Английская Википедия:Haketia
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Infobox language
Шаблон:Jews and Judaism sidebar Haketia (Шаблон:Lang-he Ḥakkītīyā; Шаблон:Lang-ar; Шаблон:Lang-es) (also written as Hakitia or Haquitía) is an endangered Jewish Romance language also known as Djudeo Spañol, Ladino Occidental, or Western Judaeo-Spanish. It was historically spoken by the North African Sephardim[1] in the Moroccan cities of Tétouan, Tangier, Asilah, Larache, Chefchaouen, Ksar el-Kebir, and the Spanish towns of Ceuta and Melilla. Tetuani Ladino was also spoken in Oran, Algeria. One of the distinctions between Ladino and Haketia (Haquetia) is that the latter incorporates Arabic.
Etymology
The name "Haketia" derived from the Arabic Шаблон:Lang ḥaká, "tell",[2] and is therefore pronounced with Шаблон:IPA-all, reflecting the Arabic Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Lang. In some places it is written "Jaquetía" with the same pronunciation.
Description
The well-known form of Judaeo-Spanish spoken by Jews living in the Balkans, Greece, Turkey and Jerusalem is Шаблон:Lang (eastern Ladino). Haketia may be described by contrast as Шаблон:Lang. The language is a variety of Spanish that borrows heavily from Judeo-Moroccan Arabic. It evidently also contains a number of words of Hebrew origin and was originally written using Hebrew letters. There is some cultural resemblance between the two Judaeo-Spanish dialect communities, including a rich shared stock of Шаблон:Lang (ballads) from medieval Spain, though both words and music often differ in detail (as indeed they do between one Oriental-Sephardic community and another).
The Haketia lexicon is made up mostly of Spanish words but 34.5% of words are from Arabic and 18.5% are from Hebrew. It contains many calques of Hebrew phrases, such as hiĵas de Israel, a literal translation of the Hebrew phrase Шаблон:Lang, meaning "daughters of Israel".[3]
Other words have shifted in meaning. For example, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Ipac, "neighbor", became sajén, which has taken on the meaning "Christian/Spanish".[3]
Spanish prefixes and suffixes are combined with Hebrew base words.[3]
Modern use
Haketia, unlike other varieties of Judaeo-Spanish, did not develop a literary tradition, so the language remained as a colloquial form of communication and was not used as a vehicle for formal education since in Spanish Morocco, Spanish was used, along with French, at the Alliance Israélite Universelle schools. Due to the influence of the Spanish and French conquests and the large number of Jews from northern Morocco who emigrated to Venezuela, Spain and later Argentina, the language was levelled with modern Spanish, which has contributed greatly to its extinction. Nevertheless, there has been a slow renaissance of the language, helped by musicians such as Шаблон:Illm, Mor Karbasi and Шаблон:Illm, among others. Шаблон:Illm and Alegría Bendayán de Bendelac have both compiled Spanish-Haketía[4] dictionaries, published in 1977 and 1995, respectively. The Шаблон:Illm regularly publishes articles in Haketia in its magazine Maguen-Escudo.[5] The language is also spoken in some communities in the Amazon areas of Brazil.[6]
Scholarship
Joseph Benoliel collected oral tradition, grammar, and a lexicon. Alegria Bendelac conducted fieldwork.[7] Nina Pinto-Abecasis collected folklore.[8]
Status
Decline began as early as 1860 during the Spanish occupation of Tetuan and accelerated as a increasing share of Haketia speakers adopted Modern Spanish. Today Haketia is a declining language with only 1000 speakers remaining, down from 30,000 in 1900.[3]
References
Bibliography
External links
- Jewish Language Research website's page on Haketia
- List of articles written in Haketia at eSefarad.com
- Rodrigues da Cunha, Álvaro Fernando (2012): Narrativa na (língua judaico-marroquina) hakitía (Portuguese and English summaries)
Шаблон:Jewish languages Шаблон:Languages of Morocco Шаблон:Ceuta Шаблон:Melilla Шаблон:Sephardi Jews topics Шаблон:Authority control
