Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Imam Reza shrine

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{short description|Tomb of the eighth Imam of the Shiites in Mashhad, Iran}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name                  = Imam Reza shrine
| native_name           = {{lang-fa|حرم‌ امام رضا|label=none}}
| native_name_lang      = 
| image                 = RezaShrine.jpg
| map_type              = Iran
| map_size              = 250
| map_caption           = Location in Iran
| coordinates           = {{Coord|36.2880|59.6157|type:landmark_region:IR-09|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Shia Islam]]
| location              = [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]]
| established           = 818
| tradition             = 
| administration        = [[Astan Quds Razavi]]
| leadership            = ''Imam(s):''<br/>[[Ahmad Marvi]]
| architecture_type     = Mosque
| architecture_style    = [[Abbasid architecture|Abbasid Islamic]]
| capacity              = 700,000
| site_area             = {{Convert|1,000,000|m2|acre}}
| minaret_quantity      = 12
| minaret_height        = {{convert|70|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| website               = {{URL|www.aqr.ir}}
}}

The '''Imam Reza shrine''' ({{lang-fa|حرم امام رضا|translit=Haram-e Emâm Rezâ|lit=Sanctuary of Imam Reza}}), located in [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]], is an Islamic shrine containing the remains of [[Ali al-Rida]], the eighth [[imam]] in [[Twelverism]]. It is the largest mosque in the world by area. Also contained within the complex are the [[Goharshad Mosque]], a [[museum]], a [[library]], four [[seminaries]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Islamic Seminaries At The Holy Shrine |url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1077&page=12 |work=Imam Reza (A.S.) Network |access-date=2009-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530021357/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1077&page=12 |archive-date=2008-05-30 }}</ref> a cemetery, the [[Razavi University of Islamic Sciences]], and other buildings.

The complex is a tourism center in Iran<ref name="Imam Reza">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/iran/mashad.htm|title=Sacred Sites: Mashhad, Iran|publisher=sacredsites.com|access-date=2006-03-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127181619/http://sacredsites.com/middle_east/iran/mashad.htm|archive-date=2010-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2211/html/panorama.htm|title=Religious Tourism Potentials Rich|work=Iran Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612164512/http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2211/html/panorama.htm|archive-date=June 12, 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=2009-05-25}}</ref> and has been described as "the heart of the Shia Iran"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/24/imam-reza-shrine-iran-shiite_n_5201211.html|title=Imam Reza Shrine Is The Heart Of Shi'ite Iran And The World's Largest Mosque-- See It Through A Pilgrim's Eyes (PHOTOS)|last=Hafiz|first=Yasmine|date=2014-04-24|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2017-10-24|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508014412/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/24/imam-reza-shrine-iran-shiite_n_5201211.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with 25 million Iranian and non-Iranian Shias visiting the shrine each year, according to a 2007 estimate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118072271215621679|title=Inside Iran's Holy Money Machine|last=Higgins|first=Andrew|date=2007-06-02|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=2017-10-24|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=2016-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424032806/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118072271215621679|url-status=live}}</ref> 

The shrine itself covers an area of {{convert|267,079|m2|sqft|-1}} while the seven courtyards which surround it cover an area of {{convert|331,578|m2|sqft|-1}}, totaling {{convert|598657|m2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Glory of the Islamic World |url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1073 |work=Imam Reza (A.S.) Network |access-date=2009-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612095542/http://imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1073 |archive-date=2010-06-12 }}</ref>

== Religious significance ==
Shia sources quote several [[hadith]]s from the Shia Imams and [[Prophet Muhammad]] that highlight the importance of pilgrimage to the shrine. A hadith from the Islamic Prophet reads: <blockquote>One of my own flesh and blood will be buried in the land of Khorasan. God the Highest will surely remove the sorrows of any sorrowful person who goes on pilgrimage to his shrine. God will surely forgive the sins of any sinful person who goes on pilgrimage to his shrine.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.al-islam.org/uyun-akhbar-ar-ridha-volume-2-shaykh-saduq/chapter-66-reward-visiting-shrine-imam-ali-ibn-musa-ar|title=Uyun Akhbar al-Ridha|date=23 July 2015|volume=2|access-date=24 October 2017|archive-date=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024205735/https://www.al-islam.org/uyun-akhbar-ar-ridha-volume-2-shaykh-saduq/chapter-66-reward-visiting-shrine-imam-ali-ibn-musa-ar|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

==History==
===Early years===
Dar-ul-Imarah (Royal Residence) or the garden of [[Humayd ibn Qahtaba|Humayd ibn Qahtaba al-Ta'i]] was a fortress in the village of Sanabad. It dates back to the era before the [[Islam]] religion. It had been placed at the fork road of Sanabad, [[Neishabour]], [[Sarakhs]], [[Tus, Iran|Toos]] and [[Radkan, Razavi Khorasan|Radkan]]. This fortress had been a place for the frontier guards to take position and establish the security of these roads and regions. After the demise of [[Harun al-Rashid]], he was buried in this place. Due to this historical event, the Dar-ul-Imarah was known as the Mausoleum of [[Harun al-Rashid|Haruniyyeh]]. The original inner building of Dar-ul-Imarah had been a [[Zoroastrian]] temple. This building was demolished by the order of [[al-Ma'mun]], and then it was reconstructed according to the special architecture of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. Four plain and short walls, covered with a low-slope dome, were constructed around the building. Afterwards, the name of the mausoleum (Haruniyyeh) was changed and known as the Mashhad-ur-Reza. Mashhad literally means a place where a martyr has been buried.<ref name="mashreghnews">{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|title=Look at the history of Imam Reza's burial ground (Persian)|url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/93954/%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84-%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%B9|agency=mashreghnews|date=24 January 2012|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=11 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111205530/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/93954/%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84-%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%B9|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Martyrdom of Ali al-Ridha===
[[File:Imam Reza shrine before development.jpg|thumb|Imam Reza shrine before development]]
In 818, [[Imam]] [[Ali al-Ridha]] was murdered by the [[Abbasid]] caliph [[al-Ma'mun]] (ruled 813–833) and was buried beside the grave of al-Ma'mun's father, [[Harun al-Rashid]] (r. 786–809).<ref name="Dungersi">{{cite book|last1=Dungersi|first1=Mohamed Raza|title=A Brief Biography of Imam Ali bin Musa (a.s.): al-Ridha|date=January 1996|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=978-1502834249|page=42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VU9kAwAAQBAJ&q=death+Imam+Ali+al-Ridha&pg=PA7|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=2023-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807043544/https://books.google.com/books?id=VU9kAwAAQBAJ&q=death+Imam+Ali+al-Ridha&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref> After this event, the location was called Mashhad al-Ridha ("the place of martyrdom of al-Ridha"). [[Shias]] and [[Sunnis]] (for example, [[Ibn Hibban]] wrote in his Kitab al Siqqat that whenever troubled and in Mashad he would always visit the shrine to ask for relief from problems that bothered him) began visiting his grave on [[Ziarat|pilgrimage]]. By the end of the 9th century, a dome was built on the grave and many buildings and [[bazaars]] sprang up around it. For the next thousand years, it has been devastated and reconstructed several times.<ref>Zabeth (1999) pp. 12-16</ref>

The celebrated Muslim traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] visited Mashhad in 1333 and reported that it was a large town with abundant fruit trees, streams and mills. A great dome of elegant construction surmounts the noble mausoleum, the walls being decorated with colored tiles. Opposite the tomb of the Imam is the tomb of Caliph Harun al-Rashid, which is surmounted by a platform bearing chandeliers.<ref name="Imam Reza"/>

===Ghaznavid era===
By the end of the third [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] century, a dome was built on the grave of Imam Reza and many buildings and bazaars sprang around the shrine. In 383 A.H. / 993 A.D., [[Sebuktigin]], the [[Ghaznavid dynasty|Ghaznavid]] sultan devastated Mashhad and stopped the pilgrims from visiting the shrine. But in 400 A.H./ 1009 A.D., [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] (born 971, ruled, 998-1030 A.D.,) started the expansion and renovation of the shrine and built many fortifications around the city.<ref name="Petrushevski">{{cite book|last1=Petrushevski|first1=Ilia Pavlovich|title=Islam in Iran|date=1970|publisher=ketab.com|page=271|isbn=9781595844613|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4WCAwAAQBAJ&q=%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%88+%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7+%D8%B9+%D8%B3%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%AA%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86&pg=PT273|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=2023-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807043528/https://books.google.com/books?id=M4WCAwAAQBAJ&q=%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%88+%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7+%D8%B9+%D8%B3%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%AA%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86&pg=PT273|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Saljug era===
[[File:ImamReza06.jpg|thumb|A picture from second sanctuary]]
[[Sultan Sanjar]] (b. 1086 A.D., r. 1097–1157 A.D.), after the healing of his son in the shrine, renovated the sanctuary and added new buildings within its precincts. At the time of Sultan Sanjar Saljuqi, after Sharaf al-Din Abu Tahir b. Sa'd b. Ali Qummi repaired the shrine, he began to construct a dome over it.<ref name="ISNA">{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|title=How the shrine of Imam Reza was built?|url=http://www.isna.ir/news/92101406673/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%B9-%DA%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF|access-date=4 January 2014|agency=Iranian student's news agency|archive-date=15 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015052921/http://www.isna.ir/news/92101406673/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%B9-%DA%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF|url-status=live}}</ref> In 612 A.H./ 1215 A.D., as borne out by inscriptions on certain tiles, Allaudin Khwarezm Shah carried out renovations on the shrine.<ref name="ISNA" />

===Mongol invasion===
During the [[Khwarazmian dynasty]], some repair and decoration was made inside the shrine.<ref name="ISNA"/> In this era (612 A.H./1215 A.D.), two very glorious embossed [[Thuluth]] (a large Naskh handwriting) inscriptions in form of square tile work were fixed on both sides of the shrine entrance-by the side of Dar al-Huffaz porch—in which the names and descent of Imam Reza back to [[Imam Ali]] were written. Some other inscriptions and three mihrabs (a special place for prayer-leader in mosques) belonging to this age exist in this holy complex. During the [[Mongol]] invasion in 1220 A.D. (617 A.H.), [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] was plundered by the invading hordes and the survivors of this massacre took refuge in Mashhad and settled around the shrine.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lorentz|first1=John H.|title=The A to Z of Iran|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=202|isbn=9781461731917|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oV9WwxXbCB8C&q=Mongol+invasion+Imam+Reza+shrine&pg=PA202|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=2023-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807043527/https://books.google.com/books?id=oV9WwxXbCB8C&q=Mongol+invasion+Imam+Reza+shrine&pg=PA202|url-status=live}}</ref> Sultan Muhammad Khudabandeh Iljaitu (b. 1282 AD), the Mongol ruler of Iran, converted to Shi'ism and ruled Iran in 703–716 A.H (1304–1316 AD), once again renovated the shrine on a grand scale.<ref name="Petrushevski"/>

===Timurid era===
The glorious phase of Mashhad started during the reign of [[Shahrukh Mirza]] (b. 1377 A.D., r, 1405–1447), son of [[Tamerlane]], and reached its zenith during the reign of [[Safavid dynasty|the Safavid Shahs]] who ruled Iran from 1501 to 1736. Shahrukh Mirza, whose capital was [[Herat]], regularly visited Mashhad for the pilgrimage of the shrine of Imam Reza (A.S.). In the 15th century, during the reign of the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] [[Shahrukh Mirza]], Mashhad became one of the main cities of the realm. In 1418, his wife Empress [[Goharshad]] funded the construction of an outstanding [[mosque]] beside the shrine, which is known as the [[Goharshad Mosque]].<ref name="Zabeth">{{cite book|last1=Zabeth|first1=Hyder Reza|title=Landmarks of Mashhad|year=1999|publisher=Foundation of Astan Quds Razavi|isbn=9789644442216|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbZJS_lcAkQC&q=Zabeth+hyder+Reza+1999+Mashhad&pg=PA4|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=2023-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807043528/https://books.google.com/books?id=xbZJS_lcAkQC&q=Zabeth+hyder+Reza+1999+Mashhad&pg=PA4|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Safavid era===
[[File:Main Gate of Imam Riza, Mashhad, Iran-1850s.jpg|thumb|right|Main Gate of Imam Riza, Mashhad, 1850s. Photo possibly by [[Luigi Pesce]] (Italian, 1818–1891)]]
With the emergence of the Safavid dynasty in 1501 A.D. and their declaration of the Twelver Shi'ite sect as the state religion, Mashhad reached the peak of its development. However, since Khorasan was a border province of the Safavid Empire, Mashhad suffered repeated invasions and periods of occupation by the Uzbek Khans – Muhammad Khan, Abdullah Khan Shaibani, Muhammad Sultan and especially Abdul-Momen Khan. These invasions continued up to 996 A.H./ 1586 A.D., the reign of [[Shah Abbas I]], who finally drove out the [[Uzbeks]] from Khorasan. Sahn Atiq was extended in the time of Shah Abbas I, and during the Safavid era, efforts were made for its further improvement.

During the Safavid era, the shrine also received patronage from rulers of the Indian subcontinent, namely [[Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]] (founder of the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]]) and [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]]. The latter was notably a [[Sunni]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Edmund.|first=Bosworth, Clifford|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/231801473|title=Historic cities of the Islamic world|date=2008|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-15388-2|pages=337|oclc=231801473}}</ref>

===Afsharid and Qajar era===
[[File:ImamReza10.jpg|thumb|Complex's main garden in 1910]] 
[[File:Teh st - Mashhad - 1956.jpg|thumb|Shrine's view from Tehran Street, 1956]] 
[[Nader Shah Afshar]] (b. 1688, r. 1736–1747 A.D.) and [[Qajar dynasty|the Qajar Shahs]] who ruled Iran from 1789 to 1925 expanded the various places in the shrine. There were also some improvements in the shrine complex during the Qajar Dynasty. There was also some repair in both courtyards during [[Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar|Mozaffar ad-Din Shah]]'s monarchy.

Following the coup in December 1911, Russian artillery shelled revolutionaries who had taken refuge in the shrine.<ref>Michael Axworthy, ''A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind'', (Basic Books, 2010), 212.</ref> The whole complex was greatly damaged in 1911, but it was repaired after a while.

===Modern era===
[[File:Imam Reza shrine.jpg|thumb|Imam Reza shrine at night, 2012]]
There happened some essential changes round the complex in 1347/1928. Old Falakah was extended up to a radius of 620 meters before the victory of the [[Islamic Revolution]], and an important part of Holy Buildings' historical structure was demolished without considering its antiquity and elegance.

On 11th Rabi al-Thani 1354 A.H. /13 July 1935, during the [[Goharshad Mosque rebellion]],  armed forces of [[Reza Shah]] (b. 1878, r. 1925–1941 A.D.), the reigning monarch of Iran and founder of [[Pahlavi dynasty]], invaded the shrine and massacred people gathered in the [[Goharshad Mosque]]. The people there were protesting against the modernization policies of the Shah which many, especially amongst the Shia clergy, considered to be anti-Islamic, including the [[Kashf-e hijab|banning Hijab]] (headscarf) for women in Iran. Shortly before the [[Iranian Revolution]], on 21 November 1978, troops under orders from the regime of [[Mohammad Reza Shah]] (b. 1919, r. 1941–1979 A.D.), Reza Shah's son and successor, killed a large number of people within the shrine (approximately 12,000).

The shrine is depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] of the Iranian 100 [[Iranian rial|rials]] coin, issued since 2004.<ref>[http://www.cbi.ir/default_en.aspx Central Bank of Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203093839/https://www.cbi.ir/default_en.aspx |date=2021-02-03}}. Banknotes & Coins: [http://www.cbi.ir/page/1990.aspx 100 Rials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728221503/https://www.cbi.ir/default_en.aspx |date=2018-07-28}}. – Retrieved on 24 March 2009.</ref>

=== Incidents ===

* 1994 [[Imam Reza shrine bombing]]
* 2022 [[Imam Reza shrine stabbings]]

==Commune kitchen==
The harem kitchen dines 10 to 40 thousand visitors/tourists a day and sometimes on occasional events cook as many as 250,000. It has an Astan quds website page and there is an ID register and ticket lottery for a meal one course per person every three year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eghtesadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C-87/418570-%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%87-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7 |title=نحوه ثبت نام در مهمانسرای حرم امام رضا (ع) |date=20 February 2020 |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-date=2022-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406215515/https://www.eghtesadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C-87/418570-%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%87-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.farsnews.ir/news/13990721000552/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE-%DB%B2%DB%B5%DB%B0-%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C |title=Archived copy |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-date=2023-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807043544/https://www.farsnews.ir/news/13990721000552/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE-%DB%B2%DB%B5%DB%B0-%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C |url-status=live }}</ref>
During Ramadan Commune kitchen feed one million pilgrim and citizens.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.isna.ir/amp/1402010903345/ | title=توزیع بیش از یک میلیون بسته‌ افطاری در حرم رضوی - ایسنا }}</ref>

==Specifications==

=== Courtyards ([[Sahn]]) ===
[[File:Placing Carpets, Imam Ridha Mosque.jpg|Volunteers placing carpets in the Imam Ridha Mosque for the afternoon prayers|thumb]]
The complex contains a total of seven courtyards, which cover an area of over {{convert|331578|m2|abbr=on}}:<ref>{{cite web |title=Sahn (Courtyards) Around the Holy Shrine |url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1077&page=8 |work=Imam Reza (A.S.) Network |access-date=2009-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529202557/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1077&page=8 |archive-date=2008-05-29 }}</ref> The courtyards also contain a total of 14 minarets,<ref>{{cite web |title=Minarets |url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1077&page=5 |work=Imam Reza (A.S.) Network |access-date=2009-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530021402/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1077&page=5 |archive-date=2008-05-30 }}</ref> and three fountains.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saqqah Khaneh |url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1077&page=10 |work=Imam Reza (A.S.) Network |access-date=2009-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612094138/http://imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1077&page=10 |archive-date=2010-06-12 }}</ref>

{{Incomplete list|date=January 2009}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! align="left" |Name!! class="unsortable" align="left" |Images!! align="left" |Area (m<sup>2</sup>)!! align="left" |appurtenant!! align="left" |Year of first building
|-
|Revolution Courtyard || ||{{nts}}|| four balconies, steel window||{{sort}}
|-
|Freedom Courtyard || ||{{nts|4600}}|| golden Veranda ||{{sort}}
|-
|Courtyard of Goharshad Mosque || ||{{nts}}||  ||{{sort}}
|-
|Quds Courtyard || ||{{nts|2500}}||  ||{{sort}}
|-
|Islamic Republic Courtyard || ||{{nts|10,000}}||two minarets||{{sort}}
|-
|The Razavi Grand Courtyard || ||{{nts}}||  ||{{sort}}
|-
|Gadeer Courtyard || ||{{nts}}||  ||{{sort}}
|-
|}
{{wide image|Imam Reza Shrine (20).jpg|990px|An image of Enghelab islami Courtyard, Imam Reza Shrine}}

===Halls===
From the courtyards, external hallways named after scholars lead to the inner areas of the mosque. They are referred to as ''[[Bast (asylum)|Bast]]'' (''Sanctuary''), since they were meant to be a safeguard for the shrine areas:<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bast (Sanctuaries) Around the Holy Shrine |url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1077&page=9 |work=Imam Reza (A.S.) Network |access-date=2009-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612094557/http://imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1077&page=9 |archive-date=2010-06-12 }}</ref>

* Bast [[Shaykh Tusi|Shaykh Toosi]] – leads to the Central Library
* Bast [[Shaykh Tabarsi]]
* Bast [[Shaikh al-Hur al-Aamili|Shaykh Hur Ameli]]
* Bast [[Shaykh Baha'i]]

The ''Bast'' hallways lead towards a total of 21 internal halls ([[Riwaq (arcade)|Riwaq]]) which surround the burial chamber of [[Ali al-Ridha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Riwaq (Porch) |url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1077&page=7 |work=Imam Reza (A.S.) Network |access-date=2009-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612095522/http://imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1077&page=7 |archive-date=2010-06-12 }}</ref> Adjacent to the burial chamber is also a mosque dating back to the 10th century known as, Bala-e-Sar Mosque.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bala-Sar Mosque of the Holy Shrine |url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1077&page=6 |work=Imam Reza (A.S.) Network |access-date=2009-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612094157/http://imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1077&page=6 |archive-date=2010-06-12 }}</ref>

===Goharshad Mosque===
{{main|Goharshad Mosque}}
[[File:Goharshad-mosque-mashhad-IRAN.jpg|thumb|Goharshad Mosque details]]
This mosque is situated adjacent to the shrine of Imam Ridha. 

===Ali al-Ridha's Tomb===
[[File:ضریح حرم امام رضا.jpg|thumb|A view of the existing sanctuary]]
It is located beneath the Golden Dome and surrounded by different porches each bearing a separate name. 

===Museums and other historical appurtenants===
There are two museums within the shrine limits. Astan Quds Museum and Quran Museum.

==Notable burials==<!-- PLEASE RESPECT CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER -->

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rowspan="2"|Name
! scope="row" colspan="2"|Lifespan 
! Rowspan="2"|Notes
|-
! Birth
! Died 
|-
| [[Harun al-Rashid]]
| 763
| 809
| [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] [[caliph]] (786–809)
|-
| [[Ali Al-Ridha|Imam Ali Reza]]
| 765
| 818
| 8th [[the Twelve Imams|Imam]] (798–818)
|-
| [[Shaykh Tabarsi|Shaykh Ahmad Tabarsi]]
| 1073
| 1153
| Scholar
|-
| [[Sevin Beg Khanzada]] 
| 1360
| 1412
| [[Timurid dynasty]] Princess
|-
| [[Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza]]
| 1422
| 1457
| [[Timurid dynasty]] Prince
|-
| [[Sultanum Begum]] 
| 1516
| 1593
| Queen consort of [[Tahmasp I|Shah Tahmasp I]]
|-
| [[Allahverdi Khan]]
| 1560
| 1613
| Iranian General of Georgian origin
|-
| [[Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī|Shaykh Baha'i]] 
| 1547
| 1621
| Islamic Scholar
|-
| [[Dilaram Khanum]] 
| ?
| 1647
| Consort of Safavid Prince and mother of [[Safi of Persia|Shah Safi]]
|-
| [[Al-Hurr al-Aamili|Muhammad al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī]] 
| 1624
| 1693
| Shia cleric
|-
| [[Abbas Mirza]] 
| 1789
| 1833
| [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] Crown Prince
|-
| [[Mohammad Taqi Mirza|Mohammad-Taqi Mirza]] 
| 1791
| 1853
| Qajar Prince
|-
| [[Muhammad Baqir Sharif Tabatabae|Mohammad Baqer Sharif Tabatabai]] 
| 1823
| 1901
| Scholar
|-
| [[Mirza Abutaleb Zanjani|Abu Talib Zanjani]] 
| 1843
| 1911
| Scholar
|-
| [[Ashraf os-Saltaneh|Princess Ashraf os-Saltaneh]] 
| 1863
| 1914
| Qajar Princess 
|-
| [[Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan]]
| 1850
| 1918
| Qajar prince
|-
| [[Hassan Ali Nokhodaki Isfahani]] 
| 1862
| 1942
| cleric
|-
| [[Ahmed Aref El-Zein]] 
| 1884
| 1960
| Scholar
|-
| [[Forough Azarakhshi]] 
| 1904
| 1963
| scholar
|-
| [[Ali-Akbar Fayyaz]] 
| 1898
| 1971
| Scholar
|-
| [[Muhammad Taqi Amoli]] 
| 1887
| 1971
| cleric
|-
| [[Mohammad Hadi al-Milani]] 
| 1895
| 1975
| Scholar
|-
| [[Manouchehr Eghbal]] 
| 1909
| 1977
| Prime Minister (1957–60) and CEO of [[NIOC]]
|-
| [[Asadollah Alam]] 
| 1919
| 1978
| Prime minister (1962–64) and [[Ministry of the Royal Court|minister of the Imperial Court]] (1967–77)
|-
| [[Gholam Hossein Tabrizi|Gholam Husayn Tabrizi]] 
| 1881
| 1980
| Scholar
|-
| Ali Motamedi <small>([[:fa:علی معتمدی|fa]])</small> 
| 1896
| 1980
| diplomat and politician
|-
| Mahmoud Farrokh Khorasani <small>([[:fa:محمود فرخ خراسانی|fa]])</small> 
|1895
|1981
|politician
|-
| [[Abdolkarim Hasheminejad|Abdol Karim Hasheminejad]] 
| 1932
| 1981
| cleric
|-
| [[Abdullah Musawi Shirazi]] 
|1892
|1984
|cleric
|-
| [[Gholamreza Ghodsi]] 
| 1925
| 1989
| poet
|-
| [[Badri Teymourtash]] 
| 1908
| 1995
| scholar
|-
| [[Mohammad-Taqi Ja'fari|Mohammad Taqi Jafari]] 
|1925
|1998
|cleric
|-
| [[Ali Akbar Aboutorabi Fard|Ali Akbar Aboutorabi Fard]] 
| 1939
| 2000
| cleric
|-
| [[Hasanali Morvarid|Hasan Ali Morvarid]] 
| 1911
| 2004
| cleric
|-
| [[Sayyed Jalal-ed-Din Ashtiani|Syed Jalaleddin Ashtiani]] 
|1925
| 2005
| cleric
|-
| [[Hassan Tabatabaei Qomi]] 
| 1912
| 2007
| cleric
|-
| Mohammad-Sadegh Farman <small>([[:fa:محمدصادق فرمان|fa]])</small> 
|1921
|2012
|politician
|-
| [[Mohammad Ezodin Hosseini Zanjani]] 
| 1921
| 2013
| cleric
|-
| [[Mohammad Baqer Shirazi]] 
| 1931
| 2014
| cleric
|-
| [[Abbas Vaez-Tabasi]] 
| 1935
| 2016
| cleric and chairman of the supervisory board of [[Astan Quds Razavi]] (1979–2016)
|-
| [[Hassan Firouzabadi]] 
| 1951
| 2021
| Military commander and [[General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Chief of Staff of the Iranian Armed Forces]] (1989–2016)
|-
|}
* [[Harun al-Rashid]] (763–809) – [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] [[caliph]] (786–809)
* [[Ali Al-Ridha|Imam Reza]] (765–818) – 8th [[the Twelve Imams|Imam]] (798–818)
* [[Shaykh Tabarsi]] (1073–1153) – Scholar
* [[Sevin Beg Khanzada]] ({{Circa|1360}} – 1411) – [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] princess
* [[Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza]] (1422–1457) – Timurid prince
* [[Sultanum Begum]] (1516–1593) – Queen consort
* [[Allahverdi Khan]] (ალავერდი ხანი უნდილაძე) ({{Circa|1560}}–1613) – Iranian general of Georgian origin
* [[Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī|Sheikh-e Baha'i]] (1547–1621) – Scholar
* [[Dilaram Khanum]] (d. 1647) – Queen consort
* [[Al-Hurr al-Aamili|Horr-e Ameli]] (1624–1693) – cleric
* Crown Prince [[Abbas Mirza]] (1789–1833) – [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] Crown Prince
* Prince [[Mohammad Taqi Mirza|Mohammad-Taqi Mirza]] (1791–1853) – Qajar prince
* [[Muhammad Baqir Sharif Tabatabae|Mohammad-Baqer Sharif Tabatabai]] (1823–1901) – Scholar
* [[Mirza Abutaleb Zanjani|Abutaleb Zanjani]] (1843–1911) – Scholar
* Prince [[Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan]] (1850–1918) – Qajar prince
* [[Hassan Ali Nokhodaki Isfahani]] (1862–1942) – cleric
* [[Ahmed Aref El-Zein]] (1884–1960) – Scholar
* [[Forough Azarakhshi]] (1904–1963) – scholar
* [[Muhammad Taqi Amoli|Mohammad-Taqi Amoli]] (1887–1971) – cleric
* [[Ali-Akbar Fayyaz]] (1898–1971) – scholar
* [[Mohammad Hadi al-Milani|Mohammad-Hadi Milani]] (1895–1975) – Scholar
* [[Manouchehr Eghbal]] (1909–1977) – prime minister (1957–60) and CEO of [[NIOC]]
* [[Asadollah Alam]] (1919–1978) – prime minister (1962–64) and [[Ministry of the Royal Court|minister of the Imperial Court]] (1967–77)
* [[Gholam Hossein Tabrizi|Gholam-Hossein Tabrizi]] (1881–1980) – Scholar
* َAli Motamedi <small>([[:fa:علی معتمدی|fa]])</small> (1896–1980) – diplomat and politician
* Mahmoud Farrokh Khorasani <small>([[:fa:محمود فرخ خراسانی|fa]])</small> (1895–1981) – politician
* [[Abdolkarim Hasheminejad]] (1932–1981) – cleric
* [[Abdullah Musawi Shirazi|Abdollah Musavi Shirazi]] (1892–1984) – cleric
* [[Gholamreza Ghodsi]] (1925–1989) – poet
* [[Badri Teymourtash]] (1908–1995) – scholar
* [[Mohammad-Taqi Ja'fari|Mohammad-Taqi Jafari]] (1925–1998) – cleric
* [[Ali Akbar Aboutorabi Fard|Ali-Akbar Aboutorabi Fard]] (1939–2000) – cleric
* [[Hasanali Morvarid|Hassan-Ali Morvarid]] (1911–2004) – cleric
* [[Sayyed Jalal-ed-Din Ashtiani|Jalaleddin Ashtiani]] (1925–2005) – cleric
* [[Hassan Tabatabaei Qomi]] (1912–2007) – cleric
* Mohammad-Sadegh Farman <small>([[:fa:محمدصادق فرمان|fa]])</small> (1921–2012) – politician
* [[Mohammad Ezodin Hosseini Zanjani]] (1921–2013) – cleric
* [[Mohammad Baqer Shirazi]] (1931–2014) – cleric
* [[Abbas Vaez-Tabasi]] (1935–2016) – cleric and chairman of the supervisory board of [[Astan Quds Razavi]] (1979–2016)
* [[Hassan Firouzabadi]] (1951–2021) – military commander and [[General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Chief of Staff of the Iranian Armed Forces]] (1989–2016)

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed-overlay" widths="150" heights="150">
File:6 (معماری حرم امام رضا (ع.jpg
File:5 (معماری حرم امام رضا (ع.jpg
File:2 (معماری حرم امام رضا (ع.jpg
File:3 (معماری حرم امام رضا (ع.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Holiest sites in Shia Islam]]
* [[Astan Quds Razavi]]
* [[Fatima Masumeh Shrine]]
* [[Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine]]
* [[Goharshad Mosque]]
* Howz-e Ma'jardar Mosque

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book |last=Zabeth |first=Hyder Reza |title=Landmarks of Mashhad |publisher=Alhoda UK |year=1999 |isbn=9644442210}}

==Bibliography==
* D. M. Donaldson: 'Significant Miḥrābs in the Ḥaram at Mas̱ẖhad', A. Islam., ii (1935), pp.&nbsp;118–27
* A. U. Pope and P. Ackerman, eds: Survey of Persian Art (2/1964–7), pp.&nbsp;1201–11
* B. Saadat: The Holy Shrine of Imam Reza, Mashhad, 4 vols (Shiraz, 1976)
* Nasrine Hakami, Pèlerinage de l'Emâm Rezâ: Étude Socio-économique (Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 1989) 
* C. P. Melville: 'Shah ‛Abbas and the Pilgrimage to Mashhad', Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society, ed. C. P. Melville (London, 1996), pp.&nbsp;191–229
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]
|url= http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/astan-e-qods-e-razawi
|title= Āstān-e Qods-e Rażawī
|author= ʿA.-Ḥ. Mawlawī, M. T.Moṣṭafawī, and E. Šakūrzāda
|year= 2011
}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
*[http://news.aqr.ir/en Astan Quds Razavi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109140444/http://news.aqr.ir/en |date=2016-01-09 }}
*[http://imamrezashrine.aqr.ir/en Non-Iranian Pilgrims Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226111034/http://imamrezashrine.aqr.ir/en |date=2016-02-26 }}
*[https://rpsi.ir/en Razavi Pharmaceutical Service Institute]

{{Mosques in Iran}}
{{Holiest sites in Shia Islam}}
{{Razavi Khorasan Province}}

[[Category:Shia shrines]]
[[Category:Safavid architecture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mashhad]]
[[Category:Mosques in Iran]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in Iran]]
[[Category:Shia cemeteries]]
[[Category:Islamic Republic of Iran era architecture]]
[[Category:Shrines in Iran]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Razavi Khorasan Province]]
[[Category:National works of Iran]]
[[Category:Burial sites of the Abbasid dynasty]]
[[Category:Imam Reza shrine]]
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