Английская Википедия:Burmo-Qiangic languages
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language family
The Burmo-Qiangic or Eastern Tibeto-Burman languages are a proposed family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Southwest China and Myanmar. It consists of the Lolo-Burmese and Qiangic branches, including the extinct Tangut language.
Classification
Guillaume Jacques & Alexis Michaud (2011)[1] argue for a Burmo-Qiangic branch of Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) with two primary subbranches, Qiangic and Lolo-Burmese. Similarly, David Bradley (2008)[2] proposes an Eastern Tibeto-Burman branch that includes Burmic (Шаблон:A.k.a. Lolo-Burmese) and Qiangic. Bradley notes that Lolo-Burmese and Qiangic share some unique lexical items, even though they are morphologically quite different; whereas all Lolo-Burmese languages are tonal and analytical, Qiangic languages are often non-tonal and possess agglutinative morphology. However the position of Naic is unclear, as it has been grouped as Lolo-Burmese by Lama (2012), but as Qiangic by Jacques & Michaud (2011) and Bradley (2008).
Sun (1988) also proposed a similar classification that grouped Qiangic and Lolo-Burmese together.
Jacques' & Michaud's (2011) proposed tree is as follows.
Bradley's (2008) proposal is as follows. Note that Bradley calls Lolo-Burmese Burmic, which is not to be confused with Burmish, and calls Loloish Ngwi.
However, Chirkova (2012)[3] doubts that Qiangic is a valid genetic unit, and considers Ersu, Shixing, Namuyi, and Pumi all as separate Tibeto-Burman branches that are part of a Qiangic Sprachbund, rather than as part of a coherent Qiangic phylogenetic branch. This issue has also been further discussed by Yu (2012).[4]
Lee & Sagart (2008)[5] argue that Bai is a Tibeto-Burman language that has borrowed very heavily from Old Chinese. Lee & Sagart (2008) note that word relating to rice and pig agriculture tend to be non-Chinese, and that the genetic non-Chinese layer of Bai shows similarities with Proto-Loloish.
Branches
Yu (2012:206–207)[4] lists the following well-established coherent branches (including individual languages, in italics below) that could likely all fit into a wider Burmo-Qiangic group, in geographical order from north to south. Шаблон:Div col
- (Baima) [possible Burmo-Qiangic substratum][6]
- Qiang
- rGyalrong
- Lavrung
- Ergong
- Choyo
- nDrapa
- Guiqiong
- Minyak
- Ersuic
- Namuyi
- Shixing
- Naish
- Prinmi
- Lolo-Burmese
- (Bai) [possible Burmo-Qiangic substratum][7]
Additionally, Tangut, now extinct, is generally classified as a Qiangic language.
Yu (2012:215–218)[4] notes that Ersuic and Naic languages could possibly group together, since they share many features with each other that are not found in Lolo-Burmese or other Qiangic groups.
Proto-language reconstructions for some of these branches include:
- Proto-Rma (Sims 2017)[8]
- Proto-Prinmi (Sims 2017)[8]
- Proto-Ersuic (Yu 2012)[4]
- Proto-Naish (Jacques & Michaud 2011)[1]
- Proto-Lolo-Burmese (Matisoff 2003)[9]
- Proto-Bai (Wang 2006)[10]
Lexical evidence
Jacques & Michaud (2011)[1][11] list the following lexical items as likely Burmo-Qiangic lexical innovations.
| Gloss | rGyalrong | Tangut | Na | Proto-Naish | Burmese | Achang | Hani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| copula | ŋu | ŋwu2 | ŋi˩˧ | ? | hnang2 | – | ŋɯ˧˩ |
| star | ʑŋgri | gjịj1 | kɯ˥ | *kri | kray2 | khʐə˥ | a˧˩gɯ˥ |
| forget | jmɯt | mjɨ̣2 | mv̩.phæL+MH | *mi | me1 | ɲi˧˥ | ɲi˥ |
| be ill | ngo < *ngaŋ | ŋo2 | gu˩ | *go | |||
| flint | ʁdɯrtsa | – | tse.miH | *tsa | |||
| to hide | nɤtsɯ | – | tsɯ˥ (Naxi) | *tsu | |||
| to swallow | mqlaʁ | – | ʁv̩˥ | *NqU < *Nqak | |||
| dry | spɯ | - | pv̩˧ | *Spu | |||
| thick | jaʁ | laa1 | lo˧˥ | *laC2 | |||
| jump | mtsaʁ | – | tsho˧ | *tshaC2 | |||
| winter | qartsɯ | tsur1 | tshi˥ | *tshu | choŋ3 | tɕhɔŋ˧˩ | tshɔ˧˩ga̱˧ |
| knee | tə-mŋɑ (Situ) | ŋwer2 | ŋwɤ.koH | *ŋwa | |||
| sun | ʁmbɣi | be2 | bi˧ (Naxi) | *bi |
See also
References
- Bradley, David. 1997. "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification". In D. Bradley (Ed.), Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas (Papers in South East Asian linguistics No. 14) pp. 1–71, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Bradley, David. 2008. The Position of Namuyi in Tibeto-Burman. Paper presented at Workshop on Namuyi, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, 2008.
- Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages." Diachronica 28:468–498.
- Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages, thesis, University of Texas at Arlington (archived)
- Sūn, Hóngkāi 孙宏开. 1988. Shilun woguo jingnei Zang-Mianyude puxi fenlei 试论我国境内藏缅语的谱系分类. (A classification of Tibeto-Burman languages in China). In: Tatsuo Nishida and Paul Kazuhisa Eguchi (eds.), Languages and history in East Asia: festschrift for Tatsuo Nishida on the occasion of his 60th birthday 61–73. Kyoto: Shokado.
External links
- Burmo-Qiangic Шаблон:Webarchive (Sino-Tibetan Branches Project)
Шаблон:Sino-Tibetan languages Шаблон:Qiangic languages Шаблон:Lolo-Burmese languages
br:Yezhoù jingpoek-konyakek-bodoek de:Bodo-Konyak-Jingpho-Sprachen
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages." Diachronica 28:468–498.
- ↑ Bradley, David. 2008. The Position of Namuyi in Tibeto-Burman. Paper presented at Workshop on Namuyi, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, 2008.
- ↑ Chirkova, Katia (2012). "The Qiangic Subgroup from an Areal Perspective: A Case Study of Languages of Muli." In Languages and Linguistics 13(1):133–170. Taipei: Academia Sinica. Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Yu, Dominic. 2012. Proto-Ersuic. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Department of Linguistics.
- ↑ Lee, Y.-J., & Sagart, L. (2008). No limits to borrowing: The case of Bai and Chinese. Diachronica, 25(3), 357–385.
- ↑ Chirkova, Ekaterina. 2008. On the Position of Baima within Tibetan: A Look from Basic Vocabulary. Alexander Lubotsky, Jos Schaeken and Jeroen Wiedenhof. Rodopi, pp.23, 2008, Evidence and counter-evidence: Festschrift F. Kortlandt. <halshs-00104311>
- ↑ Gong Xun (2015). How Old is the Chinese in Bái? Reexamining Sino-Bái under the Baxter-Sagart reconstruction Шаблон:Webarchive. Paper presented at the Recent Advances in Old Chinese Historical Phonology workshop, SOAS, London.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Sims, Nathaniel. 2017. The suprasegmental phonology of proto-Rma (Qiang) in comparative perspective. Presented at the 50th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Beijing, China.
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ * Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Jacques & Michaud (2011), appendix p.7
