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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Former Amtrak commuter train}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width   = 
| name        = ''Calumet''
| logo        = 
| logo_width  = 
| image       = Valpo Local trains at Valparaiso station, August 1980.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption     = The ''Calumet'' and ''Indiana Connection'' at Valparaiso in 1980
| type        = [[Commuter rail]]
| status      = Discontinued
| locale      = 
| predecessor = Unnamed [[Conrail]] service; previously [[Penn Central Railroad]], [[Pennsylvania Railroad]]
| first       = August 30, 1869<br />October 29, 1979 <small>(Amtrak)</small>
| last        = May 3, 1991
| successor   = 
| operator    = 
| formeroperator= [[Amtrak]]
| ridership   = 
| start       = [[Union Station (Chicago)|Chicago]]
| stops       = 7
| end         = [[Valparaiso station|Valparaiso]]
| distance    = {{convert|44|mi|km}}
| journeytime = 1 hour 20 minutes
| frequency   = Daily (weekdays only)
| trainnumber = 321, 324 (''Indiana Connection'')<br />322, 323 (''Calumet'')
| class       = 
| access      = 
| seating     = 
| sleeping    = 
| autorack    = 
| catering    = 
| observation = 
| entertainment= 
| baggage     = 
| otherfacilities= 
| stock       = 
| gauge       = {{RailGauge|ussg}}
| el          = 
| speed       = 
| owners      = 
| routenumber =
| map         = {{Amtrak Calumet}}
| map_state   = 
}}

The '''''Calumet''''', also commonly called the '''''Valpo Local''''', was a {{convert|43.6|mi|km|adj=on}} [[passenger train]] route operated by [[Amtrak]] between [[Chicago]] and [[Valparaiso, Indiana]].<ref name="chron1869" /> Despite Amtrak's mandate to provide only [[intercity rail|intercity service]], the ''Calumet'' was a [[commuter train]]. Transferred from [[Conrail]] in 1979, the full route was shared with Amtrak's ''[[Broadway Limited (Amtrak)|Broadway Limited]]'' until 1990; the ''Calumet'' was discontinued the next year.

==History==
[[File:PRR 8586 (GP7) at 75th and Skyway, Chicago, IL with an inbound Valparaiso Train on March 31, 1964 (28506385915).jpg|thumb|left|Valparaiso local train entering Chicago in 1964]]
{{Annotated image
| image = PCRR VALPO LOCAL 19721029.png
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| float = left
| annotations =       
| caption = October 1972 Penn Central timetable showing the Valparaiso local service
}}

The service first ran August&nbsp;30, 1869, by the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] on its [[Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway]], its main line from [[Pittsburgh]] west to [[Chicago]]. It was formally called the '''Chicago–Valparaiso Accommodation''', but was usually colloquially referred to as the "Valpo Local" or "The Dummy".<ref name="chron1869">{{Cite web |last=Baer |first=Christopher T. |title=PRR Chronology - 1869 |url=http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR1869%20June%2004.wd.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204033451/http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR1869%20June%2004.wd.pdf |archive-date=February 4, 2012}}</ref> From April&nbsp;1, 1871, until January&nbsp;1, 1920, the [[Pennsylvania Company]] operated the line.<ref name="corphist">{{Cite web |title=Corporate Genealogy - Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne & Chicago |url=http://broadway.pennsyrr.com/Rail/Prr/Corphist/pftw_c.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20020111202814/http://broadway.pennsyrr.com/Rail/Prr/Corphist/pftw_c.html# |archive-date=January 11, 2002 |publisher=[[Interstate Commerce Commission]]}}</ref> After that it returned to direct operation by the Pennsylvania Railroad until February&nbsp;1, 1968, when the PRR was merged into [[Penn Central Transportation]]. By that point, the route operated as a rush-hour commuter service,<ref>{{Dorin-Commuter|p=153}}</ref> with two trains traveling from Valparaiso to Chicago at 5:55&nbsp;AM and 6:35&nbsp;AM and two trains returning from Chicago to Valparaiso at 5:00&nbsp;PM and 5:40&nbsp;PM.

{{Chicago–Valparaiso Accommodation|collapsed=y}}
With the May 1, 1971, startup of [[Amtrak]], all Penn Central [[intercity train]]s were taken over by [[Amtrak]], but Penn Central continued to run commuter trains in several metropolitan areas, including the Valpo Local.

The [[bankrupt]] Penn Central merged into [[Conrail]] on April&nbsp;1, 1976, which continued operations until 1979, at which point [[Amtrak]] took over.<ref name="calumetends" /><ref name="metrafan">{{Cite web |title=Chicago Commuter Equipment from the Recent Past |url=http://hometown.aol.com/metrafan/ros70s.html}}{{unreliable source|date=April 2021}}</ref><!--did they name it then?--> The route was also served by the daily ''[[Broadway Limited (Amtrak)|Broadway Limited]]'' to [[New York City]], and on October&nbsp;1, 1981, the daily ''[[Capitol Limited (Amtrak)|Capitol Limited]]'' to [[Washington, DC]], began using it. At first the Valpo Local was served by two daily trains, the ''Calumet'' and the '''''Indiana Connection'''''; the ''Indiana Connection'' was discontinued first.

Due to Conrail's desire to abandon part of the former PRR main line, the ''Broadway Limited'' and ''Capitol Limited'' were rerouted respectively onto the former [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] and [[New York Central Railroad]] lines on November&nbsp;11, 1990, leaving about half of the ''Calumet'' route with no other service.<ref name="atlas">{{Cite magazine |last=Schafer |first=Mike |date=June 1991 |title=Amtrak's atlas |magazine=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]]}}</ref> Amtrak announced that it would discontinue the ''Calumet'' on December&nbsp;31.<ref name="visclosky">{{Cite web |last=Visclosky |first=Peter J. |date=September 18, 1990 |title=Keep Commuter Rail on Track |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r101:E19SE0-264: }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[U.S. Representative|Representative]] [[Peter J. Visclosky]] introduced a bill to require Amtrak to continue operations until July&nbsp;1, 1991 to allow time for the [[State of Indiana]] to consider [[subsidizing]] the route.<ref>http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c101:H.R.5660.IH: H.R. 5660]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The date was changed to May&nbsp;6 and the mandate was included in an amendment to the [[Independent Safety Board Act of 1974]], signed into law November&nbsp;28, 1990, by U.S. President [[George H. W. Bush]].<ref>[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d101:SN03012: S. 3012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704103614/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d101:SN03012: |date=July 4, 2016 }}</ref> Indiana decided not to pay the required $1.5&nbsp;million per year<ref name="subsidy">{{Cite news |date=November 22, 1990 |title=$1.5 million annually needed to keep Valpo-Chicago Amtrak |work=[[The Times of Northwest Indiana]] |url=https://groups.google.com/group/rec.railroad/browse_frm/thread/7f19517849363d79/fdb0e8f7c69d8e27?lnk=st&q=valparaiso+amtrak&rnum=3&hl=en#fdb0e8f7c69d8e27}}</ref> (equivalent to ${{format price|{{inflation|US|1500000|1991|disp=eq}}}} in {{inflation year|US}}) and the weekday-only ''Calumet'' last ran Friday, May&nbsp;3, 1991.<ref name="calumetends">{{Cite news |date=May 4, 1991 |title=Amtrak Ends Calumet Service |page=2 |work=The Star Press |location=[[Muncie, Indiana]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25629154/amtrak_calumet_may_4_1991/ |via=Newspapers.com |accessdate=January 12, 2019}} {{open access}}</ref><ref name="dummyup">{{Cite magazine |date=July 1991 |title=Arrivals and Departures |magazine=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]]}}</ref>

Commuter service from Chicago into northern Indiana is still provided by the [[South Shore Line (NICTD)|South Shore Line]], operated by the [[Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District]] over its own alignment, whose closest stop, [[Dune Park (NICTD)|Dune Park station]], is {{convert|15|mi}} from Valparaiso, closer to [[Lake Michigan]]. The [[ChicaGo Dash]] express bus to Chicago, which operates during weekday rush hours, has for its Valparaiso terminal a parking lot adjacent the former rail station.<ref name="VALPOtransit">{{Cite web |title=VALPOtransit |url=https://www.ci.valparaiso.in.us/488/Valparaiso-Transportation |access-date=January 24, 2017}}</ref><ref name="FranklinHouse">{{Cite web |title=Franklin House: About Us |url=https://franklinhousevalpo.com/about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104171155/http://franklinhousevalpo.com/about |archive-date=November 4, 2017 |access-date=January 24, 2017}}</ref>

On August&nbsp;1, 2004, the [[Chicago, Fort Wayne and Eastern Railroad]] started freight operations over the old route of the ''Calumet'' and beyond.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago Fort Wayne & Eastern |url=http://www.dhke.com/schs/schs233.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070923095238/http://www.dhke.com/schs/schs233.htm |archive-date=September 23, 2007 |website=Doug's Railroad Place}}{{unreliable source|date=April 2021}}</ref>

A study was conducted in 2017 to assess the return of service to Valparaiso, with the new service potentially running as far as Fort Wayne and northwest Ohio.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zorn |first=Tim |date=December 23, 2016 |title=Study to look at reviving rail passenger service to Chicago with stops in Valparaiso, Gary |work=[[Post-Tribune (Indiana newspaper)|Post-Tribune]]/[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/post-tribune/news/ct-ptb-new-train-service-bid-st-1227-20161223-story.html |access-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref>

==Station stops==
The ''Calumet'' and ''Indiana Connection'' were assigned numbers between 321 and 324, with odd numbers running westbound and even numbers eastbound. Trains made the following station stops (some of which closed prior to Amtrak's takeover of the route):<ref name="timetable">[http://web.me.com/willvdv/chirailfan/tt7pc.html March 3, 1971 and April 30, 1972 timetables]</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!State
!Municipality
!Station
!Notes
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Illinois]]
|rowspan=4|[[Chicago]]
|[[Chicago Union Station|Chicago]]
|
|-
|[[Englewood station (Chicago)|Englewood]]
|Closed 1973–74<!-- appears on April 29, 1973 timetable, but not October 27, 1975 -->
|-
|{{stn|South Chicago}}
|Closed 1950–55<!-- appears on August 6, 1950 timetable, but not October 30, 1955 -->
|-
|[[State Line station|State Line]]
|Closed 1972–73<!-- appears on October 29, 1972 timetable, but not April 29, 1973 -->
|-
|rowspan=11|[[Indiana]]
|[[Hammond, Indiana|Hammond]]
|[[Hammond–Whiting station|Hammond–Whiting]]
|Opened 1982
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Whiting, Indiana|Whiting]]
|[[Whiting station (Indiana)|Whiting]]
|
|-
|[[Standard station|Standard]]
|Closed 1972–73<!-- appears on October 29, 1972 timetable, but not April 29, 1973 -->
|-
|rowspan=2|[[East Chicago, Indiana|East Chicago]]
|[[Mahoning station|Mahoning]]
|Closed 1975<!-- appears on October 27, 1975 timetable, but not October 31, 1976 -->
|-
|[[Indiana Harbor station|Indiana Harbor]]
|
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Gary, Indiana|Gary]]
|[[Buffington station|Buffington]]
|Closed 1972–73<!-- appears on October 29, 1972 timetable, but not April 29, 1973 -->
|-
|[[Gary station (Pennsylvania Railroad)|Gary]]
|Located at 5th Ave. and Chase St.
|-
|[[Broadway station (Indiana)|Broadway]]
|
|-
|[[Hobart, Indiana|Hobart]]
|[[Hobart station (Indiana)|Hobart]]
|
|-
|[[Wheeler, Indiana|Wheeler]]
|[[Wheeler station (Indiana)|Wheeler]]
|
|-
|[[Valparaiso, Indiana|Valparaiso]]
|[[Valparaiso station|Valparaiso]]<ref name="FranklinHouse" />
|
|}

==See also==
* ''[[Michigan Executive]]'', another discontinued Amtrak commuter rail line

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Attached KML|display=inline,title}}
{{commons category multi|Valparaiso Local|Calumet (train)}}
*[http://www.timetables.org/browse/?group=19900401a&item=0052 1990 timetable]

{{PRR named trains}}
{{Former Amtrak routes}}
{{Public Transportation in Northern Indiana}}
{{Chicago Rail}}

[[Category:Former Amtrak routes]]
[[Category:Valparaiso, Indiana]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania Railroad west of Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:Transportation in Porter County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1869]]
[[Category:Passenger trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad]]
[[Category:Railway services discontinued in 1991]]
[[Category:Conrail]]
[[Category:Penn Central Transportation]]
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