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{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Romance language}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2010}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Haketia
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| altname          = Hakitia, Haquitía, Western Judeo-Spanish
| nativename       = 
| pronunciation    = 
| region           = Israel, [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas state]] in Brazil{{sfnp|Cunha|2009|p=11}}
| states           = North Africa
| ethnicity        = [[North African Sephardic Jews]]
| speakers         = 1000
| date             = 2023
| ref              = 
| refname          = 
| fam2             = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3             = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4             = [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| fam5             = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
| fam6             = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]]
| fam7             = [[Iberian Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]]
| fam8             = [[West Iberian languages|West Iberian]]
| fam9             = [[Castilian languages|Castilian]]
| fam10            = [[Judeo-Spanish]]
| ancestor         = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
| ancestor2        = [[Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]]
| ancestor3        = [[Old Latin]]
| ancestor4        = [[Vulgar Latin]]
| ancestor5        = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romance]]
| ancestor6        = [[Old Spanish]]
| dia1             = [[Tetuani Ladino]]
| dia2             = 
| script           = Originally, [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]], [[Solitreo]]; now, mostly [[Latin script|Latin]]
| isoexception     = dialect
| linglist         = 
| lingua           = 
| guthrie          = 
| ietf             = lad-015
| image            = File:Delacroix_letter.png
| imagecaption     = An original letter in [[Solitreo]] script from Tangier, written in 1832.
| map              = Judeo-Spanish mediterranean speech communities.svg
| mapscale         = 1.45
| mapcaption       = Historical Judeo-Spanish [[speech communities]] in the Mediterranean. Ringed circles represent modern speech communities. Haketia is spoken on the southwest Mediterranean.
}}

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'''Haketia''' ({{lang-he|חַכִּיתִּיָה}} ''Ḥakkītīyā''; {{lang-ar|حاكيتية}}; {{lang-es|Haquetía}}) (also written as '''Hakitia''' or '''Haquitía''') is an [[endangered language|endangered]] [[Jewish languages|Jewish]] [[Romance languages|Romance language]] also known as ''Djudeo Spañol'', ''Ladino Occidental'', or Western [[Judaeo-Spanish]]. It was historically spoken by the [[North African Sephardim]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vocesdehaketia.com/La_Haketia.htm |title=La Haketía |first=Alicia |last=Sisso Raz |website=Voces de Haketia |language=es |access-date=2012-08-30 |archive-date=2017-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921064336/http://www.vocesdehaketia.com/La_Haketia.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> in the [[Morocco|Moroccan]] cities of [[Tétouan]], [[Tangier]], [[Asilah]], [[Larache]], [[Chefchaouen]], [[Ksar el-Kebir]], and the Spanish towns of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]]. [[Tetuani Ladino]] was also spoken in [[Oran]], Algeria. One of the distinctions between [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]] and Haketia (Haquetia) is that the latter incorporates Arabic.

== Etymology ==
The name "Haketia" derived from the Arabic {{lang|ar|حكى}} ''ḥaká'', "tell",<ref>{{cite book |last=Benoliel |first=José |title=Dialecto Judeo-hispano-marroquí o Hakitía |year=1977 |location=Madrid |language=es |oclc=5982985}}</ref> and is therefore pronounced with {{IPA-all|ħ}}, reflecting the Arabic ''{{Transl|ar|DIN|ḥāʾ}}'' {{Lang|ar|ح}}. In some places it is written "Jaquetía" with the same pronunciation.

==Description==
The well-known form of Judaeo-Spanish spoken by Jews living in the Balkans, Greece, Turkey and Jerusalem is {{lang|es|Ladino Oriental}} (eastern [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]]). Haketia may be described by contrast as {{lang|es|Ladino Occidental}}. The language is a variety of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] that borrows heavily from [[Judeo-Moroccan Arabic]]. It evidently also contains a number of words of Hebrew origin and was originally written using [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew letters]]. There is some cultural resemblance between the two Judaeo-Spanish dialect communities, including a rich shared stock of {{lang|es|romanzas}} (ballads) from medieval Spain, though both words and music often differ in detail (as indeed they do between one Oriental-Sephardic community and another).

The Haketia lexicon is made up mostly of Spanish words but 34.5% of words are from Arabic and 18.5% are from Hebrew. It contains many [[Calque|calques]] of Hebrew phrases, such as ''hiĵas de Israel'', a literal translation of the Hebrew phrase {{Lang|he|בנות ישראל|rtl=yes}}, meaning "daughters of Israel"''.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Haketia |url=https://www.jewishlanguages.org/haketia |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Jewish Languages |language=en}}</ref>

Other words have shifted in meaning. For example, {{Lang|he|שכן}} {{Ipac|[ʃaˈχen]}}, "neighbor", became ''sajén'', which has taken on the meaning "Christian/Spanish".<ref name=":0" />

Spanish prefixes and suffixes are combined with Hebrew base words.<ref name=":0" />

==Modern use==
Haketia, unlike other varieties of Judaeo-Spanish, did not develop a literary tradition, so the language remained as a colloquial form of communication and was not used as a vehicle for formal education since in [[Spanish Morocco]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] was used, along with [[French language|French]], at the [[Alliance Israélite Universelle]] schools. Due to the influence of the Spanish and French conquests and the large number of Jews from northern Morocco who emigrated to [[Venezuela]], Spain and later [[Argentina]], the language was levelled with modern Spanish, which has contributed greatly to its extinction. Nevertheless, there has been a slow renaissance of the language, helped by [[Sephardic music#Musicians|musicians]] such as {{illm|Doris Benmaman|lad|}}, [[Mor Karbasi]] and {{illm|Kol Oud Tof Trio|lad|}}, among others. {{illm|Jose Benoliel|lad|}} and [[Alegría Bendayán de Bendelac]] have both compiled Spanish-Haketía<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anajnu.cl/haketia.htm |title=Haketía: El Djudeo-Espagnol de la Afrika del Nord |website=Anajnu.cl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107003651/http://www.anajnu.cl/haketia.htm |archive-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> dictionaries, published in 1977 and 1995, respectively. The {{illm|Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies|lad|Sentro de Estudios Sefardis de Caracas}} regularly publishes articles in Haketia in its magazine ''[[Maguen-Escudo]]''.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/maguen-escudo-SIM_000773 |title=Maguén-Escudo |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World |date=14 October 2016 |last1=Moreno |first1=Aviad |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110020054/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/maguen-escudo-SIM_000773 |url-status=live }}</ref> The language is also spoken in some communities in the Amazon areas of Brazil.<ref> {{cite book |last=Cunha |first=Álvaro |year=2012 |title=Hakitia: o judeu-árabe na Amazônia |place=São Paulo |publisher=Sapientia}}</ref>

== Scholarship ==
[[Joseph Benoliel]] collected oral tradition, grammar, and a lexicon. [[Alegría Bendayán de Bendelac |Alegria Bendelac]] conducted fieldwork.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/haketia |title=Haketia |website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=2023-03-30 |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330131749/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/haketia |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nina Pinto-Abecasis]] collected folklore.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinto-Abecasis |first=Nina |date=2011 |title=Towards the Inclusion of Nicknames in the Genres of Folklore: The Case of the Former Jewish Community of Tetuan, Morocco |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41306583 |journal=Folklore |volume=122 |issue=2 |pages=135–154 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.2011.570520 |jstor=41306583 |s2cid=147182606 |issn=0015-587X |access-date=2023-03-30 |archive-date=2023-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327150732/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41306583 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Status ==
Decline began as early as 1860 during the Spanish occupation of Tetuan and accelerated as a increasing share of Haketia speakers adopted Modern Spanish. Today Haketia is a declining language with only 1000 speakers remaining, down from 30,000 in 1900.<ref name=":0" /> 

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Cunha|first=Álvaro|title=Introdução à fonologia da hakítia|date=2009|type=Master's dissertation|publisher=[[University of São Paulo]]|doi=10.11606/D.8.2009.tde-29032010-140949|doi-access=free|place=[[São Paulo]]}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.jewishlanguages.org/haketia Jewish Language Research website's page on Haketia] 
* [http://esefarad.com/?cat=1361 List of articles written in Haketia at eSefarad.com]
* [http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12092012-095311/pt-br.php Rodrigues da Cunha, Álvaro Fernando (2012): ''Narrativa na (língua judaico-marroquina) hakitía''] (Portuguese and English summaries)

{{Jewish languages}}
{{Languages of Morocco}}
{{Ceuta}}
{{Melilla}}
{{Sephardi Jews topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Morocco]]
[[Category:Judaeo-Spanish| *]]
[[Category:Ceuta]]
[[Category:Melilla]]
[[Category:Endangered diaspora languages]]
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