{nbh}}tel'', or ''{{nbh}}el'' – which I shall call splinters. Words containing splinters I shall call blends".<ref>Valerie Adams, ''An Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation'', Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1973; {{ISBN|0-582-55042-4}}, p. 142.</ref><ref group="n">Adams attributes the term ''splinter'' to J.&nbsp;M. Berman, "Contribution on blending," ''Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik'' 9 (1961), pp. 278–281.</ref> Thus, at least one of the parts of a blend, strictly speaking, is not a complete [[morpheme]], but instead a mere splinter or leftover word fragment. For instance, ''starfish'' is a compound, not a blend, of ''star'' and ''fish'', as it includes both words in full. However, if it were called a "''stish''" or a "''starsh''", it would be a blend. Furthermore, when blends are formed by shortening established [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]]s or phrases, they can be considered [[clipped compound]]s, such as ''romcom'' for ''romantic comedy''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fandrych|first1=Ingrid|title=Submorphemic elements in the formation of acronyms, blends and clippings|journal=Lexis|date=10 November 2008|issue=2|doi=10.4000/lexis.713|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Classification==
Blends of two or more words may be classified from each of three viewpoints: morphotactic, morphonological, and morphosemantic.<ref name="mattiello_chap4">Elisa Mattiello, "Blends." Chap.&nbsp;4 (pp.&nbsp;111–140) of ''Extra-grammatical Morphology in English: Abbreviations, Blends, Reduplicatives, and Related Phenomena'' (Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2013; {{doi|10.1515/9783110295399}}; {{ISBN|978-3-11-029539-9}}).</ref>

===Morphotactic classification===
Blends may be classified [[Morphotactics|morphotactically]] into two kinds: ''total'' and ''partial''.<ref name="mattiello_chap4"/>

====Total blends====
In a total blend, each of the words creating the blend is reduced to a mere splinter.<ref name="mattiello_chap4"/> Some linguists limit blends to these (perhaps with additional conditions): for example, [[Ingo Plag]] considers "proper blends" to be total blends that semantically are coordinate, the remainder being "shortened compounds".<ref>Ingo Plag, ''Word Formation in English'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; {{ISBN|0-521-81959-8}}, {{ISBN|0-521-52563-2}}), 121–126.</ref>

Commonly for English blends, the beginning of one word is followed by the end of another:
*''breakfast'' + ''lunch'' → ''brunch''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example" >Example provided by Elisa Mattiello's chapter "Blends" (of ''Extra-grammatical Morphology in English: Abbreviations, Blends, Reduplicatives, and Related Phenomena'', Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2013) of a blend of this kind.</ref>

Much less commonly in English, the beginning of one word may be followed by the beginning of another:
*''teleprinter'' + ''exchange'' → ''telex''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>
*''American'' + ''Indian'' → ''Amerind''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>
Some linguists do not regard beginning+beginning concatenations as blends, instead calling them complex clippings,<ref>Stefan Th. Gries, "Quantitative corpus data on blend formation: Psycho- and cognitive-linguistic perspectives", in Vincent Renner, François Maniez, Pierre Arnaud, eds, ''Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Lexical Blending'' (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012; {{ISBN|978-3-11-028923-7}}), 145–168.</ref> clipping compounds<ref>[[Laurie Bauer]], "Blends: Core and periphery", in Vincent Renner, François Maniez, Pierre Arnaud, eds, ''Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Lexical Blending'' (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012; {{ISBN|978-3-11-028923-7}}), 11–22.</ref> or [[clipped compound]]s.<ref>Outi Bat-El and Evan-Gary Cohen, "Stress in English blends: A constraint-based analysis", in Vincent Renner, François Maniez, Pierre Arnaud, eds, ''Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Lexical Blending'' (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012; {{ISBN|978-3-11-028923-7}})</ref>

Unusually in English, the end of one word may be followed by the end of another:
*''Red Bull'' + ''margarita'' → ''bullgarita''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>
*''Hello Kitty'' + ''delicious'' → ''kittylicious''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>

A splinter of one word may replace part of another, as in three coined by [[Lewis Carroll]] in "[[Jabberwocky]]":
*''chuckle'' + ''snort'' → ''chortle''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>
*''slimy'' + ''lithe'' → ''slithy''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>
They are sometimes termed ''intercalative'' blends; these words are among the original "portmanteaus" for which this meaning of the word was created. <ref name="kemmer2003">Suzanne Kemmer, "Schemas and lexical blends." In Hubert C. Cuyckens et al., eds, ''Motivation in Language: From Case Grammar to Cognitive Linguistics: Studies in Honour of Günter Radden'' (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2003; {{ISBN|9789027247551}}, {{ISBN|9781588114266}}).</ref>

====Partial blends====
In a partial blend, one entire word is concatenated with a splinter from another.<ref name="mattiello_chap4"/> Some linguists do not recognize these as blends.<ref>[[Angela Ralli]] and George J. Xydopoulos, "Blend formation in Modern Greek", in Vincent Renner, François Maniez, Pierre Arnaud, eds, ''Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Lexical Blending'' (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012; {{ISBN|978-3-11-028923-7}}), 35–50.</ref>

An entire word may be followed by a splinter:
*''dumb'' + ''confound'' → ''dumbfound''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>
*''fan'' + ''magazine'' → ''fanzine''&thinsp;<ref group="n">Example provided by Elisa Mattiello's chapter "Blends" (of ''Extra-grammatical Morphology in English: Abbreviations, Blends, Reduplicatives, and Related Phenomena'', Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2013) of a blend of this kind. (Etymologically, ''fan'' is a clipping of ''fanatic''; but it has since become lexicalized.)</ref>

A splinter may be followed by an entire word:
*''Brad'' + ''Angelina'' → ''Brangelina''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>
*''American'' + ''Indian'' → ''Amerindian''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>

An entire word may replace part of another:
*''adorable'' + ''dork'' → ''adorkable''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>
*''disgusting'' + ''gross'' → ''disgrossting''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>
These have also been called ''sandwich'' words,<ref>[[Harold Wentworth (lexicographer)|Harold Wentworth]], "'Sandwich' words and rime-caused nonce words", ''West Virginia University Bulletin: Philological Studies'' 3 (1939), 65–71; cited in {{Cite journal|jstor=454719|title=Blends, a Structural and Systemic View|last1=Algeo|first1=John|authorlink=John Algeo|journal=American Speech|volume=52|issue=1/2|pages=47–64|year=1977|doi=10.2307/454719}}</ref> and classed among ''intercalative'' blends.<ref name="kemmer2003"/>

(When two words are combined in their entirety, the result is considered a [[compound word]] rather than a blend. For example, [[bagpipe]] is a compound, not a blend, of ''bag'' and ''pipe.'')

===Morphological classification===
Morphologically, blends fall into two kinds: ''overlapping'' and ''non-overlapping''.<ref name="mattiello_chap4"/>

====Overlapping blends====
Overlapping blends are those for which the ingredients' consonants, vowels or even syllables overlap to some extent. The overlap can be of different kinds.<ref name="mattiello_chap4"/> These are also called haplologic blends.<ref>Francis A. Wood, "Iteratives, blends, and 'Streckformen'," ''Modern Philology'' 9 (1911), 157–194.</ref>

There may be an overlap that is both phonological and orthographic, but with no other shortening:
*''anecdote'' + ''dotage'' → ''anec<u>dot</u>age''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>
*''pal'' + ''alimony'' → ''p<u>al</u>imony''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>

The overlap may be both phonological and orthographic, and with some additional shortening to at least one of the ingredients:
*''California'' + ''fornication'' → ''Cali<u>forni</u>cation''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_list">Elisa Mattiello, "Lexical index." Appendix (pp.&nbsp;287–329) to ''Extra-grammatical Morphology in English: Abbreviations, Blends, Reduplicatives, and Related Phenomena'' (Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2013; {{doi|10.1515/9783110295399}}; {{ISBN|978-3-11-029539-9}}).</ref>
*''picture'' + ''dictionary'' → ''p<u>ict</u>ionary''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>

Such an overlap may be discontinuous:
*''politician'' + ''pollution'' → ''<u>poll</u>uti<u>cian</u>''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example_am">Example provided by Elisa Mattiello's chapter "Blends" (of ''Extra-grammatical Morphology in English: Abbreviations, Blends, Reduplicatives, and Related Phenomena'', Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2013) of a blend of this kind, slightly amended.</ref>
*''beef'' + ''buffalo'' → ''<u>b</u>ee<u>f</u>alo''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>
These are also termed imperfect blends.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=454719|title=Blends, a Structural and Systemic View|last1=Algeo|first1=John|journal=American Speech|volume=52|issue=1/2|pages=47–64|year=1977|doi=10.2307/454719}}</ref><ref>Michael H. Kelly, "To 'brunch' or to 'brench': Some aspects of blend structure," ''Linguistics'' 36 (1998), 579–590.</ref>

It can occur with three components:
*''camisade'' + ''cannibalism'' + ''ballistics'' → ''<u>ca</u>m<u>ibali</u>stics''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example_fw">Example provided by Mattiello of a blend of this kind. The word is found in ''[[Finnegans Wake]]''; Mattiello credits Almuth Grésillon, ''La règle et le monstre: Le mot-valise. Interrogations sur la langue, à partir d'un corpus de Heinrich Heine'' (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1984), 15, for bringing it to her attention.</ref>
*''meander'' + ''Neanderthal'' + ''tale'' → ''meandertale''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example_fw"/>

The phonological overlap need not also be orthographic:
*''back'' + ''acronym'' → ''b<u>ack</u>ronym''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>
*''war'' + ''orgasm'' → ''w<u>ar</u>gasm''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>

If the phonological but non-orthographic overlap encompasses the whole of the shorter ingredient, as in
*''sin'' + ''cinema'' → ''<u>sin</u>ema''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>
*''sham'' + ''champagne'' → ''<u>sham</u>pagne''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>
then the effect depends on orthography alone. (They are also called orthographic blends.<ref>Adrienne Lehrer, "Blendalicious," in Judith Munat, ed., ''Lexical Creativity, Texts and Contexts'' (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2007; {{ISBN|9789027215673}}), 115–133.</ref>)

An orthographic overlap need not also be phonological:
*''smoke'' + ''fog'' → ''sm<u>o</u>g''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>
*''binary'' + ''digit'' → ''b<u>i</u>t''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>

For some linguists, an overlap is a condition for a blend.<ref>Giorgio-Francesco Arcodia and Fabio Montermini, "Are reduced compounds compounds? Morphological and prosodic properties of reduced compounds in Russian and Mandarin Chinese", in Vincent Renner, François Maniez, Pierre Arnaud, eds, ''Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Lexical Blending'' (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012; {{ISBN|978-3-11-028923-7}}), 93–114.</ref>

====Non-overlapping blends====
Non-overlapping blends (also called substitution blends) have no overlap, whether phonological or orthographic:
*''California'' + ''Mexico'' → ''Calexico''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_example"/>
*''beautiful'' + ''delicious'' → ''beaulicious''&thinsp;<ref group="n" name="mattiello_list"/>

===Morphosemantic classification===
Morphosemantically, blends fall into two kinds: ''attributive'' and ''coordinate''.<ref name="mattiello_chap4"/>

====Attributive blends====
Attributive blends (also called syntactic or telescope blends) are those in which one of the ingredients is the head and the other is attributive. A ''porta-light'' is a portable light, not a 'light-emitting' or light portability; ''light'' is the head. A ''snobject'' is a snobbery-satisfying object and not an objective or other kind of snob; object is the head.<ref name="mattiello_chap4"/>

As is also true for (conventional, non-blend) attributive [[Compound (linguistics)|compounds]] (among which ''bathroom'', for example, is a kind of room, not a kind of bath), the attributive blends of English are mostly [[Head (linguistics)|head-final]] and mostly [[Endocentric and exocentric|endocentric]]. As an example of an [[Endocentric and exocentric|exocentric]] attributive blend, ''[[Fruitopia]]'' may metaphorically take the buyer to a fruity utopia (and not a utopian fruit); however, it is not a utopia but a drink. 

====Coordinate blends====
Coordinate blends (also called associative or portmanteau blends) combine two words having equal status, and have two heads. Thus ''brunch'' is neither a breakfasty lunch nor a lunchtime breakfast but instead some hybrid of breakfast and lunch; ''[[Oxbridge]]'' is equally Oxford and Cambridge universities. This too parallels (conventional, non-blend) compounds: an ''actor–director'' is equally an actor and a director.<ref name="mattiello_chap4"/>

Two kinds of coordinate blends are particularly conspicuous: those that combine (near{{nbh}}) synonyms:
*''gigantic'' + ''enormous'' → ''ginormous''
*''insinuation'' + ''innuendo'' → ''insinuendo''
and those that combine (near{{nbh}}) opposites:
*''transmitter'' + ''receiver'' → ''transceiver''
*''friend'' + ''enemy'' → ''frenemy''

===Blending of two roots===
Blending can also apply to [[Root (linguistics)|root]]s rather than words, for instance in [[Israeli Hebrew]]:
* {{Lang|he|רמז}} ({{Lang|he-latn|√rmz}}, 'hint') + {{Lang|he|אור}} ({{Lang|he-latn|or}}, 'light') → {{Lang|he|רמזור}} ({{Lang|he-latn|ramzor}}, 'traffic light')
* {{Lang|he|מגדל}} ({{Lang|he-latn|migdal}}, 'tower') + {{Lang|he|אור}} ({{Lang|he-latn|or}}, 'light') → {{Lang|he|מגדלור}} ({{Lang|he-latn|migdalor}}, 'lighthouse')
* [[Mishnaic Hebrew]]: {{Lang|he|דחפ}} ({{Lang|he-latn|√dħp}}, 'push') + [[Biblical Hebrew]]: {{Lang|he|חפר}} ({{Lang|he-latn|√ħpr}}, 'dig') → {{Lang|he|דחפור}} ({{Lang|he-latn|dakhpór}}, 'bulldozer')
* Israeli שלטוט ''shiltút'' 'zapping, surfing the channels, flipping through the channels' derives from
** (i) ([[Hebrew]]>) Israeli שלט ''shalát'' 'remote control', an ellipsis – like [[English language|English]] ''remote'' (but using the noun instead) – of the (widely known) compound שלט רחוק ''shalát rakhók'' – cf. the [[Academy of the Hebrew Language]]'s שלט רחק ''shalát rákhak''; and
** (ii) (Hebrew>) Israeli שטוט ''shitút'' 'wandering, vagrancy'. Israeli שלטוט ''shiltút'' was introduced by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in [...] 1996. Synchronically, it might appear to result from reduplication of the final consonant of ''shalát'' 'remote control'.
* Another example of blending which has also been explained as mere reduplication is Israeli גחלילית ''gakhlilít'' 'fire-fly, glow-fly, ''[[Lampyris]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>. This coinage by [[Hayyim Nahman Bialik]] blends (Hebrew>) Israeli גחלת ''gakhélet'' 'burning coal' with (Hebrew>) Israeli לילה ''láyla'' 'night'. Compare this with the unblended חכלילית ''khakhlilít'' '(black) redstart, ''[[Phœnicurus]]''' (<Biblical Hebrew חכליל 'dull red, reddish'). Synchronically speaking though, most native Israeli-speakers feel that ''gakhlilít'' includes a reduplication of the third radical of גחל √għl. This is incidentally how [[Ernest Klein]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klein|first=Ernest|year=1987|title=A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language|location=Jerusalem|publisher=Carta}} See p. 97.</ref> explains ''gakhlilít''. Since he is attempting to provide etymology, his description might be misleading if one agrees that Hayyim Nahman Bialik had blending in mind."<ref>{{Cite book|authorlink=Ghil'ad Zuckermann|last=Zuckermann|first=Ghil'ad|year=2003|url=http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232|title=Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1403917232|page=66}}</ref>

"There are two possible etymological analyses for Israeli Hebrew כספר ''kaspár'' 'bank clerk, teller'. The first is that it consists of (Hebrew>) Israeli כסף ''késef'' 'money' and the ([[Internationalism (linguistics)|International]]/Hebrew>) Israeli [[Agent noun|agentive]] [[suffix]] ר- ''-ár''. The second is that it is a quasi-[[portmanteau word]] which blends כסף ''késef'' 'money' and (Hebrew>) Israeli ספר √spr 'count'. Israeli Hebrew כספר ''kaspár'' started as a brand name but soon entered the common language. Even if the second analysis is the correct one, the final syllable ר- ''-ár'' apparently facilitated nativization since it was regarded as the Hebrew suffix ר- ''-år'' (probably of [[Persian language|Persian]] pedigree), which usually refers to craftsmen and professionals, for instance as in [[Mendele Mocher Sforim]]'s coinage סמרטוטר ''smartutár'' 'rag-dealer'."<ref>Zuckermann 2003, p. 67.</ref>

====Lexical selection====
Blending may occur with an error in ''lexical selection'', the process by which a speaker uses his semantic knowledge to choose words. Lewis Carroll's explanation, which gave rise to the use of 'portmanteau' for such combinations, was:

<blockquote>Humpty Dumpty's theory, of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau, seems to me the right explanation for all. For instance, take the two words "fuming" and "furious." Make up your mind that you will say both words ... you will say "frumious."<ref>{{Cite book|first=Lewis|last=Carroll|year=2009|title=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland ''and'' Through the Looking-Glass|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-955829-2}}</ref></blockquote>

The errors are based on similarity of meanings, rather than [[phonology|phonological]] similarities, and the morphemes or phonemes stay in the same position within the syllable.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fromkin|first1=Victoria|authorlink1=Victoria Fromkin|author2=Rodman, R.|author3=Hyams, Nina|authorlink3=Nina Hyams|year=2007|title=An Introduction to Language|edition=8th|location=Boston|publisher=Thomson Wadsworth|isbn=978-1-4130-1773-1}}</ref>

==Use==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2011}}
Some languages, like [[Japanese language|Japanese]], encourage the shortening and merging of borrowed foreign words (as in [[gairaigo]]), because they are long or difficult to pronounce in the target language. For example, ''karaoke'', a combination of the Japanese word ''kara'' (meaning ''empty'') and the clipped form ''oke'' of the English loanword "orchestra" (J. ''ōkesutora'', {{Lang|ja|オーケストラ}}), is a Japanese blend that has entered the English language. The [[Vietnamese language]] also encourages blend words formed from [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary]]. For example, the term [[Viet Cong|Việt Cộng]] is derived from the first syllables of "Việt Nam" (Vietnam) and "Cộng sản" (communist).

Many corporate [[brand name]]s, trademarks, and initiatives, as well as names of corporations and organizations themselves, are blends. For example, [[Wiktionary]], one of Wikipedia's sister projects, is a blend of ''[[wiki]]'' and ''[[dictionary]]''.

==Origin of the term ''portmanteau''==
The word ''portmanteau'' was introduced in this sense by [[Lewis Carroll]] in the book ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'' (1871),<ref name="oed">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2010|title=portmanteau, ''n.''|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary, third edition|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/148217|access-date=23 February 2011}}</ref> where [[Humpty Dumpty]] explains to Alice the coinage of unusual words used in "[[Jabberwocky]]".<ref name="multiple">Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., and Hyams, N. (2007) ''An Introduction to Language'', Eighth Edition. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. {{ISBN|1-4130-1773-8}}.</ref> ''Slithy'' means "slimy and lithe" and ''mimsy'' means "miserable and flimsy". Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the practice of combining words in various ways, comparing it to the then-common [[portmanteau (luggage)|type of luggage]], which opens into two equal parts:
{{Blockquote|You see it's like a portmanteau—there are two meanings packed up into one word.}}

In his introduction to his 1876 poem ''[[The Hunting of the Snark]]'', Carroll again uses ''portmanteau'' when discussing lexical selection:<ref name="multiple"/>
{{blockquote|Humpty Dumpty's theory, of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau, seems to me the right explanation for all. For instance, take the two words "fuming" and "furious". Make up your mind that you will say both words, but leave it unsettled which you will say first … if you have the rarest of gifts, a perfectly balanced mind, you will say "frumious".}}

In then-contemporary English, a portmanteau was a [[Portmanteau (suitcase)|suitcase]] that opened into two equal sections. According to the [[OED Online]], a portmanteau is a "case or bag for carrying clothing and other belongings when travelling; (originally) one of a form suitable for carrying on horseback; (now esp.) one in the form of a stiff leather case hinged at the back to open into two equal parts".<ref name="OED_online_portmanteau"/> According to ''[[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (''AHD''), the etymology of the word is the French {{lang|fr|porte-manteau}}, from {{lang|fr|porter}}, "to carry", and {{lang|fr|manteau}}, "cloak" (from Old French {{lang|fr|mantel}}, from Latin {{lang|la|mantellum}}).<ref>"Portmanteau". ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition''. 2000.</ref> According to the [[OED Online]], the etymology of the word is the "officer who carries the mantle of a person in a high position (1507 in Middle French), case or bag for carrying clothing (1547), clothes rack (1640)".<ref name="OED_online_portmanteau">{{Cite OED|portmanteau|access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref> In modern French, a {{lang|fr|porte-manteau}} is a [[clothes valet]], a coat-tree or similar article of furniture for hanging up jackets, hats, umbrellas and the like.<ref>[[Petit Robert]]: ''portemanteau'' – "malle penderie" (suitcase in which clothes hang).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/portemanteau|title=PORTEMANTEAU : Définition de PORTEMANTEAU|work=cnrtl.fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821190449/http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/portemanteau|archive-date=21 August 2014|df=dmy-all|language=fr}}</ref><ref>Such a "coat bag" is mentioned in Chapter 12 of Alexander Dumas' ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]''.</ref>

An occasional synonym for "portmanteau word" is ''frankenword'', an [[autological word]] exemplifying the phenomenon it describes, blending "[[Frankenstein]]" and "word".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/media/mind-your-language/2016/feb/05/frankenwords-portmanteau-blend-words "Frankenwords: They're Alive!"] ''The Guardian'', 5 February 2016. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110043343/https://www.theguardian.com/media/mind-your-language/2016/feb/05/frankenwords-portmanteau-blend-words|date=10 January 2017}}.</ref>

==Examples in English==
{{Main list|List of portmanteaus}}
[[File:The Gerry-Mander Edit.png|thumb|right|The original ''[[Gerrymander]]'' pictured in an 1812 cartoon. The word is a portmanteau of Massachusetts Governor [[Elbridge Gerry|Elbridge Gerry's]] name with ''[[Salamander (legendary creature)|salamander]]''.]]

Many [[neologism]]s are examples of blends, but many blends have become part of the lexicon.<ref name="multiple"/> In ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' in 1896, the word [[brunch]] (breakfast + lunch) was introduced as a "portmanteau word".<ref>''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'', 1 August 1896, 58/2</ref> In 1964, the newly independent African republic of [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]] and [[Zanzibar]] chose the portmanteau word [[Tanzania]] as its name. Similarly [[Eurasia]] is a portmanteau of Europe and Asia.

Some city names are portmanteaus of the border regions they straddle: [[Texarkana, Texas|Texarkana]] spreads across the Texas-Arkansas-Louisiana border, while [[Calexico, California|Calexico]] and [[Mexicali]] are respectively the American and Mexican sides of a single [[conurbation]]. A scientific example is a ''[[liger]]'', which is a cross between a male lion and a female tiger (a ''[[tigon]]'' is a similar cross in which the male is a tiger).

Many company or brand names are portmanteaus, including [[Microsoft]], a portmanteau of ''[[microcomputer]]'' and ''software''; the cheese ''[[Cambozola]]'' combines a similar rind to ''[[Camembert]]'' with the same mould used to make ''[[Gorgonzola]]''; passenger rail company ''[[Amtrak]]'', a portmanteau of ''[[United States|America]]'' and ''[[Track (rail transport)|track]]''; ''[[Velcro]]'', a portmanteau of the French {{Lang|fr|velours}} (velvet) and {{Lang|fr|crochet}} (hook); ''[[Verizon]]'', a portmanteau of {{Lang|la|veritas}} (Latin for truth) and ''horizon''; [[Viacom (2005-2019)|Viacom]], a portmanteau of Video and Audio communications, and [[ComEd]] (a Chicago-area electric utility company), a portmanteau of ''Commonwealth'' and ''[[Thomas Edison|Edison]]''.

''Jeoportmanteau!'' is a recurring category on the American television [[quiz show]] ''[[Jeopardy!]]'' The category's name is itself a portmanteau of the words ''Jeopardy'' and ''portmanteau''. Responses in the category are portmanteaus constructed by fitting two words together.

Portmanteau words may be produced by joining [[proper nouns]] with common nouns, such as "[[gerrymandering]]", which refers to the scheme of Massachusetts Governor [[Elbridge Gerry]] for politically contrived redistricting; the perimeter of one of the districts thereby created resembled a very curvy [[Salamander (legendary creature)|salamander]] in outline. The term gerrymander has itself contributed to portmanteau terms [[bjelkemander]] and [[playmander]].

[[Oxbridge]] is a common portmanteau for the UK's two oldest universities, those of [[Oxford]] and [[Cambridge]]. In 2016, Britain's planned [[withdrawal from the European Union|exit from the European Union]] became known as "[[Brexit]]".

[[File:Spork.jpg|thumb|right|A [[spork]]]]

The word ''refudiate'' was famously used by [[Sarah Palin]] when she misspoke, conflating the words ''refute'' and ''repudiate''. Though the word was a [[gaffe]], it was recognized as the ''New Oxford American Dictionary''{{'}}s "Word of the Year" in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=NEW OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY'S 2010 WORD OF THE YEAR IS...|url=http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2010/11/noad-2010-word-of-the-year/|access-date=30 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116163439/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2010/11/noad-2010-word-of-the-year/|archive-date=16 January 2012}}</ref>

The business lexicon includes words like "[[advertainment]]" (advertising as entertainment), "[[advertorial]]" (a blurred distinction between advertising and editorial), "[[infotainment]]" (information about entertainment or itself intended to entertain by its manner of presentation), and "[[infomercial]]" (informational commercial).

Company and product names may also use portmanteau words: examples include ''Timex'' (a portmanteau of ''Time'' [referring to [[Time magazine]]] and [[Kleenex]]),<ref name="kleenex">{{cite magazine|title=The crazy, true-life adventures of Norway's most radical billionaire|magazine=Fortune|first=Shawn|last=Tully|date=7 March 2015|quote=A few years later Thomas Olsen would rechristen the company Timex. He hatched the iconic name from an unusual confluence of sources. Recalls Fred: "My father always loved to noodle with words. He liked to read Time magazine, and he used a lot of Kleenex, so he put the two names together and got Timex."|url=http://fortune.com/2015/03/07/fred-olsen/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728022406/http://fortune.com/2015/03/07/fred-olsen/|archive-date=28 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Renault]]'s ''[[Renault Twingo|Twingo]]'' (a combination of ''twist'', ''swing'' and ''tango''),<ref>{{cite web|title=Twingo I|url=https://www.press.renault.co.uk/models/twingo-i|website=Renault UK Press Office|publisher=Renault|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908235714/https://www.press.renault.co.uk/models/twingo-i|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Garmin]] (portmanteau of company founders' first names [[Gary Burrell]] and [[Min Kao]]). "[[Desilu Productions]]" was a Los Angeles–based company jointly owned by actor couple [[Desi Arnaz]] and [[Lucille Ball]]. [[Miramax]] is the combination of the first names of the parents of the [[Weinstein Brothers|Weinstein brothers]]. 

===Name-meshing===
{{Main|Name blending}}
Two proper names can also be used in creating a portmanteau word in reference to the partnership between people, especially in cases where both persons are well-known, or sometimes to produce [[epithet]]s such as "Billary" (referring to former United States president [[Bill Clinton]] and his wife, former United States Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]]). In this example of recent American political history, the purpose for blending is not so much to combine the meanings of the source words but "to suggest a resemblance of one named person to the other"; the effect is often derogatory, as linguist [[Benjamin Zimmer]] states.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zimmer|first=Benjamin|author-link=Benjamin Zimmer|title=A perilous portmanteau?|work=[[Language Log]]|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|date=1 November 2005|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002610.html|access-date=11 November 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229180953/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002610.html|archive-date=29 December 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> For instance, [[Putler]] is used by critics of [[Vladimir Putin]], merging his name with [[Adolf Hitler]]. By contrast, the public, including the media, use portmanteaus to refer to their favorite pairings as a way to "...giv[e] people an essence of who they are within the same name."<ref name="news.BBC.co.uk">{{cite news|first=Denise|last=Winterman|title=What a mesh|work=BBC News Magazine|date=3 August 2006|access-date=17 July 2008|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5239464.stm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216171930/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5239464.stm|archive-date=16 December 2007}}</ref> This is particularly seen in cases of fictional and real-life "[[supercouple]]s". An early known example, [[Bennifer]], referred to film stars [[Ben Affleck]] and [[Jennifer Lopez]]. Other examples include [[Brangelina]] ([[Brad Pitt]] and [[Angelina Jolie]]) and [[TomKat]] ([[Tom Cruise]] and [[Katie Holmes]]).<ref name=news.BBC.co.uk/> On Wednesday, 28 June 2017, ''[[The New York Times]]'' [[crossword]] included the quip, "How I wish [[Natalie Portman]] dated [[Jacques Cousteau]], so I could call them 'Portmanteau{{' "}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/crosswords/game/daily/2017/06/28|url-access=subscription|title=The Daily Crossword|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 June 2017}}</ref>

Holidays are another example, as in [[Thanksgivukkah]], a portmanteau neologism given to the convergence of the American holiday of [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] and the first day of the [[Jewish holiday]] of [[Hanukkah]] on Thursday, 28 November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|author=Christine Byrne|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/christinebyrne/thanksgivukkah|title=How To Celebrate Thanksgivukkah, The Best Holiday Of All Time|publisher=Buzzfeed|date=2 October 2013|access-date=10 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009221928/http://www.buzzfeed.com/christinebyrne/thanksgivukkah|archive-date=9 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Stu Bykofsky|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20131011_Thanks_for_Thanukkah_.html|title=Thanks for Thanukkah!|website=Philly.com|date=22 October 2012|access-date=11 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014085041/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20131011_Thanks_for_Thanukkah_.html|archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> [[Chrismukkah]] is another pop-culture portmanteau neologism popularized by the TV drama ''[[The O.C.]]'', merging of the holidays of Christianity's Christmas and Judaism's Hanukkah.

In the [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] film ''[[Big Hero 6 (film)|Big Hero 6]]'', the film is situated in a fictitious city called "San Fransokyo", which is a portmanteau of two real locations, [[San Francisco]] and [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2014/10/a-tour-of-san-fransokyo-the-hybrid-city-disney-built-for-big-hero-6/|title=A Tour Of 'San Fransokyo', The Hybrid City Disney Built For Big Hero 6|date=8 October 2014|website=Gizmodo Australia|language=en|access-date=5 June 2019|archive-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605035900/https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2014/10/a-tour-of-san-fransokyo-the-hybrid-city-disney-built-for-big-hero-6/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Other languages==
{{cleanup lang|date=May 2020}}
===Modern Hebrew===
[[Modern Hebrew]] abounds with blending. Along with CD, or simply {{lang-he|label=none|דיסק}} ({{transliteration|he|disk}}), Hebrew has the blend {{lang-he|label=none|תקליטור}} ({{transliteration|he|taklitór}}), which consists of {{lang-he|label=none|תקליט}} ({{transliteration|he|taklít}}, 'phonograph record') and {{lang-he|label=none|אור}} ({{transliteration|he|or}}, 'light'). Other blends in Hebrew include the following:<ref>See p. 62 in [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] (2009), [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722010237/http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf|date=22 July 2018}}, ''Journal of Language Contact'', Varia 2 (2009), pp.&nbsp;40–67.</ref>
*{{lang-he|label=none|ערפיח}} ({{transliteration|he|arpíakh}}, 'smog'), from {{lang-he|label=none|ערפל}} ({{transliteration|he|arafél}}, 'fog') and {{lang-he|label=none|פיח}} ({{transliteration|he|píakh}}, 'soot')
*{{lang-he|label=none|מדרחוב}} ({{transliteration|he|midrakhov}}, 'pedestrian-only street'), from {{lang-he|label=none|מדרכה}} ({{transliteration|he|midrakhá}}, 'sidewalk') and {{lang-he|label=none|רחוב}} ({{transliteration|he|rekhóv}}, 'street')
*{{lang-he|label=none|מחזמר}} ({{transliteration|he|makhazémer}}, 'musical'), from {{lang-he|label=none|מחזה}} ({{transliteration|he|makhazé}}, 'theatre play') and {{lang-he|label=none|זמר}} ({{transliteration|he|zémer}}, 'singing' [gerund])
*{{lang-he|label=none|מגדלור}} ({{transliteration|he|migdalór}}, 'lighthouse'), from {{lang-he|label=none|מגדל}} ({{transliteration|he|migdál}}, 'tower') and {{lang-he|label=none|אור}} ({{transliteration|he|or}}, 'light')
*{{lang-he|label=none|קרנף}} ({{transliteration|he|karnáf}}, 'rhinoceros'), from {{lang-he|label=none|קרן}} ({{transliteration|he|kéren}}, 'horn') and {{lang-he|label=none|אף}} ({{transliteration|he|af}}, 'nose')
*{{lang-he|label=none|רמזור}} ({{transliteration|he|ramzór}}, 'traffic light'), from {{lang-he|label=none|רמז}} ({{transliteration|he|rémez}}, 'indication') and {{lang-he|label=none|אור}} ({{transliteration|he|or}}, 'light')
*{{lang-he|label=none|חוטיני}} ({{transliteration|he|khutíni}}, 'thong bikini'), from {{lang-he|label=none|חוט‎}} ({{transliteration|he|khut}}, 'string') and {{lang-he|label=none|ביקיני}} ({{transliteration|he|bikíni}}, 'bikini')

Sometimes the root of the second word is truncated, giving rise to a blend that resembles an [[acrostic]]:
*{{lang-he|label=none|תפוז}} ({{transliteration|he|tapúz}}, 'orange' (fruit)), from {{lang-he|label=none|תפוח}} ({{transliteration|he|tapúakh}}, 'apple') and {{lang-he|label=none|זהב}} ({{transliteration|he|zaháv}}, 'gold')
*{{lang-he|label=none|תפוד}} ({{transliteration|he|tapúd}}, 'potato'), from {{lang-he|label=none|תפוח}} ({{transliteration|he|tapúakh}}, 'apple') and {{lang-he|label=none|אדמה}} ({{transliteration|he|adamá}}, 'soil' or 'earth'), but the full {{lang-he|label=none|תפוח אדמה}} ({{transliteration|he|tapúakh adamá}}, 'apple of the soil' or 'apple of the earth') is more common

===Irish===
A few portmanteaus are in use in modern Irish, for example:
* [[Brexit]] is referred to as {{lang|ga|Breatimeacht}} (from {{lang|ga|Breatain}}, "Britain", and {{lang|ga|imeacht}}, "leave") or {{lang|ga|Sasamach}} (from {{lang|ga|Sasana}}, "England", and {{lang|ga|amach}}, "out")<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/the-irish-words-for-selfie-brexit-and-spam-1.3160155|title=The Irish words for 'selfie', 'Brexit' and 'spam'|website=Irishtimes.com|access-date=23 June 2018|archive-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201062338/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/the-irish-words-for-selfie-brexit-and-spam-1.3160155|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/letters/making-sense-of-brexit-1.3040836|title=Making sense of Brexit|website=Irishtimes.com|access-date=23 June 2018|archive-date=8 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508153550/http://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/letters/making-sense-of-brexit-1.3040836|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The resignation of [[Tánaiste]] (deputy prime minister) [[Frances Fitzgerald (politician)|Frances Fitzgerald]] was referred to as {{lang|ga|Slánaiste}} (from {{lang|ga|slán}}, "goodbye" and ''Tánaiste'')<ref>[https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/letters/slánaiste-irish-times-letter-writers-have-their-say-on-the-political-crisis-1.3309851 "Slánaiste: Irish Times Letter Writers Have Their Say on the Political Crisis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908235704/https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/letters/sl%C3%A1naiste-irish-times-letter-writers-have-their-say-on-the-political-crisis-1.3309851|date=8 September 2019}} (30 November 2017). ''The Irish Times''. Retrieved from IrishTimes.com, 18 September 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nova.ie/news/slanaiste-frances-fitzgerald-set-resign-100906|title='Slánaiste' As Frances Fitzgerald Set To Resign – Radio Nova|first=Cíara|last=Spain|website=Nova.ie|access-date=23 June 2018|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624010409/https://www.nova.ie/news/slanaiste-frances-fitzgerald-set-resign-100906|url-status=live}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=Both of these words are in common use in Hiberno-English, and these sources appear to seemingly just be using the word "Slánaiste" in English as a pun, not to imply that the word is actually in use the Irish language.|date=March 2021}}
* {{lang|ga|[[Naíonra]]}}, an Irish-language [[preschool]] (from {{lang|ga|naíonán}}, "infants", and {{lang|ga|gasra}}, "band")<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cnag.ie/en/news/681-champion-of-irish-dancing-naíonraí-has-passed-away.html|title=Champion of Irish Dancing & Naíonraí Has Passed Away|website=Cnag.ie|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908235706/https://cnag.ie/en/news/681-champion-of-irish-dancing-na%C3%ADonra%C3%AD-has-passed-away.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The Irish translation of ''[[A Game of Thrones]]'' refers to [[Winterfell]] castle as {{lang|ga|Gheimhsceirde}} (from {{lang|ga|gheimhridh}}, "winter", and {{lang|ga|sceird}}, "exposed to winds")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.ie/trending/news/The-Irish-translation-of-the-Game-of-Thrones-books-are-really-really-literal/386691.htm|title=The Irish translation of the Game of Thrones books are really, really literal|website=Entertainment.ie|date=23 October 2016|access-date=23 June 2018|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624010550/http://entertainment.ie/trending/news/The-Irish-translation-of-the-Game-of-Thrones-books-are-really-really-literal/386691.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{lang|ga|Jailtacht}} (from English ''jail'' and {{lang|ga|[[Gaeltacht]]}}, "Irish-speaking region"): the community of Irish-speaking [[Irish republicanism|republican]] prisoners.<ref>{{cite book|jstor=j.ctt9qhjkk|title=Jailtacht: The Irish Language, Symbolic Power and Political Violence in Northern Ireland, 1972–2008|first=DIARMAIT MAC GIOLLA|last=CHRÍOST|date=23 June 2018|publisher=University of Wales Press|isbn=9780708324967}}</ref>

===Icelandic===
There is a tradition of [[linguistic purism in Icelandic]], and [[neologism]]s are frequently created from pre-existing words. For example, {{lang|is|tölva}} 'computer' is a portmanteau of {{lang|is|tala}} 'digit, number' and {{lang|is|völva}} 'oracle, seeress'.<ref>Kristján Árnason; Sigrún Helgadóttir (1991), "Terminology and Icelandic Language Policy", Behovet och nyttan av terminologiskt arbete på 90-talet, Nordterm 5, Nordterm-symposium, pp.&nbsp;7–21.</ref>

===Indonesian===
{{main|Indonesian language#Acronyms and portmanteau}}
In [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], portmanteaus and [[acronym]]s are very common in both formal and informal usage.

A common use of a portmanteau in the Indonesian language is to refer to locations and areas of the country. For example, [[Jakarta metropolitan area|Jabodetabek]] is a portmanteau that refers to the '''Jakarta metropolitan area''' or '''Greater Jakarta,''' which includes the regions of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi).

====Malaysian====
In the Malaysian national language of Bahasa Melayu, the word '''''jadong''''' was constructed out of three Malay words for evil (''jahat''), stupid (''bodoh'') and arrogant (''sombong'') to be used on the worst kinds of community and religious leaders who mislead naive, submissive and powerless folk under their thrall.{{cn|date=January 2023}}

===Japanese===
{{main|Japanese abbreviated and contracted words}}
A very common type of portmanteau in Japanese forms one word from the beginnings of two others (that is, from two [[clipping (morphology)|back-clippings]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/contractions.html|title=What are contracted words like rimokon?|website=Sljfaq.org|access-date=3 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232800/http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/contractions.html|archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> The portion of each input word retained is usually two [[on (Japanese prosody)|morae]], which is tantamount to one [[kanji]] in most words written in kanji.

The inputs to the process can be native words, [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Sino-Japanese words]], [[gairaigo]] (later borrowings), or combinations thereof. A Sino-Japanese example is the name {{nihongo|東大||''Tōdai''}} for the [[University of Tokyo]], in full {{nihongo|'''東'''京'''大'''学||'''''Tō'''kyō '''dai'''gaku''}}. With borrowings, typical results are words such as {{nihongo|パソコン||''pasokon''}}, meaning personal computer (PC), which despite being formed of English elements does not exist in English; it is a [[wasei-eigo|uniquely Japanese]] contraction of the English {{nihongo|''personal computer''|'''パ'''ー'''ソ'''ナル'''・コン'''ピュータ|'''pāso'''naru '''kon'''pyūta}}. Another example, {{nihongo|''[[Pokémon]]''|ポケモン}}, is a contracted form of the English words {{nihongo|''pocket''|'''ポケ'''ット|'''poke'''tto}} and {{nihongo|''monsters''|'''モン'''スター|'''mon'''sutā}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfu.ca/gradlings/SFUWPL/ICEAL2/Rosen_E.pdf|title=Japanese loanword accentuation: epenthesis and foot form interacting through edge-interior alignment∗|first=Eric|last=Rosen|work=University of British Columbia|access-date=25 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623131040/http://www.sfu.ca/gradlings/SFUWPL/ICEAL2/Rosen_E.pdf|archive-date=23 June 2011}}</ref> A famous example of a blend with mixed sources is {{nihongo|''[[karaoke]]''|カラオケ|karaoke}}, blending the Japanese word for {{nihongo|''empty''|空|'''kara'''}} and the Greek word {{nihongo|''orchestra''|オーケストラ|'''ōke'''sutora}}. The Japanese fad of egg-shaped keychain pet toys from the 1990s, Tamagotchi, is a portmanteau combining the two Japanese words tamago (たまご), which means "egg", and uotchi (ウオッチ) "watch". The portmanteau can also be seen as a combination of tamago (たまご), "egg", and tomodachi (友だち), which means "friend".

Some [[Title (publishing)|titles]] also are portmanteaus, such as ''[[Hetalia]]'' (ヘタリア). It came from '''He''ta'''''re (ヘタレ), which means "idiot", and I'''''ta''lia''' (イタリア) which means Italy. Another example is ''[[Servamp]]'',
which came from the English words '''Ser''va'''''nt (サーヴァント) and '''''Va''mp'''ire (ヴァンパイア).

===Portuguese===
In [[Brazilian Portuguese]], portmanteaus are usually slang, including:
* ''Cantriz'', from ''cantora'' (female singer) and ''atriz'' (actress), which defines women that both sing and act.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://istoe.com.br/103725_A+HORA+DAS+CANTRIZES/|title=A hora das cantrizes – ISTOÉ Independente|date=4 October 2010|work=ISTOÉ Independente|access-date=15 April 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806125949/https://istoe.com.br/103725_A+HORA+DAS+CANTRIZES/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://tititi.uol.com.br/noticias/perfil/consegui-realizar--meu-grande-sonho-ser-cantriz.phtml|title="Consegui realizar meu grande sonho: ser cantriz!"|date=2 February 2016|work=Tititi|access-date=15 April 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416013435/http://tititi.uol.com.br/noticias/perfil/consegui-realizar--meu-grande-sonho-ser-cantriz.phtml|archive-date=16 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Aborrescente'', from ''aborrecer'' (annoy) and ''adolescente'' (teenager), which is a pejorative term for teenagers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kid-bentinho.blogspot.com/2011/03/o-que-e-uma-palavra-valise.html|title=O que é uma palavra-valise?|website=Kid Bentinho|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416012351/http://kid-bentinho.blogspot.com/2011/03/o-que-e-uma-palavra-valise.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dicionarioinformal.com.br/aborrescente/|title=Significado de Aborrescente|website=Dicionarioinformal.com.br|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416013311/https://www.dicionarioinformal.com.br/aborrescente/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Pescotapa'', from ''pescoço'' (neck) and ''tapa'' (slap), which defines a slap on the back of the neck.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://noticias.bol.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/brasil/2018/04/10/pescotapa-de-ciro-gomes-repercute-nas-redes-apoiadores-afirmam-que-imagens-foram-manipuladas.htm|title="Pescotapa" de Ciro Gomes repercute nas redes; apoiadores afirmam que vídeo foi manipulado – Brasil – BOL Notícias|website=Noticias.bol.uol.com.br|language=pt-br|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416013529/https://noticias.bol.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/brasil/2018/04/10/pescotapa-de-ciro-gomes-repercute-nas-redes-apoiadores-afirmam-que-imagens-foram-manipuladas.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dicionarioinformal.com.br/pescotapa/|title=Significado de Pescotapa|website=Dicionarioinformal.com.br|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416012727/https://www.dicionarioinformal.com.br/pescotapa/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[European Portuguese]], portmanteaus are also used. Some of them include:

* ''Telemóvel'', which means mobile phone, comes from ''telefone'' (telephone) and ''móvel'' (mobile).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linguee.com/portuguese-english/translation/telem%C3%B3vel.html|title=telemóvel – English translation – Linguee|website=Linguee.com|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008194250/https://www.linguee.com/portuguese-english/translation/telem%C3%B3vel.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Cantautor'', which means Singer-songwriter, and comes from ''cantor'' (singer) and ''autor'' (songwriter).

===Spanish===
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2020}}
Although traditionally uncommon in Spanish, portmanteaus are increasingly finding their way into the language, mainly for marketing and commercial purposes. Examples in [[Mexican Spanish]] include {{lang|es-mx|cafebrería}} from combining {{lang|es|cafetería}} "coffee shop" and {{lang|es|librería}} "bookstore", or {{lang|es|teletón}} '[[telethon]]' from combining {{lang|es|televisión}} and {{lang|es|maratón}}. Portmanteaus are also frequently used to make commercial brands, such as "chocolleta" from "chocolate" + "galleta." They are also often used to create business company names, especially for small, family-owned businesses, where owners' names are combined to create a unique name (such as Rocar, from "Roberto" + "Carlos", or Mafer, from "María" + "Fernanda"). These usages help to create distinguishable trademarks. It is a common occurrence for people with two names to combine them into a single nickname, like Juanca for Juan Carlos, Or Marilú for María de Lourdes.

Other examples:
* ''Cantautor'', which means Singer-songwriter, and comes from ''cantante'' (singer) and ''autor'' (songwriter).<ref>[https://dle.rae.es/cantautor ''Cantautor, ra''] [[Royal Spanish Academy]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229130634/https://dle.rae.es/cantautor|date=29 February 2020}}</ref>
*''[[Mechatronics|Mecatrónica]]''{{CN|date=January 2023}} and ''[[:es:Ofimática|Ofimática]]'' two [[Neologism]]s that are blends of ''mecánica'' (mechanical) with ''electrónica'' (electronics), and ''oficina'' (office) with ''informática'' ([[Computer science|informatics]]) respectively.
*''[[Espanglish]]'', interlanguage that combines words from both Spanish (''Español'') and English.
*''[[Metrobus (disambiguation)|Metrobús]]'', blend of ''metro'' (subway) and ''autobús.''
*''[[Autopista (disambiguation)|Autopista]]'', blend of ''automóvil'' (car) and ''pista'' (road, tracks).
*Company names and brands with portmanteaus are common in Spanish. Some examples of Spanish portmanteaus for Mexican companies include: The Mexican flag carrier [[Aeroméxico]], (Aerovías de México), Banorte (Bank and North), [[Cemex]] (Cement and Mexico), [[Jumex]] (Jugos Mexicanos or Mexican Juice), [[Mabe (company)|Mabe]] (from founders Egon MAbardi and Francisco BErrondo), [[Pemex]] (Petróleos Mexicanos or Mexican Oil), [[Softtek]] (portmanteau and stylization of Software and technology), and [[Telmex]] (Teléfonos de Mexico). [[Gamesa]] (Galletera Mexicana, S.A. or Mexican Biscuit Company, Inc.) and [[Grupo Famsa|Famsa]] (fabricantes Muebleros, S.A.) are examples of portmanteaus of four words, including the "S.A." (Sociedad Anónima).
*Many more portmanteaus in Spanish come from [[Anglicism]]s, which are words borrowed from English, like ''módem'', ''transistor, códec, email, internet'' or ''emoticon.''

A somewhat popular example in Spain is the word {{lang|es|gallifante}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/para-todos-la-2/gallifantes/1030400//|title=Gallifantes – RTVE.es|date=25 February 2011|website=Rtve.es|access-date=6 February 2018|archive-date=7 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005306/http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/para-todos-la-2/gallifantes/1030400//|url-status=live}}</ref> a portmanteau of {{lang|es|gallo y elefante}} (''cockerel and elephant''). It was the prize on the Spanish version of the children TV show ''Child's Play'' ({{lang-es|[[:es:Juego de niños (programa de televisión)|Juego de niños]]}}) that ran on the public television channel {{Lang|es|[[La 1 (Spanish TV channel)|La 1]]|italic=no}} of {{Lang|es|[[Televisión Española]]|italic=no}} (TVE) from 1988 to 1992.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1988/06/04/radiotv/581378404_850215.html|title=Jugar bien vale un 'gallifante'|date=4 June 1988|newspaper=El País|access-date=6 February 2018|archive-date=6 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190347/https://elpais.com/diario/1988/06/04/radiotv/581378404_850215.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Portmanteau morph==
In [[linguistics]], a blend is an amalgamation or fusion of independent [[lexeme]]s, while a ''portmanteau'' or ''portmanteau morph'' is a single [[Allomorph|morph]] that is analyzed as representing two (or more) underlying [[morpheme]]s.<ref name="What is a portmanteau morph">{{cite web|url=http://www.sil.org/Linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPortmanteauMorph.htm|title=What is a portmanteau morph?|work=LinguaLinks Library|year=2003|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619140711/http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsAPortmanteauMorph.htm|archive-date=19 June 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=David|year=1983|title=An invitation to grammar|location=Bangkok|series=Summer Institute of Linguistics|publisher=Mahidol University|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Crystal|first=David|year=1985|title=A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics|edition=2nd|location=New York|publisher=Basil Blackwell|page=237}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hartmann|first1=R.R.K.|last2=Stork|first2=F.C.|year=1972|title=Dictionary of language and linguistics|location=London|publisher=Applied Science|page=180}}</ref> For example, in the Latin word {{lang-la|label=none|animalis}}, the ending {{lang-la|label=none|-is}} is a portmanteau morph because it is used for two morphemes: the singular number and the genitive case.{{citation needed|reason=Singular and genitive aren't morphemes, so I think this isn't a portmanteau morph.|date=April 2021}} In English, two separate morphs are used: '''''of an''' animal''. Other examples include {{lang-fr|link=no|à le}} → {{wikt-lang|fr|au}} {{IPA-fr|o|}} and {{lang-fr|label=none|de le}} → {{wikt-lang|fr|du}} {{IPA-fr|dy|}}.<ref name="What is a portmanteau morph"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Linguistics|Language}}
* [[Abbreviation]]
* [[Acronym and initialism]]
* [[Clipping (morphology)]]
* [[Conceptual blending]]
* [[Amalgamation (names)]]
* [[Hybrid word]]
* [[List of geographic portmanteaus]]
* [[List of portmanteaus]]
* [[Phonestheme]]
* [[Phono-semantic matching]]
* [[Portmanteau sentence]]
* [[Syllabic abbreviation]]
* [[wikt:Category:English blends|Wiktionary category:English blends]]

==Notes==
<references group="n"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Portmanteau}}
{{Wiktionary|portmanteau|portmanteau word|Category:English blends}}

[[Category:1870s neologisms]]
[[Category:Word coinage]]
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