Английская Википедия:? (film)

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? (also written Tanda Tanya, meaning Question Mark) is a 2011 Indonesian drama film directed by Hanung Bramantyo. It stars Revalina Sayuthi Temat, Reza Rahadian, Agus Kuncoro, Endhita, Rio Dewanto, and Hengky Sulaeman. The film focuses around Indonesia's religious pluralism, which often results in conflict between different beliefs, represented in a plot that revolves around the interactions of three families, one Buddhist, one Muslim, and one Catholic. After undergoing numerous hardships and the deaths of several family members in religious violence, they are reconciled.

Based on Bramantyo's experiences as a mixed-race child, ? was meant to counter the portrayal of Islam as a "radical religion".Шаблон:Sfn Owing to the film's theme of religious pluralism and controversial subject matter, Bramantyo had difficulty finding backing. Eventually, Mahaka Pictures put forth Rp 5 billion ($600,000) to fund the production. Filming began on 5 January 2011 in Semarang.

Released on 7 April 2011, ? was a critical and commercial success: it received favourable reviews and was viewed by more than 550,000 people. Screened internationally, it was nominated for nine Citra Awards at the 2011 Indonesian Film Festival, winning one. Several Indonesian Muslim groups, including the conservative Indonesian Ulema Council and the extremist Islamic Defenders Front, protested against the film because of its pluralist message.

Plot

? focuses on interfaith relations in Indonesia, a country wherein religious conflicts are common, and there is a long history of violence and discrimination against Chinese IndonesiansШаблон:Sfn and other minorities. The storyline follows three families living in a village in Semarang, Central Java: the Chinese-Indonesian Buddhist Tan Kat Sun (Hengky Sulaeman) and his son Hendra (Rio Dewanto), the Muslim couple Soleh and Menuk, and the Catholic-convert Rika and her Muslim son Abi.

Sun and Hendra run a Chinese restaurant that serves pork, which is forbidden for Muslims, although the restaurant has many Muslim clients and staff. To ensure good relations with his Muslim employees and customers, Sun uses special utensils for the preparation of pork, which he does not permit to be used for other dishes, and allows his staff time for prayers; he also gives them a holiday during Eid ul-Fitr, the largest Muslim holiday. One of his employees is Menuk, who supports her unemployed husband, Soleh. Rika is Menuk's friend and is involved with the unsuccessful Muslim actor Surya.

Already in his 70s, Sun falls ill and the restaurant is taken over by Hendra, who decides it will serve exclusively pork, alienating their Muslim customers. Hendra comes into conflict with Soleh over Menuk, as Hendra had previously dated her. Menuk becomes increasingly depressed after Soleh tells her that he plans to divorce her, and they are driven apart. Rika feels stressed as a result of how she has been treated by her neighbours and family after converting to Catholicism from Islam; Abi is also facing ostracism. Meanwhile, Surya and Doni are competing for Rika's affections. Surya is upset over his failure to find a good acting job.

Soleh joins the Islamic charitable group Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), hoping to gain confidence. Though he is initially reluctant to protect the security of a church during Christmas Eve, he ends up sacrificing his life when he discovers a bomb has been planted inside the church. He rushes out with the bomb, which explodes outside, killing him but saving the worshippers. Later, Sun dies when the restaurant, which did not close to honour Eid ul-Fitr, is attacked by a mob of fundamentalist Muslims. After the attack, Hendra reads the 99 names of Allah and converts to Islam; he attempts to approach Menuk, although it is unclear if she will accept him. Surya receives an offer from Rika to play the role of Jesus in her church's Christmas and Easter pageants, which he accepts for a high fee after hesitating due to fears that it will be against his religion; after the pageant he reads Al-Ikhlas in a mosque. Rika is able to obtain her parents' blessing for her conversion.

Cast

Production

? was directed by Hanung Bramantyo,Шаблон:Sfn who is of mixed Chinese-Javanese descent.Шаблон:Sfn He decided to direct a pluralist-themed film based on his own experiences as a mixed-race child.Шаблон:Sfn He chose the title ? to avoid protests upon the film's release, saying that if it had been named Liberalism or Pluralism there would be protests by opponents of those ideologies,Шаблон:Sfn and that he could not think of a better title.Шаблон:Sfn The individual characters are based on people Bramantyo has known or read about.Шаблон:Sfn His goal in making the film was to "clarify misleading arguments about Islam" and counter the portrayal of Islam as a "radical religion".Шаблон:Sfn In a pre-release press conference, Bramantyo said that ? was not meant to be commercial, but to make a statement.Шаблон:Sfn The film, his fourteenth, is one of several Islam-themed movies he has directed, after the polygamous romantic drama Ayat-Ayat Cinta (The Verses of Love; 2008) and the biopic Sang Pencerah (The Enlightener; 2009).Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Glenn Fredly.jpg
The singer Glenn Fredly found his character interesting, given the sensitive religious situation in Indonesia.

Fearing that the theme of pluralism would be taken as a "battle cry", some investors abandoned their commitments;Шаблон:Sfn Bramantyo was also unable to find support from mainstream studios.Шаблон:Sfn Before screening the film for the Indonesian Film Censor Board, several scenes were cut, including one in which a pig's head was displayed in the window of Sun's restaurant; other scenes that raised commentary were kept,Шаблон:Sfn although trimmed.Шаблон:Sfn Prior to the film's release, Bramantyo consulted about twenty people, including several religious leaders, in an attempt to ensure that the film was not offensive.Шаблон:Sfn Titien Wattimena was brought in to work further with the script; she put more emphasis on the message of tolerance.Шаблон:Sfn

Mahaka Pictures, owned by the same group as the predominantly Muslim Republika, co-produced the film with Dapur Film. The director of Mahaka Pictures, Erick Thohir, stated that his company had assisted with production because he "was disturbed by the fact that Indonesian films have declined in quality".Шаблон:Sfn He was willing to work with Bramantyo, as he found that the latter had proven to be a skilled director of religious films through his earlier work.Шаблон:Sfn Filming began on 5 January 2011 in Semarang;Шаблон:Sfn Bramantyo later described the city as a good example of tolerance in action.Шаблон:Sfn The film reportedly cost Rp 5 billion ($600,000) to produce.Шаблон:Sfn Two songs by the Indonesian band Sheila on 7, "Pasti Kubisa" ("Sure I Can") and "Kamus Hidupku" ("Dictionary to My Life") were used in the soundtrack, while Satrio Budiono and Saft Daultsyah handled sound editing.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Mulyo Hadi Purnomo, based in Semarang, was tasked with casting the minor roles.Шаблон:Sfn Bramantyo contacted the main cast members directly. Agus Kuncoro, who had acted in Sang Pencerah and was known for playing in Islamic-themed films, agreed to play Surya in ? immediately after reading the script.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Singer Glenn Fredly was interested in playing Doni because he considered the character, an ultra-conservative Catholic, an interesting role, given the sensitive religious situation in the country.Шаблон:Sfn Revalina S. Temat, who had appeared in Bramantyo's 2009 film Perempuan Berkalung Sorban (The Girl With the Keffiyeh Around Her Neck), found her role as Menuk interesting and more serious than her recent work in horror films.Шаблон:Sfn Endhita, whom Bramantyo called for the role, expressed interest as soon as she received an outline of the plot.Шаблон:Sfn

Themes and style

Ade Irwansyah, writing for Tabloid Bintang, notes that the film is a "microcosm" of Indonesia, which has numerous religious groups that often come into conflict. Irwansyah writes that Bramantyo intended for viewers to think of the religious conflicts that happen daily, and how to deal with differences in culture and beliefs,Шаблон:Sfn while Bramantyo has called the film his own personal interpretation of the country's religious situation.Шаблон:Sfn The film critic Eric Sasono noted this was apparent from the film's tagline, "Is it still important that we are different?",Шаблон:Efn and suggested that Bramantyo feared that Indonesia was becoming a monolithic state.Шаблон:Sfn According to Sasono, the conflict in ? is settled when the characters begin believing that all religions are good, and all praise God; thus, all religious conflict would end if people were to accept other beliefs.Шаблон:Sfn

The Jakarta Globe describes the film as a "study of the role and state of Islam in modern Indonesian society".Шаблон:Sfn Sasono noted that the Muslim majority in the film did not have their motives shown explicitly, be it for the use of the racist term "Шаблон:Lang" or for attacking Sun's restaurant.Шаблон:Sfn After comparing the actions of Muslim groups in ? and Asrul Sani's films Al Kautsar (1977) and Titian Serambut Dibelah Tujuh (Titian Serambut, Divided by Seven; 1982), Sasono suggested that Bramantyo may have been expressing a fear that these groups no longer needed provocateurs to attack others.Шаблон:Sfn He notes that a scene in which a Catholic priest is stabbed by two men on a motorcycle reflects a September 2010 case in Bekasi, which had become a national issue.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He further describes the camera angles as vulgar, abandoning subtlety, but suggests that they made the work more dramatic; he indicates that this was readily apparent with a scene in which part of a mosque falls apart.Шаблон:Sfn

Release

? debuted at Gandaria City in South Jakarta on 31 March 2011, with a wide release on 7 April. Its release coincided with a contest sponsored by a local cellular service provider that called on viewers to decide the best name to describe the events shown in the film; it was said that the best name to be submitted would be used on the DVD release,Шаблон:Sfn but this was ultimately not done.Шаблон:Sfn Within five days of its premiere, ? had been seen by almost 100,000 people.Шаблон:Sfn ? had been watched by more than 550,000 people by mid-September.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn The film was also shown internationally. At the sixth Indonesian Film Festival in Australia, ? was screened to full theatres on 25 August 2011 as the festival's closing film.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to Bramantyo, the film was also screened in Vancouver and Paris, receiving positive feedback.Шаблон:Sfn

A novelisation of the film, entitled Harmoni Dalam Tanda Tanya (Harmony in Tanda Tanya) and published by Mahaka Publishing, was released in December 2011. Written by Melvy Yendra dan Adriyati, it further expanded the background of the film, including the relationship between Hendra and Menuk.Шаблон:Sfn On 21 February 2012, ? was released on DVD by Jive! Collection,Шаблон:Sfn after passing the censorship board in January. The DVD featured Indonesian audio, Indonesian and English subtitles, a behind-the-scenes documentary, and a gallery of photographs from production.Шаблон:Sfn In a preface on the DVD's liner notes, Ronny P. Tjandra of Jive! Collection wrote that viewers should view the film with open hearts, as the conflicts within reflected actualities in society.Шаблон:Sfn

Reception

Critical reaction to ? was favourable. Indah Setiawati of The Jakarta Post wrote that the film was a "gallant attempt to promoted Шаблон:Sic moderate Islam and reveal the sensitive issues in the country in a casual way", and that viewers should "get ready to burst into laughter and break down in tears".Шаблон:Sfn Aguslia, writing for Tempo, said that it was better than the 2010 Citra Award winner 3 Hati Dua Dunia, Satu Cinta, which had similar themes.Шаблон:Sfn Kartoyo DS, reviewing for Suara Karya after a press screening, praised the plot, visuals, and music.Шаблон:Sfn

Benny Benke, writing for the Semarang-based daily Suara Merdeka, found that Bramantyo had used ? to portray tolerance in Indonesia without making the subject seem cliché; however, he considered some scenes, such as Hendra's conversion, overdone.Шаблон:Sfn Frans Sartono, reviewing for the historically Catholic daily Kompas, considered the film heavily didactic but ultimately interesting, because its social commentary was much needed, considering Indonesia's religious turmoil. He also noted that the characters were driven to their actions by worldly needs and not religion.Шаблон:Sfn

Controversy

After the release of ?, extremist group Islamic Defenders Front (Front Pembela Islam, or FPI) demonstrated against the film, owing to its pluralist message.Шаблон:Sfn Banser, the youth wing of the NU, also protested the film, taking offence to a scene in which Banser members are paid to do their charitable duties; they insisted that they are not.Шаблон:Sfn Meanwhile, the head of the Center For Culture of the Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia, or MUI) Cholil Ridwan stated that "the film clearly propagates religious pluralism".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Protests also erupted when SCTV announced plans to show ? during Eid al-Fitr in 2011; the FPI organised a demonstration in front of the station's office, in which hundreds of its members called for further cuts to the film.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The network later decided against showing the filmШаблон:Sfn in a decision which was heavily criticised and seen as "giving in" to the FPI.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn

In response to the criticism of ?, Minister of Culture and Tourism Jero Wacik expressed that the film would be best titled Bhinneka Tunggal Ika ("Unity in Diversity", the Indonesian national motto), and that its depiction of inter-ethnic and interfaith tolerance reflected Indonesia's "national character".Шаблон:Sfn Yenny Wahid, a religious activist and daughter of former president and noted pluralist Abdurrahman Wahid, said that ? had "succeeded in conveying the ideas of pluralism in Indonesia", and that critics should not look at it in fragments.Шаблон:Sfn Although initially tweeting that the protests were free promotion,Шаблон:Sfn Bramantyo later entered discussions with the MUI and agreed to cut some scenes to avoid protests.Шаблон:Sfn In an October 2011 interview, he said he was "bewildered" that the film was poorly received by Muslims.Шаблон:Sfn

Awards

? received 9 nominations at the 2011 Indonesian Film Festival, winning one Citra Award for Best Cinematography.Шаблон:Sfn Together with Ifa Isfansyah's Sang Penari and Benni Setiawan's Masih Bukan Cinta Biasa (Still Not Just an Ordinary Love), it was the most-nominated film of the year; however, ? received the least Citra Awards of the three. Sang Penari won two of the awards for which ? had been nominated, including Best Director, while Masih Bukan Cinta Biasa took Best Sound and Kamila Andini's The Mirror Never Lies bested ? for Best Original Story.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 2012 ? was nominated for three awards at the Bandung Film Festival, winning none; all three awards were taken by The Mirror Never Lies.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Award Year Category Recipient Result
Indonesian Film Festival 2011 Best Director Hanung Bramantyo Шаблон:Nom
Best Screenplay Titien Wattimena Шаблон:Nom
Best Original Story Hanung Bramantyo Шаблон:Nom
Best Cinematography Yadi Sugandi Шаблон:Won
Best Artistic Direction Fauzi Шаблон:Nom
Best Video Editing Cesa David Luckmasyah Шаблон:Nom
Best Sound Editing Satrio Budiono & Saft Daultsyah Шаблон:Nom
Best Supporting Actor Agus Kuncoro Шаблон:Nom
Best Supporting Actress Endhita Шаблон:Nom
Bandung Film Festival 2012 Best Director Hanung Bramantyo Шаблон:Nom
Best Cinematography Yadi Sugandi Шаблон:Nom
Best Poster Шаблон:Nom

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Footnotes Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography Шаблон:Refbegin

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Online references Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Hanung Bramantyo Шаблон:Portal bar

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