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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Proposed family of Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Burmo-Qiangic
|acceptance=proposed
|altname=Eastern Tibeto-Burman
|region=[[China]], [[Burma]]
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman]]
|child1=[[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]]
|child2=[[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]]
|glotto=burm1265
|glottorefname=Burmo-Qiangic
}}

The '''Burmo-Qiangic''' or '''Eastern Tibeto-Burman''' languages are a proposed family of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] spoken in [[Southwest China]] and [[Myanmar]]. It consists of the [[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]] and [[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]] branches, including the extinct [[Tangut language]].

==Classification==
[[Guillaume Jacques]] & [[Alexis Michaud]] (2011)<ref name="Jacques">Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "[http://www.benjamins.nl/series/dia/28-4/02jac.additional.pdf Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages]." ''Diachronica'' 28:468–498.</ref> argue for a '''Burmo-Qiangic''' branch of [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] ([[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]) with two primary subbranches, [[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]] and Lolo-Burmese. Similarly, [[David Bradley (linguist)|David Bradley]] (2008)<ref>Bradley, David. 2008. ''The Position of Namuyi in Tibeto-Burman''. Paper presented at Workshop on Namuyi, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, 2008.</ref> proposes an '''Eastern Tibeto-Burman''' branch that includes Burmic ({{a.k.a.}} Lolo-Burmese) and Qiangic. Bradley notes that Lolo-Burmese and Qiangic share some unique lexical items, even though they are morphologically quite different; whereas all Lolo-Burmese languages are tonal and analytical, Qiangic languages are often non-tonal and possess [[agglutination|agglutinative]] morphology. However the position of [[Naic languages|Naic]] is unclear, as it has been grouped as Lolo-Burmese by Lama (2012), but as Qiangic by Jacques & Michaud (2011) and Bradley (2008).

Sun (1988) also proposed a similar classification that grouped Qiangic and Lolo-Burmese together.

Jacques' & Michaud's (2011) proposed tree is as follows.

{{clade
|label1='''Burmo-Qiangic'''&nbsp;
|1={{clade
   |label1=&nbsp;[[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]]&nbsp;
   |1={{clade
      |1=[[Burmish languages|Burmish]]
      |2=[[Loloish languages|Loloish]]
      }}
   |label2=&nbsp;Na-Qiangic
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Naic languages|Naic]]
      |2=[[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]]
      |3=[[Ersuic languages|Ersuic]]
      }}
   }}
}}

Bradley's (2008) proposal is as follows. Note that Bradley calls Lolo-Burmese ''Burmic'', which is not to be confused with ''[[Burmish languages|Burmish]]'', and calls Loloish ''Ngwi''.

{{clade
|label1='''Eastern Tibeto-Burman'''&nbsp;
|1={{clade
   |label1=&nbsp;[[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]]&nbsp;
   |1={{clade
      |1=[[Burmish languages|Burmish]]
      |2=[[Loloish languages|Loloish]]
      }}
   |2=[[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]]
   }}
}}

However, Chirkova (2012)<ref name="Chirkova2012">Chirkova, Katia (2012). "[http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2012_1_07_5631.pdf The Qiangic Subgroup from an Areal Perspective: A Case Study of Languages of Muli]." In ''Languages and Linguistics'' 13(1):133–170. Taipei: Academia Sinica. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203063250/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2012_1_07_5631.pdf |date=2015-02-03 }}</ref> doubts that [[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]] is a valid genetic unit, and considers [[Ersu languages|Ersu]], [[Shixing language|Shixing]], [[Namuyi language|Namuyi]], and [[Pumi language|Pumi]] all as separate Tibeto-Burman branches that are part of a Qiangic [[Sprachbund]], rather than as part of a coherent [[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]] phylogenetic branch. This issue has also been further discussed by Yu (2012).<ref name="Yu2012"/>

Lee & [[Laurent Sagart|Sagart]] (2008)<ref>Lee, Y.-J., & Sagart, L. (2008). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00781005 No limits to borrowing: The case of Bai and Chinese]. Diachronica, 25(3), 357–385.</ref> argue that Bai is a Tibeto-Burman language that has borrowed very heavily from Old Chinese. Lee & Sagart (2008) note that word relating to rice and pig agriculture tend to be non-Chinese, and that the genetic non-Chinese layer of Bai shows similarities with [[Proto-Loloish language|Proto-Loloish]].

==Branches==
Yu (2012:206–207)<ref name="Yu2012">Yu, Dominic. 2012. ''[https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dom/proto-ersuic.pdf Proto-Ersuic]''. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Department of Linguistics.</ref> lists the following well-established coherent branches (including individual languages, in ''italics'' below) that could likely all fit into a wider Burmo-Qiangic group, in geographical order from north to south.
{{div col}}
#(''[[Baima language|Baima]]'') [possible Burmo-Qiangic [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]]]<ref name="Chirkova">Chirkova, Ekaterina. 2008. On the Position of Baima within Tibetan: A Look from Basic Vocabulary. Alexander Lubotsky, Jos Schaeken and Jeroen Wiedenhof. Rodopi, pp.23, 2008, Evidence and counter-evidence: Festschrift F. Kortlandt. <halshs-00104311></ref>
#[[Qiang language|Qiang]]
#[[Rgyalrong language|rGyalrong]]
#[[Lavrung language|Lavrung]]
#[[Horpa language|Ergong]]
#''[[Choyo language|Choyo]]''
#''[[Zhaba language|nDrapa]]''
#''[[Guiqiong language|Guiqiong]]''
#''[[Muya language|Minyak]]''
#[[Ersuic languages|Ersuic]]
#''[[Namuyi language|Namuyi]]''
#''[[Shixing language|Shixing]]''
#[[Naish languages|Naish]]
#[[Pumi language|Prinmi]]
#[[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]]
#(''[[Bai languages|Bai]]'') [possible Burmo-Qiangic [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]]]<ref>Gong Xun (2015). ''[https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/asia-beyond-boundaries/file125224.pdf How Old is the Chinese in Bái? Reexamining Sino-Bái under the Baxter-Sagart reconstruction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305212734/https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/asia-beyond-boundaries/file125224.pdf |date=2021-03-05 }}''. Paper presented at the Recent Advances in Old Chinese Historical Phonology workshop, SOAS, London.</ref>
{{div col end}}

Additionally, [[Tangut language|Tangut]], now extinct, is generally classified as a Qiangic language.

Yu (2012:215–218)<ref name="Yu2012"/> notes that [[Ersu languages|Ersuic]] and [[Naic languages|Naic]] languages could possibly group together, since they share many features with each other that are not found in Lolo-Burmese or other Qiangic groups.

[[Proto-language]] reconstructions for some of these branches include:
*Proto-[[Qiang language|Rma]] (Sims 2017)<ref name="Sims2017">Sims, Nathaniel. 2017. ''The suprasegmental phonology of proto-Rma (Qiang) in comparative perspective''. Presented at the 50th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Beijing, China.</ref>
*Proto-[[Pumi language|Prinmi]] (Sims 2017)<ref name="Sims2017"/>
*Proto-[[Ersuic languages|Ersuic]] (Yu 2012)<ref name="Yu2012"/>
*Proto-[[Naish languages|Naish]] (Jacques & Michaud 2011)<ref name="Jacques"/>
*Proto-[[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]] (Matisoff 2003)<ref>{{citation
  | first = James A. | last = Matisoff | author-link = James Matisoff
  | title = Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction
  | location = Berkeley | publisher = [[University of California Press]]
  | year = 2003
  | isbn = 978-0-520-09843-5
  | url = http://escholarship.org/uc/item/19d79619
  | postscript = .
  }}</ref>
*Proto-[[Bai language|Bai]] (Wang 2006)<ref>* {{cite book | surname = Wang | given = Feng | title = Comparison of languages in contact: the distillation method and the case of Bai | series = Language and Linguistics Monograph Series B: Frontiers in Linguistics III | location = Taipei | publisher = Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica | year = 2006 | isbn = 986-00-5228-X | url = http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/LL/en/monographs.Contect/Comparison_of_Languages_in_Contact__The_Distillation_Method_and_the_Case_of_Bai | access-date = 2018-06-03 | archive-date = 2021-07-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210730132726/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/LL/en/monographs.Contect/Comparison_of_Languages_in_Contact__The_Distillation_Method_and_the_Case_of_Bai | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Lexical evidence==
Jacques & Michaud (2011)<ref name="Jacques"/><ref>Jacques & Michaud (2011), appendix p.7</ref> list the following lexical items as likely Burmo-Qiangic [[Lexical Innovation|lexical innovations]].
{| class="wikitable IPA sortable"
! Gloss !! [[Rgyalrong language|rGyalrong]] !! [[Tangut language|Tangut]] !! [[Mosuo#Language|Na]] !! [[Wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Naish reconstructions|Proto-Naish]] !! [[Burmese language|Burmese]] !! [[Achang language|Achang]] !! [[Hani language|Hani]]
|-
! copula
| ŋu || ŋwu<sup>2</sup> || ŋi˩˧ || ? || hnang<sup>2</sup> || – || ŋɯ˧˩
|-
! star
| ʑŋgri || gjịj<sup>1</sup> || kɯ˥ || *kri || kray<sup>2</sup> || k<sup>h</sup>ʐə˥ || a˧˩gɯ˥
|-
! forget
| jmɯt || mjɨ̣<sup>2</sup> || mv̩.p<sup>h</sup>æ<sup>L+MH</sup> || *mi || me<sup>1</sup> || ɲi˧˥ || ɲi˥
|-
! be ill
| ngo < *ngaŋ || ŋo<sup>2</sup> || gu˩ || *go
|
|-
! flint
| ʁdɯrtsa || – || tse.mi<sup>H</sup> || *tsa
|-
! to hide
| nɤtsɯ || – || tsɯ˥ ([[Naxi language|Naxi]]) || *tsu
|-
! to swallow
| mqlaʁ || – || ʁv̩˥ || *NqU < *Nqak
|-
! dry
| spɯ || - || pv̩˧ || *Spu
|-
! thick
| jaʁ || laa<sup>1</sup> || lo˧˥ || *laC<sub>2</sub>
|-
! jump
| mtsaʁ || – || ts<sup>h</sup>o˧ || *ts<sup>h</sup>aC<sub>2</sub>
|-
! winter
| qartsɯ || tsur<sup>1</sup> || ts<sup>h</sup>i˥ || *ts<sup>h</sup>u || c<sup>h</sup>oŋ<sup>3</sup> || tɕ<sup>h</sup>ɔŋ˧˩ || ts<sup>h</sup>ɔ˧˩ga̱˧
|-
! knee
| tə-mŋɑ ([[Situ language|Situ]]) || ŋwer<sup>2</sup> || ŋwɤ.ko<sup>H</sup> || *ŋwa
|-
! sun
| ʁmbɣi || be<sup>2</sup> || bi˧ ([[Naxi language|Naxi]]) || *bi
|}

==See also==
*[[Bailang language]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Bradley, David. 1997. "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification". In D. Bradley (Ed.), ''Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas'' (''Papers in South East Asian linguistics'' No. 14) pp.&nbsp;1–71, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. {{ISBN|978-0-85883-456-9}}.
* Bradley, David. 2008. ''The Position of Namuyi in Tibeto-Burman''. Paper presented at Workshop on Namuyi, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, 2008.
* Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "[http://www.benjamins.nl/series/dia/28-4/02jac.additional.pdf Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages]." ''Diachronica'' 28:468–498.
* Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), ''Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages'', thesis, University of Texas at Arlington ([https://www.webcitation.org/6AdB9D07H?url=https://dspace.uta.edu/bitstream/handle/10106/11161/Lama_uta_2502D_11591.pdf archived])
* Sūn, Hóngkāi 孙宏开. 1988. Shilun woguo jingnei Zang-Mianyude puxi fenlei 试论我国境内藏缅语的谱系分类. (A classification of Tibeto-Burman languages in China). In: Tatsuo Nishida and Paul Kazuhisa Eguchi (eds.), Languages and history in East Asia: festschrift for Tatsuo Nishida on the occasion of his 60th birthday 61–73. Kyoto: Shokado.

==External links==
*[https://sites.google.com/site/sinotibetanbranches/eastern/burmo-qiangic Burmo-Qiangic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022005300/https://sites.google.com/site/sinotibetanbranches/eastern/burmo-qiangic |date=2020-10-22 }} (Sino-Tibetan Branches Project)

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Qiangic languages}}
{{Lolo-Burmese languages}}

[[Category:Lolo-Burmese languages| ]]
[[Category:Qiangic languages| ]]

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