Английская Википедия:Constantine II (emperor)

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Constantine II (Шаблон:Lang-la; 316 – 340) was Roman emperor from 337 to 340. Son of Constantine the Great and co-emperor alongside his brothers, his attempt to exert his perceived rights of primogeniture led to his death in a failed invasion of Italy in 340.

Career

The eldest son of Constantine the Great and Fausta,Шаблон:Efn Constantine II was born in Arles in 316 and raised as a Christian.[1]

Caesar

On 1 March 317, he was made caesar.[1] In 323, at the age of seven, he took part in his father's campaign against the Sarmatians.[1] At age ten, he became commander of Gaul, following the death of his half-brother Crispus. An inscription dating to 330 records the title of Alamannicus, so it appears that his generals won a victory over the Alamanni.[1] His military career continued when Constantine I made him field commander during the 332 winter campaign against the Goths. The military operation was successful and decisive, with 100,000 Goths reportedly slain and the surrender of the ruler Ariaric.[2][1] He was married prior to 336, although his wife’s identity remains unknown.Шаблон:Sfn

Augustus

Following the death of his father in 337, Constantine II became emperor jointly with his brothers Constantius II and Constans.[3] While Constantine I had intended for his sons to rule together with their cousins Dalmatius and Hannibalianus, soon after his death the army slaughtered almost all of their male relatives, including Dalmatius and Hannibalianus.Шаблон:Sfn Burgess observed from numismatic evidence that Constantine II and his brothers “not only seem not to have fully accepted the legitimacy of Dalmatius and viewed him as an interloper, but also appear to have communicated with one another on this point and agreed on a common response.”Шаблон:Sfn

He was soon involved in the struggle between factions rupturing the unity of the Christian Church.[1] The Western portion of the empire, under the influence of the Popes in Rome, favoured Nicene Christianity over Arianism, and through their intercession they convinced Constantine to free Athanasius, allowing him to return to Alexandria.[1]Шаблон:Sfn This action aggravated Constantius II, who was a committed supporter of Arianism.[4]

The three brothers were not named as Augusti until 9 September 337,Шаблон:Sfn when they gathered together in Pannonia[1] and divided the Roman territories among themselves. Constantine received Gaul, Britannia and Hispania.[5]Шаблон:Sfn

In what seemed to be an attempt to distance themselves from the massacre,Шаблон:Sfn the three brothers proceeded to print coins of Theodora, whom their murdered relatives had been descended from.Шаблон:Sfn The evidence indicates that Constantine II was the one responsible for designing and producing the coinage at the start, as well as convincing his brothers to do the same.Шаблон:Sfn Woods considered it to suggest that he was more sympathetic to Theodora’s memory than his brothers,Шаблон:Sfn possibly because his wife may have been a granddaughter of Theodora.Шаблон:Sfn

It appears that Constantine was left unsatisfied with the results of their meeting, as he soon complained that he had not received the amount of territory that was his due as the eldest son.Шаблон:Sfn[6] Annoyed that Constans had received Thrace and Macedonia after the death of Dalmatius, Constantine demanded that Constans hand over the African provinces, to which he agreed in order to maintain a fragile peace.[6][7] Soon, however, they began quarreling over which parts of the African provinces belonged to Carthage, and thus Constantine, and which belonged to Italy, and therefore Constans.[8] Even after campaigning against the Alamanni in 338, he continued to maintain his position.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Codex Theodosianus recorded Constantine’s legislative intervention in Constans’ territory through issuing an edict to the proconsul of Africa in 339.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In 340 Constantine marched into Italy at the head of his troops to claim territory from Constans.Шаблон:Sfn[1] Constans, at that time in Naissus,Шаблон:Sfn detached and sent a select and disciplined body of his Illyrian troops, stating that he would follow them in person with the remainder of his forces.Шаблон:Sfn Constantine was engaged in military operations[3] and was killed by Constans's generals in an ambush outside Aquileia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Constans then took control of his deceased brother's realm. After his death, Constantine was subjected to damnatio memoriae,Шаблон:Sfn which his other brother Constantius II also followed.Шаблон:Sfn

Family tree

Шаблон:See also

Шаблон:Constantinian dynasty family tree

Шаблон:Chart top Emperors are shown with a rounded-corner border with their dates as Augusti, names with a thicker border appear in both sections

1: Constantine's parents and half-siblings Шаблон:Tree chart/start Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart/end Шаблон:Break 2: Constantine's children Шаблон:Tree chart/start Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart Шаблон:Tree chart/end Шаблон:Chart bottom

Gallery

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

External links

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Шаблон:Roman emperors Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Eutropius, 10:9
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Gibbon, Ch. 18
  7. ↑ Victor, 41:21
  8. ↑ Zosimus, 2:41–42
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