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{{Short description|Legendary creature in Chinese mythology}}
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{{Infobox mythical creature
| name                =Chinese Dragon
| image               = Chinese dragon asset heraldry.svg
| caption             = The [[Azure Dragon]] depicted on the [[flag of the Qing dynasty]]
| Folklore            = [[Chinese mythology]]
| Grouping            = [[Legendary creature|Mythical creature]]
| Sub_Grouping        = [[Dragon]]
| AKA                 = 
| Country             = China
| Region              = 
| Details             = <!-- Any additional details -->
| First_Attested      = <!-- First attestation (in other words, source) -->
| Similar_entities    = 
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic      = Dragon (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap   = "Dragon" in [[oracle bone script]] (top left), [[Chinese bronze inscriptions|bronze script]] (top right), [[seal script]] (middle left), Traditional (middle right), Japanese new-style (''[[shinjitai]]'', bottom left), and Simplified (bottom right) Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.5
| t        = 龍
| s        = 龙
| p        = lóng
| bpmf     = ㄌㄨㄥˊ
| w        = {{Tone superscript|lung2}}
| mi       = {{IPAc-cmn|l|ong|2}}
| suz      = lón
| j        = {{Tone superscript|lung4}}
| y        = lùhng
| ci       = {{IPAc-yue|l|ung|4}}
| tl       = {{zhwb|lîng|liông}}
| oc-zz    = &ast;b·roŋ or &ast;mroːŋ
| oc-bs    = &ast;mə-roŋ
| mc       = lɨoŋ
| lmz      = {{Tone superscript|lon3}}
}}
The '''Chinese Dragon''', also known as the '''''loong''''', '''''long''''' or '''''lung''''' ({{zh|t=龍|s=龙|p=lóng}}), is a [[legendary creature]] in [[Chinese mythology]], [[Chinese folklore]], and [[Chinese culture]] at large. Chinese [[dragon]]s have many [[Outline of life forms|animal-like forms]] such as [[Bixi (mythology)|turtles]] and [[Chiwen|fish]], but are most commonly depicted as [[snake]]-like with four legs. [[Academician]]s have identified four reliable theories on the origin of the Chinese dragon: [[Snakes in Chinese mythology|snakes]], [[Chinese alligator]]s, [[thunder worship]] and [[nature worship]].{{sfn|Meccarelli|2021|pp=123–142}} They traditionally symbolize potent and [[wikt:auspicious|auspicious]] powers, particularly control over water.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last1=Carlson |first1=Kathie |title=The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images |last2=Flanagin |first2=Michael N. |last3=Martin |first3=Kathleen |last4=Martin |first4=Mary E. |last5=Mendelsohn |first5=John |last6=Rodgers |first6=Priscilla Young |last7=Ronnberg |first7=Ami |last8=Salman |first8=Sherry |last9=Wesley |first9=Deborah A. |collaboration=Authors |publisher=[[Taschen]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-8365-1448-4 |editor-last=Arm |editor-first=Karen |location=Köln |pages=48 |editor-last2=Ueda |editor-first2=Kako |editor-last3=Thulin |editor-first3=Anne |editor-last4=Langerak |editor-first4=Allison |editor-last5=Kiley |editor-first5=Timothy Gus |editor-last6=Wolff |editor-first6=Mary}}</ref>

== Symbolism ==
[[File:三星堆-青铜龙 Sanxingdui bronze Chinese dragon.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.65|Bronze dragon from [[Sanxingdui]], [[Shang dynasty]]]]
[[File:Dinastia zhou occ.le, drago decorativo in giada, 770-256 ac. ca..JPG|thumb|Jade dragon, [[Zhou dynasty]]]]
[[File:Dragon Pendant, Eastern Zhou dynasty or Warring States period, c 4th 3rd century BC.jpg|thumb|Jade dragon pendants, [[Zhou dynasty]]]]
[[File:明皇家琉璃龙纹瓦当.jpg|thumb|Dragon imagery on an eaves-tile]]
[[File:Coffin board with dragon engraving.jpg|thumb|Dragon carving on a tomb, [[Liao dynasty]] (916–1125)]]
[[File:Song Dynasty Stone Sutra Pillar, Dali Kingdom (9965032676).jpg|thumb|Dragon decoration at the base of a pillar, [[Song dynasty]]]]
Historically, the Chinese dragon was associated with the [[emperor of China]] and used as a symbol to represent imperial power. The founder of the [[Han dynasty]] [[Liu Bang]] claimed that he was conceived after his mother dreamt of a dragon.<ref name="identity">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7AL_qGOBsYC&pg=PA77 |title=The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan |first= Frank |last=Dikötter |pages=76–77 |publisher=C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd |date=10 November 1997|isbn= 978-1850652878}}</ref> During the [[Tang dynasty]], emperors wore robes with dragon motif as an imperial symbol, and high officials might also be presented with dragon robes. In the [[Yuan dynasty]], the two-horned, five-clawed dragon was designated for use by the [[Son of Heaven]] or emperor only, while the four-clawed dragon was used by the princes and nobles.<ref name="komaroff"/> Similarly, during the Ming and [[Qing dynasty]], the five-clawed dragon was strictly reserved for use by the emperor only. The dragon in the [[Qing dynasty]] appeared on the [[Flag of the Qing dynasty|first Chinese national flag]].<ref name="Sleeboom">Sleeboom, Margaret  (2004). ''Academic Nations in China and Japan Framed in concepts of Nature, Culture and the Universal''. Routledge publishing. {{ISBN|0-415-31545-X}}</ref>

The dragon is sometimes used in the West as a [[national emblem]] of [[China]] though such use is not commonly seen in the People's Republic of China or the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]]. Instead, it is generally used as the symbol of culture. In [[Hong Kong]], the dragon was a component of the [[coat of arms of Hong Kong|coat of arms]] under British rule. It was later to become a feature of the design of [[Brand Hong Kong]], a government promotional symbol.<ref>[http://www.brandhk.gov.hk/brandhk/eview.htm "Brand Overview"], Brand Hong Kong, 09-2004 Retrieved 23 February 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223104613/http://www.brandhk.gov.hk/brandhk/eview.htm |date=23 December 2008}}</ref>

The Chinese dragon has very different connotations from the [[European dragon]] – in European cultures, the dragon is a fire-breathing creature with aggressive connotations, whereas the Chinese dragon is a spiritual and cultural symbol that represents prosperity and good luck, as well as a rain deity that fosters harmony. It was reported that the [[People's Republic of China|Chinese government]] decided against using the dragon as its official [[2008 Summer Olympics]] mascot because of the aggressive connotations that dragons have outside of China and chose more "friendly" symbols instead.<ref name="Chinese Prefer Dragon">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6171963.stm "Fiery Debate Over China's Dragon"], BBC News, an article covering China's decision not to use a dragon mascot and the resulting disappointment.</ref>
Sometimes Chinese people use the term "[[Han Chinese|Descendants of the Dragon]]" ({{zh|t={{linktext|龍|的|傳|人}}|s={{linktext|龙|的|传|人}}}}) as a sign of ethnic identity, as part of a trend started in the 1970s when different Asian nationalities were looking for animal symbols as representations. for example, the wolf may be used by the [[Mongols]] as it is considered to be their legendary ancestor.<ref name="identity"/><ref name="Sleeboom" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.upenn.edu/coursepages/hist086/material/Mongols1.html |title=The Mongolian Message |access-date=28 November 2016 |archive-date=13 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613184640/http://www.history.upenn.edu/coursepages/hist086/material/Mongols1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== State usage ===

The dragon was the symbol of the Chinese emperor for many dynasties. During the [[Qing dynasty]], the [[Azure Dragon]] was featured on the first Chinese national flag. It was featured again on the [[Twelve Symbols national emblem]], which was used during the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], from 1913 to 1928.
{{gallery|noborder=yes|whitebg=no|width=120|height=120
|File:Yuan Jade Seal 01.jpg|Imperial jade seal, [[Yuan dynasty]] (1271–1368)
|File:Ming Jade Seal 01.jpg|Jade seal, [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644)
|File:Flag of China (1889–1912).svg|[[Flag of the Qing dynasty]], 1889–1912
|File:Flag of CER (1897).svg|Flag of the [[Chinese Eastern Railway]], 1897–1915
|File:Flag of the Commissioner of Weihaiwei (1899-1903).svg|Flag of the commissioner of [[Weihaiwei under British rule|Weihaiwei]] with the Chinese dragon in the center, 1899–1903
|File:Twelve Symbols national emblem of China.svg|State emblem of [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], 1913–1928
|File:Coat of arms of Hong Kong (1959-1997).svg|A golden Chinese dragon supported the colonial [[Emblem of Hong Kong|arms of Hong Kong]] to the right until its abandonment in 1997.
|File:Coat of arms of Portuguese Macau (1976-1999).svg|A yellow Chinese dragon carried a shield, emblazoned like those depicted on the arms of Portugal, in the [[Emblem of Macau|coat of arms of Macau]] under the colonial government until 1999.
}}

The [[Vietnamese dragon|dragon]] has been used as a state symbol in [[Vietnam]]. During the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], the dragon was featured on the imperial standards. It was also featured on the coats of arms of the [[State of Vietnam]], and later [[South Vietnam]].
{{gallery|noborder=yes|whitebg=no|width=120|height=120
|file:King of Nanyue imperial seal knob top.jpg|A gold dragon [[seal knob]] of the King of Nanyue of [[Zhao Mo]] of the [[Nanyue|Nanyue Kingdom]]
|File:Imperial Standard of Nguyen Dynasty1.svg|Imperial standard of emperors [[Khải Định]] and [[Bảo Đại]], 1922–1945
|File:Imperial Flag of Annam.svg|Imperial pennon of Nguyễn dynasty, 1802–1945
|File:Pennon of the Nguyễn dynasty.svg|Vertical imperial pennon of Nguyễn dynasty
|File:Coat of arms of Annam - S.M. Bao Daï, Le Dragon d'Annam (1980) Bảo Đại (保大).svg|Personal arms of Bảo Đại
|File:Quốc huy Quốc gia Việt Nam (國徽國家越南).svg|Coat of arms of the State of Vietnam, 1954–1955
|File:Flag of Bao Dai (1948-1955).svg|Personal standard of Bảo Đại as the Chief of State of Vietnam, 1948–1955
|File:Flag of the Vietnamese National Army.svg|Flag of the [[Vietnamese National Army]], with a dragon in each corner
|File:Coat of arms of the Republic of Vietnam (1963–1975).svg|The Chinese dragon was used as the supporter of the coat of arms of South Vietnam, 1967–1975
}}

== Worship ==
{{Main|Longshen}}
[[File:Jietai Temple Double Dragon Statue.jpg|thumb|Marble statue of double dragons at [[Jietai Temple]]]]

=== Origin ===
The ancient Chinese self-identified as "the gods of the dragon" because the Chinese dragon is an imagined reptile that represents evolution from the ancestors and ''[[qi]]'' energy.<ref name="Zai 2015">Dr Zai, J. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-WzMCQAAQBAJ ''Taoism and Science: Cosmology, Evolution, Morality, Health and more'']. Ultravisum, 2015.</ref> Dragon-like motifs of a [[zoomorphic]] composition in reddish-brown stone have been found at the Chahai site (Liaoning) in the Xinglongwa culture (6200–5400 BC).{{sfn|Meccarelli|2021|pp=123–142}}
The presence of dragons within Chinese culture dates back several thousands of years with the discovery of a dragon statue dating back to the fifth millennium BC from the [[Yangshao culture]] in Henan in 1987,<ref>{{cite book|author=Howard Giskin and Bettye S. Walsh|title=An introduction to Chinese culture through the family|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|year=2001|isbn=0-7914-5047-3|page=126}}</ref> and jade badges of rank in coiled form have been excavated from the [[Hongshan culture]] {{Circa|4700}}–2900 BC.<ref>[http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_sl01.htm "Teaching Chinese Archeology"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211223345/http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_sl01.htm |date=11 February 2008}}, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.</ref> Some of the earliest Dragon artifacts are the [[pig dragon]] carvings from the [[Hongshan culture]].

The coiled dragon or snake form played an important role in early Chinese culture. The character for "dragon" in the earliest [[Chinese character|Chinese writing]] has a similar coiled form, as do later jade dragon amulets from the Shang period.<ref>Salviati, Filippo (2002). ''The Language of Adornment: Chinese Ornaments of Jade, Crystal, Amber and Glass'', Fig. 17. Ten Speed Press. {{ISBN|1-58008-587-3}}.</ref>

Ancient Chinese referred to unearthed dinosaur bones as [[dragon bones]] and documented them as such. For example, [[Chang Qu]] in 300 BC documents the discovery of "dragon bones" in [[Sichuan]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Dong Zhiming|year=1992|title=Dinosaurian Faunas of China|publisher=China Ocean Press, Beijing|isbn=3-540-52084-8|oclc=26522845|author-link=Dong Zhiming}}</ref> The modern Chinese term for dinosaur is written as {{Lang-zh |t=恐龍 |s=恐龙 |p=kǒnglóng |first=t |labels=no }} ('terror dragon'), and villagers in central China have long unearthed fossilized "dragon bones" for use in traditional medicines, a practice that continues today.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dinosaur bones 'used as medicine' |work=[[BBC News Online]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6276948.stm |access-date=6 July 2007 |date=6 July 2007 }}</ref>

The [[binomial name]] for a variety of dinosaurs discovered in China, ''[[Mei long]]'', in Chinese ({{lang|zh|[[:wikt:寐|寐 mèi]]}} and {{lang|zh|[[:wikt:龙|龙 lóng]]}}) means 'sleeping dragon'. Fossilized remains of Mei long have been found in China in a sleeping and coiled form, with the dinosaur nestling its snout beneath one of its forelimbs while encircling its tail around its entire body.<ref name="Xu&Norell2004">{{cite journal |last1=Hopkin |first1=Michael |title=Fossil dinosaur slept like a bird |journal=Nature |date=13 October 2004 |doi=10.1038/news041011-7 }}</ref>

=== In mythology ===
[[File:契丹冠 01.jpg|thumb|Dragon crown, [[Liao dynasty]]]]
From its origins as totems or the stylized depiction of natural creatures, the Chinese dragon evolved to become a mythical animal. The [[Han dynasty]] scholar [[Wang Fu (philosopher)|Wang Fu]] recorded Chinese myths that ''long'' dragons had nine anatomical resemblances.<blockquote>The people paint the dragon's shape with a horse's head and a snake's tail. Further, there are expressions such as 'three joints' and 'nine resemblances' (of the dragon), to wit: from head to shoulder, from shoulder to breast, and from breast to tail. These are the joints; as to the nine resemblances, they are the following: his antlers resemble those of a stag, his head that of a camel, his eyes those of a demon, his neck that of a snake, his belly that of a clam ([[shen (clam-monster)|''shen'']], {{lang|zh|蜃}}), his scales those of a [[carp]], his claws those of an eagle, his soles those of a tiger, his ears those of a cow. Upon his head, he has a thing like a broad eminence (a big lump), called &#91;''chimu''&#93; ({{lang|zh|尺木}}). If a dragon has no &#91;''chimu''&#93;, he cannot ascend to the sky.{{sfn|Visser|1913|p=70}}</blockquote>

Further sources give variant lists of the nine animal resemblances. Sinologist {{illm|Henri Doré|fr}} lists these characteristics of an authentic dragon: "The antlers of a deer. The head of a crocodile. A demon's eyes. The neck of a snake. A tortoise's [[viscera]]. A hawk's claws. The palms of a tiger. A cow's ears. And it hears through its horns, its ears being deprived of all power of hearing". He notes that, "Others state it has a rabbit's eyes, a frog's belly, a carp's scales".{{sfn|Doré|1917|p=681}}

[[File:Guimet porcelana china 02.JPG|thumb|upright|left |Yellow dragon on a black vase, [[Yuan dynasty]]]]
Chinese dragons were considered to be physically concise. Of the 117 scales, 81 are of the yang essence (positive) while 36 are of the yin essence (negative). Initially, the dragon was benevolent, wise, and just, but the Buddhists introduced the concept of malevolent influence among some dragons. Just as water destroys, they said, so can some dragons destroy via floods, tidal waves, and storms. They suggested that some of the worst floods were believed to have been the result of a mortal upsetting a dragon.

Many pictures of Chinese dragons show a [[Eight Treasures|flaming pearl]] under their chin or in their claws. The pearl is associated with spiritual energy, wisdom, prosperity, power, immortality, thunder, or the moon. Chinese art often depicts a pair of dragons chasing or fighting over a flaming pearl.

Chinese dragons are occasionally depicted with bat-like wings growing out of the front limbs, but most do not have wings, as their ability to fly (and control rain/water, etc.) is mystical and not seen as a result of their physical attributes.

[[File:Kesi fragment with dragon design on purple ground, China, Yuan dynasty, 1200s-1300s AD, textile - Tokyo National Museum - Tokyo, Japan - DSC08441.jpg|thumb|upright |Textile with dragon design, [[Yuan dynasty]]]]
This description accords with the artistic depictions of the dragon down to the present day. The dragon has also acquired an almost unlimited range of supernatural powers. It is said to be able to disguise itself as a [[Bombyx mori|silkworm]], or become as large as our entire universe. It can fly among the clouds or hide in water (according to the ''Guanzi''). It can form clouds, turn into water, change color as an ability to blend in with their surroundings, and be an effective form of camouflage or glow in the dark (according to the ''[[Shuowen Jiezi]]'').

In many other countries, folktales speak of the dragon having all the attributes of the other 11 creatures of the zodiac, this includes the [[whiskers]] of the [[Rat (zodiac)|Rat]], the face and horns of the [[Ox (zodiac)|Ox]], the claws and teeth of the [[Tiger (zodiac)|Tiger]], the belly of the [[Rabbit (zodiac)|Rabbit]], the body of the [[Snake (zodiac)|Snake]], the legs of the [[Horse (zodiac)|Horse]], the [[goatee]] of the [[Goat (zodiac)|Goat]], the wit of the [[Monkey (zodiac)|Monkey]], the [[Crest (feathers)|crest]] of the [[Rooster (zodiac)|Rooster]], the ears of the [[Dog (zodiac)|Dog]], and the snout of the [[Pig (zodiac)|Pig]].

In some circles,{{Among whom|date=February 2024}} it is considered bad luck to depict a dragon facing downward, as it is seen as disrespectful to place a dragon in such a manner that it cannot ascend to the sky. Also, depictions of dragons in [[tattoo]]s are prevalent as they are symbols of strength and power, especially criminal organisations where dragons hold a meaning all on their own. As such, it is believed that one must be fierce and strong enough, hence earning the right to wear the dragon on his skin, lest his luck be consumed by the dragons.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}}

According to an art historian [[John Boardman (art historian)|John Boardman]], depictions of Chinese Dragon and Indian [[Makara]] might have been influenced by ''[[Cetus (mythology)|Kētos]]'' in [[Greek mythology]] possibly after contact with silk-road images of the ''Kētos'' as Chinese dragon appeared more reptilian and shifted head-shape afterwards.<ref>{{cite book |last=Boardman |first=John |author-link=John Boardman (art historian) |date=2015 |title=The Greeks in Asia |publisher=Thames and Hudson |isbn=978-0500252130}}</ref>

=== Rule over weather and water ===
[[File:Golden canteen with dragon, Ming Dynasty.jpg|thumb|upright|A dragon seen floating among clouds, on a golden canteen made during the 15th century, [[Ming dynasty]]]]
Chinese dragons are strongly associated with water and weather in popular religion. They are believed to be the rulers of moving bodies of water, such as waterfalls, rivers, or seas. The Dragon god is the dispenser of rain as well as the zoomorphic representation of the ''[[yin and yang|yang]]'' masculine power of generation.{{sfnb|Tom|1989|p=55}} In this capacity as the rulers of water and weather, the dragon is more [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] in form, often depicted as a humanoid, dressed in a king's costume, but with a dragon head wearing a king's headdress.

There are four major [[Dragon King]]s, representing each of the [[Four Seas]]: the East Sea (corresponding to the [[East China Sea]]), the South Sea (corresponding to the [[South China Sea]]), the West Sea (sometimes seen as the [[Qinghai Lake]] and beyond), and the North Sea (sometimes seen as [[Lake Baikal]]).

Because of this association, they are seen as "in charge" of water-related weather phenomena. In premodern times, many Chinese villages (especially those close to rivers and seas) had temples dedicated to their local "dragon king". In times of drought or flooding, it was customary for the local gentry and government officials to lead the community in offering sacrifices and conducting other religious rites to appease the dragon, either to ask for rain or a cessation thereof.

The King of [[Wuyue]] in the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]] period was often known as the "[[Dragon King]]" or the "Sea Dragon King" because of his extensive hydro-engineering schemes which "tamed" the sea.

In coastal regions of China, Korea, Vietnam, traditional legends and worshipping of [[whale]]s (whale gods) as the guardians of people on the sea have been referred to Dragon Kings after the arrival of Buddhism.<ref>李 善愛, 1999, 護る神から守られる神へ : 韓国とベトナムの鯨神信仰を中心に, pp.195-212, 国立民族学博物館調査報告 Vol.149</ref>

=== Symbol of imperial authority ===
{{Main|Yellow Dragon}}
[[File:MET DP12019.jpg|thumb|upright|Double dragons on a piece of textile, [[Qing dynasty]]]]
[[File:A047.jpg|thumb|left|Bronze dragon, [[Qing dynasty]]]]
According to Chinese legend, both Chinese primogenitors, the earliest [[Shennong|Door]] and the [[Yellow Emperor]] (Huangdi), were closely related to 'Long' (Chinese dragon). At the end of his reign, the first legendary ruler, the Yellow Emperor, was said to have been immortalized into a dragon that resembled his emblem, and ascended to Heaven. The other legendary ruler, the Yan Emperor, was born by his mother's telepathy with a mythical dragon. Since the Chinese consider the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor as their ancestors, they sometimes refer to themselves as "''the descendants of the dragon''". This legend also contributed towards the use of the Chinese dragon as a symbol of [[Imperial era of Chinese history|imperial]] power.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}}

Dragons (usually with five claws on each foot) were a symbol for the emperor in many [[Chinese dynasties]]. During the Qing dynasty, the imperial dragon was colored yellow or gold, and during the Ming dynasty it was red.<ref>Hayes, L. (1923). ''[https://archive.org/stream/chinesedragon00hayeuoft#page/n7/mode/2up The Chinese Dragon]''. Shanghai, China: Commercial Press Ltd.</ref> The imperial throne was referred to as the ''[[Dragon Throne]]''. During the late Qing dynasty, the dragon was even adopted as the [[List of Chinese flags#Historical Communist States|national flag]]. Dragons are featured in carvings on the stairs and walkways of imperial palaces and imperial tombs, such as at the [[Forbidden City]] in [[Beijing]].

In some Chinese legends, an emperor might be born with a [[birthmark]] in the shape of a dragon. For example, one legend tells the tale of a peasant born with a dragon birthmark who eventually overthrows the existing dynasty and founds a new one; another legend might tell of the prince in hiding from his enemies who is identified by his dragon birthmark.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

In contrast, the [[List of Chinese consorts|empress of China]] was often identified with the [[Fenghuang|Chinese phoenix]].

=== Modern practice ===
Worship of the Dragon god is celebrated throughout China with sacrifices and processions during the fifth and sixth moons, and especially on the date of his birthday the thirteenth day of the sixth moon.{{sfnb|Tom|1989|p=55}} A folk religious movement of [[associations of good-doing]] in modern [[Hebei]] is primarily devoted to a generic Dragon god whose icon is a tablet with his name inscribed, for which it has been named the "movement of the Dragon Tablet".<ref>Zhiya Hua. ''Dragon's Name: A Folk Religion in a Village in South-Central Hebei Province''. Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2013. {{ISBN|7208113297}}</ref>

== Depictions ==

=== Neolithic ===
[[File:C-shaped jade dragon.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The C-shaped jade totem of [[Hongshan culture]] (c. 4700–2920 B.C.)]]
[[File:Warring States-Han Jade Dragon 29.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jade]]-carved dragon ornament from the [[Warring States period]] (403–221 BC).]]
[[File:Configuration of Bird, Dragon, and Snake, China, Warring States period, 4th-3rd century BC, nephrite - Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University - DSC00754.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Jade dragon, [[Warring States period]]]]

Dragons or dragon-like depictions have been found extensively in neolithic-period archaeological sites throughout China. Some of earliest depictions of dragons were found at [[Xinglongwa culture]] sites. [[Yangshao culture]] sites in [[Xi'an]] have produced clay pots with dragon motifs. A burial site [[Xishuipo]] in [[Puyang]] which is associated with the Yangshao culture shows a large dragon mosaic made out of clam shells.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMfOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |title= The Dragon in the Cockpit: How Western Aviation Concepts Conflict with Chinese Value Systems |author=Hung-Sying Jing |author2=Allen Batteau |page=83 |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn= 978-1317035299}}</ref> The [[Liangzhu culture]] also produced dragon-like patterns. The [[Hongshan culture]] sites in present-day [[Inner Mongolia]] produced jade dragon objects in the form of [[pig dragon]]s which are the first 3-dimensional representations of Chinese dragons.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3h2KfXoOPYC&pg=PA46 |title=Atlas of World Art|author= John Onians |page=46|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|date=26 April 2004|isbn= 978-1856693776}}</ref>

One such early form was the pig dragon. It is a coiled, elongated creature with a head resembling a [[boar]].<ref>[http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/china1999/037_010.htm "Jade coiled dragon, Hongshan Culture (c. 4700–2920 B.C.)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313003502/http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/china1999/037_010.htm |date=13 March 2007}}, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Retrieved 23 February 2007.</ref> The character for "dragon" in the earliest [[Chinese character|Chinese writing]] has a similar coiled form, as do later [[jade]] dragon [[amulet]]s from the [[Shang dynasty]]. A snake-like dragon body painted on red pottery wares was discovered at Taosi (Shanxi) from the second phase of the Longshan Culture, and a dragon-like object coated with approximately 2000 pieces of turquoise and jade was discovered at Erlitou.{{sfn|Meccarelli|2021|pp=123–142}}

=== Classical era ===
[[File:Chinese silk, 4th Century BC.JPG|thumb|right|Detail of an embroidered silk gauze ritual garment from a 4th-century BC [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou era]] tomb at Mashan, [[Hubei]] province, China. The flowing, curvilinear design incorporates dragons, phoenixes, and tigers.]]
[[File:Qin State Warring States-Qin Dynasty Bronze Dragon (46740307754).jpg|thumb|[[Qin dynasty]] twin bronze dragons, found near the [[Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor]].]]
[[File:Tomb tile with dragon and warrior.jpg|thumb|[[Western Han dynasty]] tomb mural of a warrior on a dragon, found in Luoyang.]]
[[File:邓县南朝画像砖青龙.jpg|thumb|[[Liu Song dynasty]] stone-relief of a winged dragon]]
Chinese literature and myths refer to many dragons besides the famous ''long''. The linguist Michael Carr analyzed over 100 ancient dragon names attested in [[Chinese classic texts]].<ref name="Carr">Carr, Michael. 1990. [http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/carr1990chinese.pdf "Chinese Dragon Names"], ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' 13.2:87–189. He classified them into seven categories: Rain-dragons, Flying-dragons, Snake-dragons, Wug-dragons [''wug'' refers to "worms, bugs, and small reptiles"], Crocodile-dragons, Hill-dragons, and Miscellaneous dragons.</ref> Many such Chinese names derive from the [[suffix]] -''long'':
*''[[Tianlong]]'' ({{zh|c=天龍|p=tiānlóng|w=t'ien-lung|l=heavenly dragon|cy=tīn lùhng|j=tin1 lung4|labels=no}}), celestial dragon that guards heavenly palaces and pulls divine chariots; also a name for the constellation [[Draco (constellation)|Draco]]
*''[[Shenlong]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=神龍|p=shénlóng|w=shen-lung|l=god dragon|j=san4 lung4|cy=sàhn lùhng}}), thunder god that controls the weather, appearance of a human head, dragon's body, and drum-like stomach
*''[[Fuzanglong]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=伏藏龍|p=fúcánglóng|w=fu-ts'ang-lung|l=hidden treasure dragon|j=fuk6 zong6 lung4|cy=fuhk johng lùhng}}), underworld guardian of precious metals and jewels, associated with volcanoes
*''[[Dilong]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=地龍|p=dìlóng|w=ti-lung|l=earth dragon|j=dei6 lung4|cy=deih lùhng}}), controller of rivers and seas; also a name for [[earthworm]]
*''[[Yinglong]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=應龍|p=yìnglóng|w=ying-lung|l=responding dragon|j=jing3 lung4|cy=yīng lùhng}}), winged dragon associated with rains and floods, used by [[Yellow Emperor]] to kill [[Chi You]]
*''[[Jiaolong]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=蛟龍|p=jiāolóng|w=chiao-lung|l=crocodile dragon|j=gaau1 lung4|cy=gāau lùhng}}), hornless or scaled dragon, leader of all aquatic animals
*''[[Panlong (mythology)|Panlong]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=蟠龍|p=pánlóng|w=p'an-lung|l=coiled dragon|j=pun4 lung4|cy=pùhn lùhng}}), lake dragon that has not ascended to heaven
*''[[Huanglong (mythology)|Huanglong]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=黃龍|p=huánglóng|w=huang-lung|l=yellow dragon|j=wong4 lung4|cy=wòhng lùhng}}), hornless dragon symbolizing the emperor
*''[[Feilong (mythology)|Feilong]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=飛龍|p=fēilóng|w=fei-lung|l=flying dragon|cy=fēi lùhng|j=fei1 lung4}}), winged dragon that rides on clouds and mist; also a name for [[Feilongus|a genus of pterosaur]] (compare [[Feilong]] kick and [[Fei Long]] character)
*''Qinglong'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=青龍|p=qīnglóng|w=ch'ing-lung|l=[[Azure Dragon]]|j=cing1 lung4|cy=chīng lùhng}}), the animal associated with the East in the Chinese [[Four Symbols (Chinese constellation)|Four Symbols]], mythological creatures in the [[Chinese constellations]]
*''[[Qiulong]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=虯龍|p=qíulóng|w=ch'iu-lung|l=curling dragon|j=kau4 lung4|cy=kàuh lùhng}}), contradictorily defined as both "horned dragon" and "hornless dragon"
*''[[Zhulong (mythology)|Zhulong]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=燭龍|p=zhúlóng|w=chu-lung|l=torch dragon|j=zuk1 lung4|cy=jūk lùhng}}) or ''Zhuyin'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=燭陰|p=zhúyīn|w=chu-yin|l=illuminating darkness|j=zuk1 jam1|cy=jūk yām}}) was a giant red draconic [[solar deity]] in [[Chinese mythology]]. It supposedly had a human's face and snake's body, created day and night by opening and closing its eyes, and created seasonal winds by breathing. (Note that this ''zhulong'' is different from the similarly named Vermilion Dragon or the [[Pig dragon]])
*''[[Chi (mythology)|Chilong]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=螭龍 or 魑龍|p=chīlóng|w=ch'ih-lung|l=demon dragon|j=ci1 lung4|cy=chī lùhng}}), a hornless dragon or mountain demon
Fewer Chinese dragon names derive from the [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] ''long''-:
*''[[Longwang]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=龍王|p=lóngwáng|w=lung-wang|l=[[Dragon King]]s|j=lung4 wong4|cy=lùhng wòhng}}) divine rulers of the Four Seas
*''[[Longma]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=龍馬|p=lóngmǎ|w=lung-ma|l=dragon horse|cy=lùhng máh|j=lung4 maa5}}), emerged from the Luo River and revealed [[ba gua]] to [[Fu Xi]]

Some additional Chinese dragons are not named with ''long'' {{lang|zh|龍}}, for instance,
*[[Hong (rainbow-dragon)|Hong]] ({{zh|labels=no|c=虹|p=hóng|w=hung|l=rainbow|j=hung4|cy=hùhng}}), a two-headed dragon or [[rainbow serpent]]
*[[Shen (clam-monster)|Shen]] ({{zh|labels=no|c=蜃|p=shèn|w=shen|l=giant clam|j=san4|cy=sàhn}}), a [[shapeshifting]] dragon or [[sea monster]] believed to create [[mirage]]s
*''[[Bashe]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=巴蛇|p=bāshé|w=pa-she|l=ba snake|j=baa1 se4|cy=bā sèh}}) was a giant python-like dragon that ate elephants
*''[[Teng (mythology)|Teng]]'' ({{zh|labels=no|s=螣|t=螣|p=téng|w=t'eng|c=螣|j=tang4|cy=tàhng}}) or ''Tengshe'' ({{zh|labels=no|s=腾蛇|t=騰蛇|p=téngshé|w=t'eng-she|j=tang4 se4|cy=tàhng sèh}}; lit. "soaring snake") is a flying dragon without legs

Chinese scholars have classified dragons in diverse systems. For instance, [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Emperor Huizong]] of the [[Song dynasty]] canonized five colored dragons as "kings".
*The Azure Dragon &#91;''Qinglong'' {{lang|zh|青龍}}&#93; spirits, most compassionate kings.
*The Vermilion Dragon &#91;''Zhulong'' {{lang|zh|朱龍}} or ''Chilong'' {{lang|zh|赤龍}}&#93; spirits, kings that bestow blessings on lakes.
*The Yellow Dragon &#91;''Huanglong'' {{lang|zh|黃龍}}&#93; spirits, kings that favorably hear all petitions.
*The White Dragon &#91;''Bailong'' {{lang|zh|白龍}}&#93; spirits, virtuous and pure kings.
*The Black Dragon &#91;''Xuanlong'' {{lang|zh|玄龍}} or ''Heilong'' {{lang|zh|黑龍}}&#93; spirits, kings dwelling in the depths of the mystic waters.<ref>Adapted from {{harvnb|Doré|1917}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xr4sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA682 p. 682].</ref>
With the addition of the Yellow Dragon of the center to Azure Dragon of the East, these Vermilion, White, and Black Dragons coordinate with the Four Symbols, including the [[Vermilion Bird]] of the South, [[White Tiger (Chinese constellation)|White Tiger]] of the West, and [[Black Tortoise]] of the North.

Dragons were varyingly thought to be able to control and embody various natural elements in their "mythic form" such as "[[water]], air, earth, [[fire]], light, wind, storm, [and] electricity".<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Carlson |first1=Kathie |title=The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images |last2=Flanagin |first2=Michael N. |last3=Martin |first3=Kathleen |last4=Martin |first4=Mary E. |last5=Mendelsohn |first5=John |last6=Rodgers |first6=Priscilla Young |last7=Ronnberg |first7=Ami |last8=Salman |first8=Sherry |last9=Wesley |first9=Deborah A. |collaboration=Authors |publisher=[[Taschen]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-8365-1448-4 |editor-last=Arm |editor-first=Karen |location=Köln |pages=704 |editor-last2=Ueda |editor-first2=Kako |editor-last3=Thulin |editor-first3=Anne |editor-last4=Langerak |editor-first4=Allison |editor-last5=Kiley |editor-first5=Timothy Gus |editor-last6=Wolff |editor-first6=Mary}}</ref> Some dragons who were able to breathe fire were thought to be exiled from ''tiān'' and banished to [[Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hua |first=Sara Lynn |date=2016-06-28 |title=Difference Between A Chinese Dragon and A Western Dragon |url=https://blog.tutorabcchinese.com/expats/chinese-dragon-western-difference-lucky |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=TutorABC Chinese China Expats & Culture Blog |language=en}}</ref>

=== Nine sons of the dragon ===
{{Main|Nine sons of the dragon}}
[[File:Yangzhou - Wudang Palace - bell - pulao - P1070199.JPG|thumb|''Pulao'' on a bell in Wudang Palace, [[Yangzhou]]]]
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[[Image:LugouQiao-Qianlong-bridge-rebuilding-stele-3610.JPG|thumb|[[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong era]] ''[[Bixi]]'' near [[Marco Polo Bridge]], Beijing]]
Several [[Ming dynasty]] texts list what were claimed as the Nine Offspring of the Dragon ({{lang|zh|龍生九子}}), and subsequently these feature prominently in popular Chinese stories and writings. The scholar {{ill|Xie Zhaozhe|zh|謝肇淛}} (1567–1624) in his work ''Wu Za Zu'' {{ill|Wuzazu|zh|五雜俎}} (c. 1592) gives the following listing, as rendered by M.W. de Visser:
<blockquote>A well-known work of the end of the sixteenth century, the ''Wuzazu'' {{lang|zh|{{linktext|五雜俎}}}}, informs us about the nine different young of the dragon, whose shapes are used as ornaments according to their nature.
*The &#91;''[[pulao (dragon)|pú láo]]'' {{lang|zh|{{linktext|蒲牢}}}}&#93;, four leg small form dragon class which like to scream, are represented on the tops of bells, serving as handles.
*The &#91;''qiú niú'' {{lang|zh|{{linktext|囚牛}}}}&#93;, which like music, are used to adorn musical instruments.
*The &#91;''[[Chiwen|chī wěn]]'' {{lang|zh|{{linktext|蚩吻}}}}&#93;, which like swallowing, are placed on both ends of the ridgepoles of roofs (to swallow all evil influences).
*The &#91;''cháo fēng'' {{lang|zh|{{linktext|嘲風}}}}&#93;, beasts-like dragon which like adventure, are placed on the four corners of roofs.
*The &#91;''yá zì'' {{lang|zh|{{linktext|睚眦}}}}&#93;, which like to kill, are engraved on sword guards.
*The &#91;''xì xì'' {{lang|zh|{{linktext|屓屭}}}}&#93;, which have the shape of the [''chī hǔ'' {{lang|zh|{{linktext|螭虎}}}} (One kind small form dragon)&#93;, and are fond of literature, are represented on the sides of grave-monuments.
*The &#91;''bì àn'' {{lang|zh|{{linktext|狴犴}}}}&#93;, which like litigation, are placed over prison gates (in order to keep guard).
*The &#91;''suān ní'' {{lang|zh|{{linktext|狻猊}}}}&#93;, which like to sit down, are represented upon the bases of Buddhist idols (under the Buddhas' or Bodhisattvas' feet).
*The &#91;''[[Bixi (mythology)|bì xì]]'' {{lang|zh|{{linktext|贔屭}}}}&#93;, also known as &#91;''bà xià'' {{lang|zh|{{linktext|霸下}}}}&#93;, finally, big tortoises which like to carry heavy objects, are placed under grave-monuments.

Further, the same author enumerates nine other kinds of dragons, which are represented as ornaments of different objects or buildings according to their liking prisons, water, the rank smell of newly caught fish or newly killed meat, wind and rain, ornaments, smoke, shutting the mouth (used for adorning key-holes), standing on steep places (placed on roofs), and fire.<ref name="Visser101">{{harvnb|Visser|1913|pp=101–102}}. The primary source is [[:zh:s:五雜俎/卷09|Wu Za Zu, chapter 9]], beginning with "{{lang|zh|龍生九子...}}". The title of Xie Zhaozhe's work, ''Wu Za Zu'', has been variously translated into English as ''Five Assorted Offerings'' (in [https://web.archive.org/web/20020126162753/http://www.renditions.org/renditions/authors/xiezz.html Xie Zhaozhe]), ''Five Sundry Bands'' (in "[https://archive.today/20130415163750/http://jhmas.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/57/2/177?ck=nck Disease and Its Impact on Politics, Diplomacy, and the Military ...]")
or ''Five Miscellanies'' (in [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ju3N4VeiQ28C&pg=PA48 Changing clothes in China: fashion, history, nation], p. 48).</ref>
</blockquote>

The ''Sheng'an waiji'' ({{lang|zh|升庵外集}}) collection by the poet [[Yang Shen]] ({{lang|zh|楊慎}}, 1488–1559) gives different 5th and 9th names for the dragon's nine children: the ''[[taotie|tāo tiè]]'' ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|饕餮}}}}), form of beasts, which loves to eat and is found on food-related wares, and the ''jiāo tú'' ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|椒圖}}}}), which looks like a conch or clam, does not like to be disturbed, and is used on the front door or the doorstep. Yang's list is ''bì xì'', ''chī wěn'' or ''cháo fēng'', ''pú láo'', ''bì àn'', ''tāo tiè'', ''qiú niú'', ''yá zì'', ''suān ní'', and ''jiāo tú''. In addition, there are some sayings including &#91;''bā xià'' {{lang|zh|{{linktext|𧈢𧏡}}}}&#93;, Hybrid of reptilia animal and dragon, a creature that likes to drink water, and is typically used on bridge structures.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=962-07-1846-1|author={{lang|zh|吾三省}} (Wu Sanxing)|script-title=zh:中國文化背景八千詞 (Eight thousand words and expressions viewed against the background of Chinese culture)|publisher= {{lang|zh|商務印書館(香港)}} (Commercial Press, Hong Kong)|year=2006|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KQJ_tIU1ixoC&pg=PA345|page=345|language=zh}}</ref>

The oldest known attestation of the "children of the dragon" list is found in the ''Shuyuan zaji'' ({{lang|zh|菽園雜記}}, ''Miscellaneous records from the bean garden'') by [[Lu Rong]] (1436–1494); however, he noted that the list enumerates mere synonyms of various antiques, not children of a dragon.<ref>[http://vip.book.sina.com.cn/book/chapter_69989_55313.html {{lang|zh|九、龙的繁衍与附会 – 龙生九子}} (1)] ("Chapter 9, Dragon's derived and associated creatures: Nine children of the dragon (1)"), in [[#yang2008|Yang Jingrong and Liu Zhixiong (2008)]]. The full text of ''Shuyuan zaji'', from which Yang and Liu quote, is available in electronic format at a number of sites, e.g. here: [http://xxgblog.tcip.net.cn/index.php/56/viewspace-3024.html {{lang|zh|菽園雜記}}] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306151643/http://xxgblog.tcip.net.cn/index.php/56/viewspace-3024.html |date=6 March 2010}}</ref> The nine sons of the dragon were commemorated by the Shanghai Mint in 2012's year of the dragon with two sets of coins, one in silver, and one in brass. Each coin in the sets depicts one of the 9 sons, including an additional coin for the father dragon, which depicts the nine sons on the reverse.<ref>CCT4243: [https://www.coincompendium.com/w/index.php/CCT4243 2012 lunar dragon nine sons of the dragon 20 coin set] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090039/https://www.coincompendium.com/w/index.php/CCT4243 |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> It's also a Chinese idiom, which means among brothers each one has his good points.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

=== Dragon claws ===
[[File:Qing Porcelain, Qianlong Reign 101.jpg|thumb|upright |Five-clawed dragon on porcelain ball, [[Qing dynasty]]]]
[[File:Freer SacklerDSCF8044.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Reverse of bronze mirror, 8th century, [[Tang dynasty]], showing a dragon with three toes on each foot]]
Early Chinese dragons are depicted with two to five claws. Different countries that adopted the Chinese dragon have different preferences; in Mongolia and Korea, four-clawed dragons are used, while in [[Japanese dragon|Japan]], three-clawed dragons are common.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dragonsinn.net/eastjap-2.htm |title=Famous Japanese Dragons|date=9 January 2021}}</ref> In China, three-clawed dragons were popularly used on robes during the Tang dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CzdICSqnELkC |title=The Arts of China |author= Michael Sullivan |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CzdICSqnELkC/page/n197 214] |publisher=University of California Press|date= 1992|isbn=978-0520049185}}</ref> The usage of the dragon motif was codified during the [[Yuan dynasty]], and the five-clawed dragons became reserved for use by the emperor while the princes used four-clawed dragons.<ref name="komaroff">{{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789047418573_018 |chapter=Chinese Motifs in Thirteenth-Century Armenian Art: The Mongol Connection |title=Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan |date=2006 |last1=Kouymjian |first1=Dickran |pages=303–324 |isbn=978-90-474-1857-3 }}</ref> Phoenixes and five-clawed two-horned dragons may not be used on the robes of officials and other objects such as plates and vessels in the Yuan dynasty.<ref name="komaroff"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=991360 |script-title=zh:《志第二十八 輿服一》 |work= The [[History of Yuan]]}}</ref> It was further stipulated that for commoners, "it is forbidden to wear any cloth with patterns of [[Qilin]], Male [[Fenghuang]] (Chinese phoenix), [[Moon rabbit|White rabbit]], [[Lingzhi mushroom|Lingzhi]], Five-Toe Two-Horn Dragon, Eight Dragons, Nine Dragons, '[[Ten thousand years]]', [[Fu Lu Shou|Fortune-longevity]] character and Golden Yellow etc."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=311790 |script-title=zh:《本紀第三十九 順帝二》 |quote={{lang|zh|禁服麒麟、鸞鳳、白兔、靈芝、雙角五爪龍、八龍、九龍、萬壽、福壽字、赭黃等服}} |work= The [[History of Yuan]], [[Ukhaantu Khan, Emperor Huizong of Yuan|Emperor Shundi]] ({{lang|zh|[[:zh:元史|元史]]·順帝紀)}}, compiled under [[Song Lian]] ({{lang|zh|[[:zh:宋濂|宋濂]]}}), AD 1370}}</ref>

The [[Hongwu Emperor]] of the [[Ming dynasty]] emulated the [[Yuan dynasty]] rules on the use of the dragon motif and decreed that the dragon would be his emblem and that it should have five claws. The four-clawed dragon would be used typically for imperial nobility and certain high-ranking officials. The three-clawed dragon was used by lower ranks and the general public (widely seen on various Chinese goods in the Ming dynasty). The dragon, however, was only for select royalty closely associated with the imperial family, usually in various symbolic colors, while it was a capital offense for anyone—other than the emperor himself—to ever use the completely gold-colored, five-clawed ''Long'' dragon [[motif (art)|motif]]. Improper use of claw number or colors was considered treason, punishable by execution of the offender's entire clan. During the [[Qing dynasty]], the [[Manchus]] initially considered three-clawed dragons the most sacred and used that until 1712 when it was replaced by five-clawed dragons, and portraits of the Qing emperors were usually depicted with five-clawed dragons.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szcrOWz2gM8C&pg=PA20 |title=All About Chinese Dragons |author= Roy Bates|page=20&ndash;21 |isbn=978-1-4357-0322-3 |year=2007 |publisher=Lulu.com }}</ref>

In works of art that left the imperial collection, either as gifts or through pilfering by court eunuchs (a long-standing problem), where practicable, one claw was removed from each set, as in several pieces of [[carved lacquerware]],<ref>[[Jessica Rawson|Rawson, Jessica]] (ed). ''The British Museum Book of Chinese Art'', p. 177, 2007 (2nd edn), British Museum Press, {{ISBN|978-0714124469}}</ref> for example the well known [[Chinese lacquerware table]] in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in London.<ref>[[Craig Clunas|Clunas, Craig]] and Harrison-Hall, Jessica, ''Ming: 50 years that changed China'', p. 107, 2014, British Museum Press, {{ISBN|978-0714124841}}</ref>

== Cultural references ==

=== Number nine ===
{{Clear}}
The number [[9 (number)|nine]] is special in [[China]] as it is seen as number of heaven, and Chinese dragons are frequently connected with it. For example, a Chinese dragon is normally described in terms of nine attributes and usually has 117 (9×13) scales—81 (9×9) Yang and 36 (9×4) Yin.
This is also why there are nine forms of the dragon and [[nine sons of the dragon]] (see [[#Classical depictions|Classical depictions]] above). The [[Nine-Dragon Wall]] is a [[spirit wall]] with images of nine different dragons, and is found in imperial Chinese palaces and gardens. Because nine was considered the number of the emperor, only the most senior officials were allowed to wear nine dragons on their robes—and then only with the robe completely covered with [[surcoat]]s. Lower-ranking officials had eight or five dragons on their robes, again covered with surcoats; even the emperor himself wore his dragon robe with one of its nine dragons hidden from view.

There are a number of places in China called "Nine Dragons", the most famous being [[Kowloon]] (in Cantonese) in Hong Kong. The part of the [[Mekong]] in Vietnam is known as ''Cửu Long'', with the same meaning.
{{Panorama|image = File:Chen Rong - Nine Dragons.jpg|height = 230|alt = |caption = A close up view of one full dragon (and the tail end and claw of another) from the ''[[Nine Dragons (painting)|Nine Dragons]]'' handscroll painted in 1244 by [[Song dynasty]] artist [[Chen Rong (painter)|Chen Rong]] |dir = rtl}}

=== Chinese zodiac ===
{{main|Dragon (zodiac)}}
[[File:BLW Wall-tile with Dragon.jpg|thumb|Wall tile depicting the [[Azure Dragon]] of the East, [[Ilkhanate]]]]
The [[Dragon (zodiac)|Dragon]] is one of the 12 animals in the [[Chinese zodiac]] which is used to designate years in the [[Chinese calendar]]. It is thought that each animal is associated with certain personality traits. [[Dragon (zodiac)|Dragon]] years are usually the most popular to have children.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2017/09/04/why-chinese-children-born-in-years-of-the-dragon-are-more-successful|title=Why Chinese children born in years of the dragon are more successful|newspaper=The Economist|date=4 September 2017}}</ref> There are more people born in [[Dragon (zodiac)|Dragon]] years than in any other animal years of the [[zodiac]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mocan |last2=Yu |first1=Naci H. |first2=Han |title=Can Superstition Create a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy? School Outcomes of Dragon Children of China |journal=The National Bureau of Economic Research |orig-year=August 2017|date=May 2019 |issue=NBER Working Paper No. 23709 |pages=13, 47 |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w23709.pdf |access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref>

=== Constellations ===
{{see also|Five elements (Chinese philosophy)}}
The Azure Dragon ([[Azure Dragon (Chinese constellation)|Qing Long]], {{lang|zh|青龍}}) is considered to be the primary of the four [[Chinese constellation|celestial guardians]], the other three being the [[Vermilion Bird (Chinese constellation)|Zhu Que]]{{lang|zh|—朱雀}} (Vermilion Bird), [[White Tiger (Chinese constellation)|Bai Hu]]{{lang|zh|—白虎}} (White Tiger), [[Black Tortoise (Chinese constellation)|Xuan Wu]]{{lang|zh|—玄武}} (Black Tortoise-like creature). In this context, the Azure Dragon is associated with the East and the element of Wood.

=== Dragonboat racing ===
{{main|Dragon boat}}
[[File:元 佚名 臨王振鵬 金明池圖 卷-Dragon Boat Regatta on Jinming Lake MET DP204603.jpg|thumb|Dragon boats racing in Hong Kong (14th century painting)]]
At special festivals, especially the [[Duanwu Festival]], dragon boat races are an important part of festivities. Typically, these are boats paddled by a team of up to 20 paddlers with a drummer and steersman. The boats have a carved dragon as the head and tail of the boat. Dragon boat racing is also an important part of celebrations outside of China, such as at [[Chinese New Year]]. A similar racing is popular in India in the state of Kerala called Vallamkali and there are records on Chinese traders visiting the seashores of Kerala centuries back (Ibn Batuta).{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

=== Dragon dancing ===
{{main|Dragon dance}}
On auspicious occasions, including [[Chinese New Year]] and the opening of shops and residences, festivities often include dancing with dragon puppets. These are "life sized" cloth-and-wood puppets manipulated by a team of people, supporting the dragon with poles. They perform choreographed moves to the accompaniment of drums, drama, and music. They also wore good clothing made of silk.

=== Dragon and Fenghuang ===
{{see also|Fenghuang}}
Fenghuang ({{zh|s=凤凰|t=鳳凰|p=fènghuáng|w=fêng<sup>4</sup>-huang<sup>2</sup>}}), known in Japanese as Hō-ō or Hou-ou, are [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]]-like birds found in East Asian mythology that reign over all other birds. In Chinese symbolism, it is a feminine entity that is paired with the masculine Chinese dragon, as a visual metaphor of a balanced and blissful relationship, symbolic of both a happy marriage and a regent's long reign.

=== Dragon as nāga ===
[[File:Phra Maha Chedi Chai Mongkol Naga emerging from mouth of Makara.jpg|thumb|Phra Maha Chedi Chai Mongkol Naga emerging from mouth of Makara]]
In many [[Buddhist]] countries, the concept of the [[nāga]] has been merged with local traditions of great and wise serpents or dragons, as depicted in this stairway image of a multi-headed nāga emerging from the mouth of a [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]] in the style of a Chinese dragon at Phra Maha [[stupa|Chedi]] Chai Mongkol on the premises of [[Wat]] Pha Namthip Thep Prasit Vararam in [[Amphoe Nong Phok#Places|Nong Phok District]], [[Roi Et Province]], Thailand.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

=== Dragons and tigers ===
The tiger is considered to be the eternal rival to the dragon, thus various artworks depict a dragon and tiger fighting an epic battle. A well used [[Chengyu|Chinese idiom]] to describe equal rivals (often in sports nowadays) is "Dragon versus Tiger". In [[Chinese martial arts]], "Dragon style" is used to describe styles of fighting based more on understanding movement, while "Tiger style" is based on brute strength and memorization of techniques.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}

=== Dragons and botany ===
[[File:Ulmus pumila 'Pendula', 1908.jpg|thumb|right|'Dragon's-Claw Elm', [[Fengtai District|Fengtai]], 1908]]
The [[elm]] cultivar [[Ulmus pumila 'Pendula'|''Ulmus pumila'' 'Pendula']], from northern China, called 'weeping Chinese elm' in the West, is known locally as ''Lung chao yü shu'' ('Dragon's-claw elm') owing to its branching.<ref>U. pumila 'Pendula', '
[https://web.archive.org/web/20121009235909/http://ars-grin.gov/npgs/pi_books/scans/pi043.pdf "Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported ... April–June 1915"]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211223345/http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_sl01.htm |date=20 December 2023}} (March 1918)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfh.ac.cn/(S(e02oru45kcxcxci21o5sw255)X(1))/Album/ShowPhoto.aspx?albumid=211b2456-906e-4ee5-8b00-72476a7c1eb8&&page=1&&photoid=edc2087a-46e1-4127-a773-eaa6287e54a4 |title=U. pumila 'Pendula'|script-title=zh:中国自然标本馆 |publisher=Cfh.ac.cn |access-date=30 August 2013}}</ref>

=== Language ===
A number of Chinese [[proverb]]s and [[Chengyu|idiom]]s feature references to a dragon, such as "Hoping one's child will become a dragon" ({{Zh|s=望子成龙|t=望子成龍|p=wàng zǐ chéng lóng|j=mong6 zi2 sing4 lung4}}).{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== In popular culture ==
{{See also|List of dragons in popular culture}}
As a part of traditional folklore, dragons appear in a variety of [[mythic fiction|mythological fiction]]. Chinese dragons appear in innumerable media across popular culture today, including but not at all limited to: Japanese [[anime]] films and television shows, [[manga]], and in Western [[political cartoons]] as a personification of the People's Republic of China.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
* In the classical novel ''[[Journey to the West]]'', the son of the [[Dragon King]] of the West was condemned to serve as a horse for the travelers because of his indiscretions at a party in the heavenly court. [[Sun Wukong]]'s [[Gun (staff)|staff]], the [[Ruyi Jingu Bang]], was robbed from Ao Guang, the Dragon King of the [[East Sea (Chinese literature)|East Sea]]. 
* In ''[[Fengshen Yanyi]]'' and other stories, [[Nezha]], the boy hero, defeats the Dragon Kings and tames the seas. 
* The Chinese respect for dragons is emphasized in [[Naomi Novik]]'s ''[[Temeraire (series)|Temeraire]]'' novels, where they were the first people to tame dragons and are treated as equals, intellectuals, or even royalty, rather than beasts solely bred for war in the West. 
* [[Manda (kaiju)|Manda]] is a large Chinese dragon that appears in the Godzilla storyline. 
* A golden three-headed dragon also appears in the comic book series ''[[God Is Dead (comics)|God Is Dead]]''.
* The red dragon is a symbol of China which appears in many [[Mahjong]] games.
* A Chinese water dragon cast by a rebel mermaid named Aurora is the main antagonist in Season 3 of the Australian television series ''[[Mako Mermaids]]''. The dragon is heavily based on Chinese mythology to coincide with a new Chinese mermaid on the show.
* The main antagonist of ''[[Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior]]'', Yan-Lo, is a Chinese dragon. Despite the fact that he is deceased during the events of the film, he continues to hatch evil plans in the form of a spirit.
* In ''[[Monster High]]'', [[List of Monster High characters#Jinafire Long|Jinafire Long]] is the daughter of a Chinese dragon.
* The 1982 [[Rankin/Bass Productions]] animated TV movie ''[[The Flight of Dragons]]'' features a Chinese dragon being the steed for Lo Tae Zhao, the Golden [[Magic (supernatural)|Wizard]] whose realm is light and [[air]].
* [[Eddie Murphy]] voices [[Mushu]], a red Chinese dragon in the 1998 Disney animated film ''[[Mulan (1998 film)|Mulan]]'' and its 2004 sequel, ''[[Mulan II]]''.
* Chinese dragons heavily influenced the dragons, including Fang, on ''[[Avatar: The Legend of Aang]]'' and ''[[The Legend of Korra]]''.
* In the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] film ''[[Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings]]'', the [[Features of the Marvel Cinematic Universe#Great Protector|Great Protector]] is a Chinese water dragon that protects the realm of [[Features of the Marvel Cinematic Universe#Ta Lo|Ta Lo]]. Statues of Chinese dragons were also featured in the [[throne]] room of [[Trevor Slattery]], [[Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe: A–L#Aldrich Killian|Aldrich Killian]]'s pawn, when posing as the [[Mandarin (character)|Mandarin]]; long before finding [[Xu Wenwu|the real version]], [[Shang Chi (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Shang Chi]]'s father.
* The iconic ''[[Mortal Kombat]]'' logo depicts a silhouette of a traditional Chinese dragon.
* "Eastern Dragons" are one of the four types of dragons in the game ''[[Shadowrun]]'', along with Western Dragons, [[Leviathans]], and Feathered Serpents.
* [[Unicode]] included two [[emoji]] symbols for Chinese Dragon, they are {{unichar|1F409|DRAGON}} and {{unichar|1F432|DRAGON FACE}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://emojipedia.org/emoji/%F0%9F%90%89/|title=Dragon Emoji|work=Emojipedia|access-date=16 November 2022|archive-date=16 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116133436/https://emojipedia.org/emoji/%F0%9F%90%89/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://emojipedia.org/emoji/%F0%9F%90%B2/|title=Dragon Face Emoji|work=Emojipedia|access-date=16 November 2022|archive-date=16 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116133434/https://emojipedia.org/emoji/%F0%9F%90%B2/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Other dragons of south-east asian mythology ==
{{Unreferenced section|reason=Need to establish links with the Chinese dragon in somecases|date=September 2021}}<!-- I am not sure if this section actually needs citations, as all it does is link to other (presumably cited) articles. (February 2024) -->
[[File:청룡 조선고적도보.jpg|thumb|Mural depicting the [[Azure Dragon]] of the East in a [[Goryeo]] tomb]]
[[File:Azure_Dragon.jpg|thumb|The [[Azure Dragon]] of the East]]{{See also|List of dragons in mythology and folklore}}
While depictions of the dragon in art and literature are consistent throughout the cultures in which it is found, there are some regional differences.

For more information on peculiarities in the depiction of the dragon in East Asian, South Asian, and Southeast Asian cultures, see:

===Similar mythological dragons===
* [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]], a sea Dragon in Hindu and Buddhist mythology
* [[Yali (mythology)|Yali]], a legendary creature in Hindu mythology
* the Nepalese dragon as depicted with [[Bhairava]], also known as the "flying snake"

===Related myths===
* [[Druk]], the Thunder Dragon of Bhutanese mythology
* the [[Japanese dragon]]
* the [[Korean dragon]]
* [[Nāga]], a Hindu and Buddhist creature in South Asian and Southeast Asian mythology
** [[Bakunawa]], a moon-eating sea dragon depicted in Philippine mythology.
* [[Pakhangba]], a Manipuri dragon
* the [[Vietnamese dragon]]

== Gallery ==
=== Architecture ===

<gallery class="center" widths="160" heights="160">

File:Datong jiulongbi.jpg|The [[Nine-Dragon Wall]] in [[Datong]], built in 1392, [[Ming dynasty]]
File:營造法式三 28.jpg|Pillar with dragon decoration from the ''[[Yingzao Fashi]]'', [[Song dynasty]]
File:Taiyuan_2009_746.jpg|Dragon column of Holy Mother Hall, [[Jinci]],  [[Song dynasty]].
File:Jin dynasty dragon columns.jpg|Dragon column remains, [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]]
File:Qufu 2009 1229.jpg|Column with dragon design at [[Temple of Confucius, Qufu]], constructed in 1730, [[Qing dynasty]]
File:曲阜孔庙大成殿盘龙柱群.jpg|Dragon columns at the [[Temple of Confucius, Qufu]]
File:Beijing-Verbotene Stadt-Halle der Wahrung der Harmonie-12-gje.jpg|Stone relief of dragons between a flight of stairs in the [[Forbidden City]]
File:China-beijing-forbidden-city-P1000252.jpg|Dragon symbols on the eaves-tiles of the [[Forbidden City]]
</gallery>

=== Textile ===

<gallery class="center" widths="160" heights="160">
File:TangTaizong.jpg|[[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] in [[dragon robe]]s
File:Seated Portrait of Ningzong's Empress.jpg|Dragon images on the borders of [[Empress Yang (Song dynasty)|Empress Yang]]'s robes, [[Song dynasty]]
File:A Seated Portrait of Ming Emperor Taizu.jpg|The [[Hongwu Emperor]] in a dragon robe, [[Ming dynasty]]
File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Xianzong.jpg|The [[Chenghua Emperor]] in a dragon robe, [[Ming dynasty]]
File:The Qianlong Emperor in Ceremonial Armour on Horseback.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] in ceremonial armour decorated with numerous images of dragons, [[Qing dynasty]]
File:Ceremonial Armors for Man (Dingjia) and Horse MET DP277203.jpg|Ceremonial [[Qing dynasty]] armour with dragon imagery, 18th c.
File:Imperial court robe with nine dragons, China, Qing dynasty, 1800s AD, silk and gold-wrapped thread embroidery on brown silk - Portland Art Museum - Portland, Oregon - DSC08471.jpg|Court robe with nine dragons, [[Qing dynasty]]
File:MET TP534A.jpg|Court robe with nine dragons, [[Qing dynasty]] 
</gallery>

=== Painting ===
<gallery class="center" widths="160" heights="160">

File:Figure Driving a Dragon - Google Art Project.jpg|Man riding a dragon, [[Warring States period]]
File:Si shen yun qi Painting form Liu Fa tomb.jpg|[[Azure Dragon]] of the East, [[Han dynasty]]
File:金朝龍.jpg|Dragon in a scroll painting, [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]]
File:元 佚名 臨王振鵬 金明池圖 卷-Dragon Boat Regatta on Jinming Lake MET DP204601 CRD.jpg|Boats with dragon heads, [[Yuan dynasty]], 14th century
File:明 佚名 雲龍圖 軸-Dragon Amid Clouds and Waves MET 2007 438 O02 sf.jpg|''Cloud Dragon'' by Anonymous, [[Ming dynasty]], 15th-16th century
File:Brooklyn Museum - Dragon Clouds and Waves.jpg|Dragon clouds and waves, 16th-17th century
File:DP205785.jpg|Constellation deity riding a dragon, [[Ming dynasty]], 16th c.
</gallery>

=== Metalwork ===
<gallery class="center" widths="160" heights="160">

File:Warring States Bronze Inlaid Chariot Shaft Head.jpg|Bronze chariot shaft in the shape of a dragon head, [[Warring States period]]
File:Gilded Bronze Handle of a Dragon, Eastern Han.JPG|Bronze dragon head handle, [[Han dynasty]]
File:King of Nanyue imperial seal knob top.png|Gold seal with dragon handle, given to [[Nanyue]] by the [[Han dynasty]]
File:Lobed Mirror (Jing) with Dragon LACMA AC1998.251.32.jpg|Lobed mirror, [[Tang dynasty]]
File:鎏金铁心铜龙.JPG|Gilt gold dragon, [[Tang dynasty]]
File:契丹冠 06.jpg|Dragon and phoenix crowns, [[Liao dynasty]]
File:铜座龙-2.jpg|Bronze sitting dragon, [[Jin dynasty (1115-1234)]]
</gallery>

=== Jade ===
<gallery class="center" widths="160" heights="160">

File:Warring States Jade Dragon 29.jpg|Jade cloud dragon, [[Warring States]] period
File:Belt clasp with dragon design.jpg|Jade belt clasp, [[Northern and Southern dynasties]] period
File:Belt plaque with dragon design.jpg|Jade belt plaque, [[Yuan dynasty]]
File:Belt plaque with dragon medallions design.jpg|Jade belt plaque, [[Ming dynasty]]
File:Plaque de ceinture dragon jade Taipei 30122016 1.jpg|Jade belt plaque, [[Ming dynasty]]
File:Republic of China Jade Seal.jpg|Jade seal with dragon handle
File:MET 32746.jpg|Jade vase
</gallery>

===Ceramics===
<gallery class="center" widths="160" heights="160">

File:Northern Song Porcelain Pot - Dragon Design.jpg|Pot with black dragon design, [[Song dynasty]]
File:Blue and white vase 1271 1368 Jingdezhen unearthed in Jiangxi Province.jpg|Dragon on blue and white vase from the [[Yuan dynasty]] (1271–1368), Jingdezhen, unearthed in [[Jiangxi Province]].
File:Yellow dragon jar (cropped).JPG|Lidded jar with yellow dragon, [[Ming dynasty]]
Image:Ming-Schale1.jpg|[[Blue-and-white porcelain]] plate with a dragon, [[Ming dynasty]]
File:Ming Jingdezhen Porcelain, Chongzhen Reign 01.jpg|Cup depicting a seaside dragon, [[Ming dynasty]]
File:Qing Dynasty Dish with dragons.jpg|Plate with two dragons, [[Qing dynasty]]
File:Pair of Bowls (Wan) with Dragons Chasing Flaming Pearl LACMA 58.51.2a-b (4 of 4).jpg|Bowl with red dragon, [[Qing dynasty]]
File:Qing Porcelain, Kangxi Reign 43.jpg|Porcelain jar depicting a red dragon, [[Qing dynasty]]
</gallery>

===Modern artwork===
<gallery class="center" widths="160" heights="160">

File:BJ 渾天儀Armillary sphere 北京首都國際機場 Beijing Capital International Airport 紫薇辰恆 Ziwei Chenheng Aug-2010 visitors.JPG|Ziwei Chenheng, an [[armillary sphere]] with dragons holding it up
Image:ThreeToeDragon.jpg|Non-Imperial Chinese dragon in [[Shanghai]]
Image:Temple Dragon.jpg|Mini-Sculpture of a Dragon on top of a temple in Hsinchu, Taiwan
File:A visitor of Sanggar Agung Temple toke a picture under the dragon statues, Surabaya-Indonesia.jpg|Giant dragon statues surrounded by the sea at [[Sanggar Agung]] Temple, [[Surabaya]], [[Indonesia]]
File:Vihara Dharmayana Kuta 2.jpg|The Chinese dragon statue at Vihara Dharmayana Kuta, [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*''[[An Instinct for Dragons]]'', hypothesis about the origin of dragon myths.
*[[Chinese alligator]]
*[[Chinese mythology]]
*[[Fish in Chinese mythology]]
*[[Lei Chen-Tzu]]
*[[List of dragons in mythology and folklore]]
*[[List of dragons in popular culture]]
*[[Long Mu]] (Dragon's Mother)
*[[Radical 212]]
*[[Snakes in Chinese mythology]], mostly about less dragon-like types
*[[China Dragon]] – hockey team playing in the [[Asia League Ice Hockey]]
}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Doré |first=Henri |author-link=:fr:Henri Doré |year=1917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xr4sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA681 |title=Researches into Chinese Superstitions |translator1=M. Kennelly |translator2=D. J. Finn |translator3=L. F. McGreat |publisher=Ch'eng-wen |page=681 |ol=13587109M }}<!--year=1966 DEADLINK https://openlibrary.org/b/OL13587109M/Researches-into-Chinese-superstitions-->
* {{cite journal |last1=Meccarelli |first1=Marco |title=Discovering the Long : Current Theories and Trends in Research on the Chinese Dragon |journal=Frontiers of History in China |date=15 March 2021 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=123–142 |doi=10.3868/s020-010-021-0006-6 }}
* {{cite book | last = Nikaido | first = Yoshihiro | year = 2015 | title = Asian Folk Religion and Cultural Interaction | publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TozUCgAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-3847004851 }}
* {{cite book | last = Overmyer | first = Daniel L. | year = 2009 | title = Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century: The Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs | publisher = Brill | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UVceic7Z4moC | isbn = 978-9004175921 }}
* {{cite book | last = Tom | first = K. S. | year = 1989 | title = Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends, and Lore of the Middle Kingdom | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | url = https://archive.org/details/echoesfromoldchi0000tomk | url-access = registration | isbn = 0824812859 }}
* {{citation |last=Visser |first=Marinus Willem de |authorlink=<!--:de:Marinus Willem de Visser--> |title=The Dragon in China and Japan |location=Amsterdam |publisher=J. Müller |year=1913 |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924021444728 |page= |access-date=14 October 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119201804/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/GR830xD7xV8/1f/dragon_in_china_and_japan.pdf#page/ |url-status=dead }},@University of Georgia Library
{{refend}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons and category-inline|Chinese dragon|Chinese dragons}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}

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