Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Constantine II (emperor)

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Roman emperor from 337 to 340}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Constantine II
| image        = Campidoglio, Roma - Costantino II cesare fronte.jpg
| image_size   =
| alt          = Large statue of Constantine II
| caption      = Statue of ''Caesar'' Constantine II on top of the Cordonata (the monumental staircase climbing up to [[Piazza del Campidoglio]]), in Rome
| succession   = [[Roman emperor]]
| reign        = 9 September 337 – 340 ([[Gaul]], [[Hispania]], and [[Roman Britain|Britain]])
| reign-type   = [[Augustus (title)|''Augustus'']]
| predecessor  = [[Constantine I]]
| successor    = [[Constantius II]] and [[Constans]]
| regent       = Constantius II ([[Byzantine Empire|East]])<br />Constans (Italy and Africa)
| reg-type     = {{nowrap|Co-emperors}}
| reign1       = {{nowrap|1 March 317 – 9 September 337}}
| reign-type1  = [[Caesar (title)|''Caesar'']]
| birth_date   = 316
| birth_place  = [[Arles|Arelate]], [[Viennensis]]
| death_date   = 340 (aged 24)
| death_place  = [[Aquileia]], [[Roman Italy|Italy]]
| burial_place = 
| full name    = Flavius Claudius Constantinus{{sfn|Jones|Martindale|Morris|p=223}}
| regnal name  = Imperator Caesar Flavius Claudius Constantinus Augustus
| dynasty      = [[Constantinian dynasty|Constantinian]]
| father       = [[Constantine the Great]]
| mother       = [[Fausta]]
| religion     = [[Arian Christianity]]
}}

'''Constantine II''' ({{lang-la|Flavius Claudius Constantinus}}; 316 – 340) was [[Roman emperor]] from 337 to 340. Son of [[Constantine the Great]] and co-emperor alongside his brothers, his attempt to exert his perceived rights of [[primogeniture]] led to his death in a failed invasion of Italy in 340.

== Career ==
The eldest son of Constantine the Great and [[Fausta]],{{efn|The PLRE’s statement that Constantine II was not Fausta’s son{{sfn|Jones|Martindale|Morris|p=223}} is wrong.{{sfn|Barnes|1973|p=36-37}}}} Constantine II was born in [[Arles#Ancient era|Arles]] in 316 and raised as a [[Christianity|Christian]].<ref name=dimaio/>

=== Caesar ===
On 1 March 317, he was made [[Caesar (title)|caesar]].<ref name=dimaio/> In 323, at the age of seven, he took part in his father's campaign against the [[Sarmatia]]ns.<ref name=dimaio/> At age ten, he became commander of [[Gaul]], following the death of his half-brother [[Crispus]]. An inscription dating to 330 records the title of '''''Alamannicus''''', so it appears that his generals won a victory over the [[Alamanni]].<ref name=dimaio/>  His military career continued when Constantine I made him field commander during the 332 winter campaign against the [[Goths]]. The military operation was successful and decisive, with 100,000 Goths reportedly slain and the surrender of the ruler [[Ariaric]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Odahl |first=Charles |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/650534102 |title=Constantine and the Christian Empire |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-203-85028-2 |edition=2 |location=London |pages=253 |oclc=650534102}}</ref><ref name=dimaio>{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=DiMaio Jr|first1=Michael|last2=Frakes|first2=Robert|title=Constantine II (337–340 A.D.)|url=http://www.roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/conii.htm|date=2 May 1998|encyclopedia=De Imperatoribus Romanis - Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors}}</ref> He was married prior to 336, although his wife’s identity remains unknown.{{sfn|Woods|2011|p=195}}

=== Augustus ===
Following the death of his father in 337, Constantine II became emperor jointly with his brothers [[Constantius II]] and [[Constans]].<ref name="Eutropius, 10:9">Eutropius, 10:9</ref> While Constantine I had intended for his sons to rule together with their cousins [[Dalmatius]] and [[Hannibalianus]], soon after his death the army slaughtered almost all of their male relatives, including Dalmatius and Hannibalianus.{{sfn|Hunt|1998|p=3}} Burgess observed from numismatic evidence that Constantine II and his brothers “not only seem not to have fully accepted the legitimacy of Dalmatius and viewed him as an interloper, but also appear to have communicated with one another on this point and agreed on a common response.”{{sfn|Burgess|2008|p=21-22}}

He was soon involved in the struggle between factions rupturing the unity of the [[Christian Church#Christianity as Roman state religion|Christian Church]].<ref name=dimaio/>  The Western portion of the empire, under the influence of the [[Pope#Nicaea to East-West Schism (325–1054)|Popes]] in [[Rome]], favoured [[Nicene Christianity]] over [[Arianism]], and through their intercession they convinced Constantine to free [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]], allowing him to return to [[Alexandria]].<ref name=dimaio/>{{sfn|Hunt|1998|p=5}} This action aggravated Constantius II, who was a committed supporter of Arianism.<ref name=howard>{{citation | last=Howard | first=Nathan D. | title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History | chapter=Constantine II | publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | publication-place=Hoboken, NJ | date=26 October 2012 | doi=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah05050 | page=| isbn=9781444338386 }}</ref>

The three brothers were not named as ''[[Augustus (title)|Augusti]]'' until 9 September 337,{{sfn|Jones|Martindale|Morris|p=223}} when they gathered together in [[Pannonia]]<ref name=dimaio/> and divided the Roman territories among themselves. Constantine received Gaul, [[Roman Britain|Britannia]] and [[Hispania]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=|date=2021|title=Constantine II – Roman Emperor|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Constantine-II-Roman-emperor|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>{{sfn|Hunt|1998|p=4}}

In what seemed to be an attempt to distance themselves from the massacre,{{sfn|Woods|2011|p=194-195}} the three brothers proceeded to print coins of [[Flavia Maximiana Theodora|Theodora]], whom their murdered relatives had been descended from.{{sfn|Hunt|1998|p=3}} The evidence indicates that Constantine II was the one responsible for designing and producing the coinage at the start, as well as convincing his brothers to do the same.{{sfn|Burgess|2008|p=23}} Woods considered it to suggest that he was more sympathetic to Theodora’s memory than his brothers,{{sfn|Woods|2011|p=194}} possibly because his wife may have been a granddaughter of Theodora.{{sfn|Woods|2011|p=195}}

It appears that Constantine was left unsatisfied with the results of their meeting, as he soon complained that he had not received the amount of territory that was his due as the eldest son.{{sfn|DiMaio|1988|p=240}}<ref name="Gibbon, Ch. 18">Gibbon, Ch. 18</ref> Annoyed that Constans had received [[Diocese of Thrace|Thrace]] and [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]] after the death of Dalmatius, Constantine demanded that Constans hand over the African provinces, to which he agreed in order to maintain a fragile peace.<ref name="Gibbon, Ch. 18"/><ref name="Victor, 41:21">Victor, 41:21</ref>  Soon, however, they began quarreling over which parts of the African provinces belonged to [[Carthage]], and thus Constantine, and which belonged to [[Roman Italy|Italy]], and therefore Constans.<ref>Zosimus, 2:41–42</ref> Even after campaigning against the Alamanni in 338, he continued to maintain his position.{{sfn|Hunt|1998|p=5}}{{sfn|Crawford|2016}} The [[Codex Theodosianus]] recorded Constantine’s legislative intervention in Constans’ territory through issuing an edict to the proconsul of Africa in 339.{{sfn|Hunt|1998|p=5}}{{sfn|Crawford|2016}}

In 340 Constantine marched into Italy at the head of his troops to claim territory from Constans.{{sfn|Hunt|1998|p=5}}<ref name=dimaio/> Constans, at that time in [[Naissus]],{{sfn|Hunt|1998|p=5}} detached and sent a select and disciplined body of his Illyrian troops, stating that he would follow them in person with the remainder of his forces.{{sfn|DiMaio|1988|p=240}}  Constantine was engaged in military operations<ref name="Eutropius, 10:9"/> and was killed by Constans's generals in an ambush outside [[Aquileia]].{{sfn|Hunt|1998|p=5}}{{sfn|DiMaio|1988|p=241}}{{efn|In a confused account, [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]] does not say Constantine II invaded his youngest brother’s territory. He instead reported that Constans sent troops to Constantine on the pretext of assisting in the Persian war, but in reality to assassinate him by surprise. Baker-Brian noted that Constans’ troops would’ve been marching away from the Persians if they were heading to Constantine’s territory.{{sfn|Baker-Brian|2022}} Modern historians, trying to make sense of Zosimus’ confusion, have suggested that instead it was Constantine who claimed to be assisting Constantius II.{{sfn|Hunt|1998|p=5}}{{sfn|Crawford|2016}}{{sfn|Baker-Brian|2022}}}} Constans then took control of his deceased brother's realm. After his death, Constantine was subjected to [[damnatio memoriae]],{{sfn|Hunt|1998|p=5}} which his other brother Constantius II also followed.{{sfn|Crawford|2016}}

==Family tree==
{{see also|Constantinian dynasty}}

{{Constantinian dynasty family tree}}

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=auto}}
Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as [[Augusti]], names with a thicker border appear in both sections

'''1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings'''
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |CGOTH|CGOTH={{ubl|[[Claudius Gothicus]]|268–270|''fabricated ancestry''}}|boxstyle_CGOTH=border:2px solid; border-radius:1em}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |Q|}}
{{tree chart| | |HELEN|y|CCHLO|y|THEO1|HELEN=[[Helena, mother of Constantine I|Helena]]|boxstyle_HELEN=border:2px solid|CCHLO={{ubl|[[Constantius I]]|305–306}}|boxstyle_CCHLO=border:2px solid; border-radius:1em|THEO1=[[Flavia Maximiana Theodora]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| | | |)|-|v|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|.| | | | | }}
{{tree chart| | | | |CONST| |FLAVD|!|HANN1| |CONS2|y|LICI1|!|ANAST|~|BASSI|CONST={{ubl|'''Constantine I'''|306–337}}|boxstyle_CONST=border:3px solid; border-radius:1em|FLAVD=[[Flavius Dalmatius]]|HANN1=Hannibalianus|CONS2=[[Flavia Julia Constantia]]|LICI1={{ubl|[[Licinius]]|308–324}}|boxstyle_LICI1=border:2px solid; border-radius:1em|ANAST=Anastasia|BASSI=[[Bassianus (executed by Constantine)|Bassianus]]}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|'| |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | |GALL1|y|JULIC|y|BASIL| |LICI2| |EUTR2|y|NEPO1|GALL1=[[Galla (wife of Julius Constantius)|Galla]]|JULIC=[[Julius Constantius]]|BASIL=[[Basilina]]|LICI2=[[Licinius II]]|EUTR2=[[Eutropia (sister of Constantine I)|Eutropia]]|NEPO1=Virius Nepotianus}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{tree chart|HANN2|~|CONS6|~|GALLU| |JULIA|~|HELE2| | | | | |NEPO2|HANN2=[[Hannibalianus]]|boxstyle_HANN2=border:3px solid|CONS6=[[Constantina]]|boxstyle_CONS6=border:3px solid|GALLU=[[Constantius Gallus]]|boxstyle_GALLU=border:3px solid|JULIA={{ubl|[[Julian (emperor)|Julian]]|360–363}}|boxstyle_JULIA=border:3px solid; border-radius:1em|HELE2=[[Helena (wife of Julian)|Helena]]|boxstyle_HELE2=border:3px solid|NEPO2=[[Nepotianus]]}}
{{tree chart/end}}
{{break}}
'''2: Constantine's children'''
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{tree chart|MINER|y|CONST|y|FAUS1|MINER=[[Minervina]]|CONST={{ubl|'''Constantine I'''|306–337}}|boxstyle_CONST=border:3px solid; border-radius:1em|FAUS1=[[Fausta]]}}
{{tree chart| | | |!| | | |)|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|.|}}
{{tree chart| | |CRISP| |CONS3|!|CONS5|!|HANN2|~|CONS6|~|GALLU|CRISP=[[Crispus]]|CONS3={{ubl|Constantine II|337–340}}|boxstyle_CONS3=border:2px solid; border-radius:1em|CONS5={{ubl|[[Constans]]|337–350}}|boxstyle_CONS5=border:2px solid; border-radius:1em|HANN2=[[Hannibalianus]]|boxstyle_HANN2=border:3px solid|CONS6=[[Constantina]]|boxstyle_CONS6=border:3px solid|GALLU=[[Constantius Gallus]]|boxstyle_GALLU=border:3px solid}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!}}
{{tree chart| | | | |FAUS2|y|CONS4| |HELE2|~|JULIA|FAUS2=[[Faustina (wife of Constantius II)|Faustina]]|CONS4={{ubl|[[Constantius II]]|337–361}}|boxstyle_CONS4=border:2px solid; border-radius:1em|JULIA={{ubl|[[Julian (emperor)|Julian]]|360–363}}|boxstyle_JULIA=border:3px solid;  border-radius:1em|HELE2=[[Helena (wife of Julian)|Helena]]|boxstyle_HELE2=border:3px solid}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |!}}
{{tree chart| | |GRATI|~|CONS7|GRATI={{ubl|[[Gratian]]|367–383}}|boxstyle_GRATI=border:2px solid; border-radius:1em|CONS7=[[Constantia (wife of Gratian)|Constantia]]}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:INC-2046-a_Ауреус._Константин_II._Ок._337—340_гг._(аверс).png | Coin of Constantine II as ''caesar'', marked: {{Smallcaps|{{Abbreviation|d·n·|DOMINUS NOSTER}} {{Abbreviation|fl·|FLAVIUS}} {{Abbreviation|cl·|CLAVDIUS}} constantinus {{Abbreviation|nob·|NOBILISSIMUS}} {{Abbreviation|c·|CAESAR}}}} ("''Our Lord Flavius Claudius Constantine, Noblest Caesar''")
File:Solidus_Constantine_II-heraclea_RIC_vII_101.jpg | [[Solidus (coin)|''Solidus'']] of Constantine II as ''caesar'', marked: {{Smallcaps|constantinus {{Abbreviation|iun·|IUNIOR}} {{Abbreviation|nob·|NOBILISSIMUS}} {{Abbreviation|caes·|CAESAR}}}} on the obverse ("''Constantine Junior, Noblest Caesar''") and {{Smallcaps|victoria {{Abbreviation|caesar·|CAESARES}} {{Abbreviation|n·n·|NOSTRORUM}}}} ("''the [[Victoria (mythology)|Victory]] of Our Caesars''")
File:Constantineii90010167.jpg | ''Aureus'' of Constantine II as ''caesar'', marked: {{Smallcaps|constantinus {{abbreviation|iun·|IUNIOR}} {{abbreviation|nob·|NOBILISSIMUS}} {{abbreviation|c·|CAESAR}}}} ("''Constantine Junior, Noblest Caesar''") on the obverse and {{Smallcaps|virtus caesar {{abbreviation|n·|NOSTER}}}} ("''the Virtue of Our Caesar''") on the reverse
File:Gold solidus of Constantine II.jpg | Coin of Constantine II as ''augustus''.
File:Impero_Romano_da_maggio_a_settembre_337.png | Division of the Roman Empire among the Caesars appointed by Constantine I: from west to east, the territories of Constantine II, Constans, [[Dalmatius]] and Constantius II. 
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
===Primary sources===
* [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]], ''Historia Nova'', Book 2 [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus02_book2.htm Historia Nova]
* [[Aurelius Victor]], [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm Epitome de Caesaribus]
* [[Eutropius (historian)|Eutropius]], [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans10 Breviarium ab urbe condita]

===Secondary sources===

*{{cite book |last=Baker-Brian |first=Nicholas |title=The Reign of Constantius II|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Reign_of_Constantius_II/LzZwEAAAQBAJ?hl=en|publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2022|isbn=978-1-0006-1991-1}}
*{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/299163 | jstor=299163 | title=Lactantius and Constantine | last1=Barnes | first1=T. D. | journal=The Journal of Roman Studies | date=7 December 1973 | volume=63 | pages=29–46 | doi=10.2307/299163 | s2cid=163051414 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Burgess |year=2008 |first=R.W. |title= THE SUMMER OF BLOOD: The "Great Massacre" of 337 and the Promotion of the Sons of Constantine |journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers |volume=62|pages=5–51  |jstor=20788042}}
*{{cite book |last=Crawford |first=Peter |title=Constantius II: Usurpers, Eunuchs, and the Antichrist |publisher=Pen & Sword |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-78340-055-3}}
* [http://www.roman-emperors.org/conii.htm DiMaio, Michael, and Robert Frakes, "Constantine II (337–340 A.D.)", ''D.I.R.'']
*{{cite journal |last=DiMaio |first=Michael |title=Smoke in the Wind : Zonaras' Use of Philostorgius, Zosimus, John of Antioch, and John of Rhodes in His Narrative on the Neo-Flavian Emperors|journal=Byzantion |date=23 January 1988 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=230–255 |jstor=44171050}}
* {{Citation | first = David| last = Hunt | contribution = The successors of Constantine | title = The Cambridge Ancient History | volume = XIII: the Late Empire AD 337–425 | place = Cambridge | publisher = University Press | year = 1998}}
* {{cite book |last=Jones |year=1971 |first=A.H.M. |author2=J.R. Martindale |author3=J. Morris |title=The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Volume 1: A.D. 260–395 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-07233-6 |url={{googlebooks|uOHw4idqAeYC|plainurl=y}} |name-list-style=amp |author-link=A. H. M. Jones |author-link2=John Robert Martindale |author-link3=John Morris (historian) |ref={{sfnref|Jones|Martindale|Morris}} }}
*{{cite journal |last=Woods|year=2011 |first=David |title=Numismatic Evidence and the Succession to Constantine I|journal=The Numismatic Chronicle|volume=171|pages=187–196|jstor=42667233}}
* Gibbon, Edward. ''Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire'' (1888)
* Lewis, William (2020), "Constantine II and His Brothers: The Civil War of AD 340", in Nicholas Baker-Brian and Shaun Tougher (eds.), ''The Sons of Constantine, AD 337–361: In the Shadows of Constantine and Julian''. Palgrave Macmillan. Cham. {{ISBN|978-3-030-39897-2}}.

==External links==
*{{Commons-inline}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Constantinian dynasty]]||316||340}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Constantine I]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[List of Roman emperors|Roman emperor]]
        | years=337–340
        | with=[[Constantius II]] and [[Constans]] }}
{{s-aft | after=[[Constantius II]]|after2=[[Constans]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef | before= [[Constantine I]]|before2=[[Licinius Caesar]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[List of Roman consuls|Roman consul]]| years=320–321 |regent1= [[Constantine I]] ,<br />[[Crispus]]}}
{{s-aft | after= [[Petronius Probianus]]|after2=[[Amnius Anicius Julianus]]}}
{{s-bef | before= [[Acilius Severus (consul)|Acilius Severus]]|before2=[[Vettius Rufinus]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[List of Roman consuls|Roman consul]]| years=324|regent1= [[Crispus]]}}
{{s-aft | after= [[Sextus Anicius Paulinus|Sex. Anicius Paulinus]]|after2=[[Valerius Proculus]]}}
{{s-bef | before= [[Ianuarinus]]|before2=[[Vettius Iustus]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[List of Roman consuls|Roman consul]]| years=329|regent1= [[Constantine I]]}}
{{s-aft | after= [[Gallicanus (consul 330)|Gallicanus]]|after2=[[Aurelius Valerius Tullianus Symmachus]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Roman emperors}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Constantine 02}}
[[Category:316 births]]
[[Category:340 deaths]]
[[Category:4th-century Roman emperors]]
[[Category:4th-century Roman consuls]]
[[Category:Constantinian dynasty]]
[[Category:Claudii]]
[[Category:Flavii]]
[[Category:Roman emperors killed in battle]]
[[Category:Tetrarchy]]
[[Category:Sons of Roman emperors]]
[[Category:Damnatio memoriae]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]