Английская Википедия:*Perkʷūnos

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Cleanup lang Шаблон:Infobox deity Шаблон:Contains special characters *Perkʷūnos (Proto-Indo-European: 'the Striker' or 'the Lord of Oaks') is the reconstructed name of the weather god in Proto-Indo-European mythology. The deity was connected with fructifying rains, and his name was probably invoked in times of drought. In a widespread Indo-European myth, the thunder-deity fights a multi-headed water-serpent during an epic battle in order to release torrents of water that had previously been pent up. The name of his weapon, Шаблон:PIE, which denoted both "lightning" and "hammer", can be reconstructed from the attested traditions.

*Perkʷūnos was often associated with oaks, probably because such tall trees are frequently struck by lightning, and his realm was located in the wooded mountains, Шаблон:PIE. A term for the sky, Шаблон:PIE, apparently denoted a "heavenly vault of stone", but also "thunderbolt" or "stone-made weapon", in which case it was sometimes also used to refer to the thunder-god's weapon.

Contrary to other deities of the Proto-Indo-European pantheon, such as Шаблон:PIE (the sky-god), or Шаблон:PIE (the dawn-goddess), widely accepted cognates stemming from the theonym Шаблон:PIE are only attested in Western Indo-European traditions. The linguistic evidence for the worship of a thunder god under the name Шаблон:PIE as far back as Proto-Indo-European times (4500–2500 BC) is therefore less secured.Шаблон:Sfn

Name

Etymology

The name Шаблон:PIE is generally regarded as stemming from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) verbal root Шаблон:PIE ('to strike').Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn An alternative etymology is the PIE noun Шаблон:PIE ('the oak'),Шаблон:Sfn attached to the divine nomenclature Шаблон:PIE ('master of').Шаблон:Sfn Various cognates can be found in the Latin oak-nymphs Querquetulanae (from Шаблон:Lang 'oak-tree'),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn the Germanic Шаблон:Lang ('oak'),Шаблон:Sfn the Gaulish Шаблон:Lang ('oak') and Шаблон:Lang (a tribal name),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn the Punjabi Шаблон:Lang ('sacred oak'),Шаблон:Sfn and perhaps in the Greek spring-nymph Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The theonym Шаблон:PIE thus either meant "the Striker" or "the Lord of Oaks".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A theory uniting those two etymologies has been proposed in the mythological association of oaks with thunder, suggested by the frequency with which such tall trees are struck by lightning.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The existence of a female consort is suggested by gendered doublet-forms such as those found in South Slavic Шаблон:Lang, Old Norse Шаблон:Lang, and Lithuanian Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The noun Шаблон:PIE also gave birth to a group of cognates for the ordinary word "thunder", including Old Prussian Шаблон:Lang, Polish Шаблон:Lang ("thunderbolt"), Latvian Шаблон:Lang ("thunderbolt"), or Lithuanian Шаблон:Lang ("thunder") and Шаблон:Lang ("thunderstorm").Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Epithets

Other Indo-European theonyms related to 'thunder', through another root Шаблон:PIE, are found in the Germanic Шаблон:Lang (Thor), the Celtic Шаблон:Lang (from an earlier Шаблон:Lang), and the Latin epithet Шаблон:Lang (attached to Jupiter).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to scholar Peter Jackson, "they may have arisen as the result of fossilization of an original epithet or epiclesis" of Шаблон:PIE, since the Vedic weather-god Parjanya is also called Шаблон:Lang ("Thunderer").Шаблон:Sfn

Another possible epithet was Шаблон:PIE "conquering", from Шаблон:PIE "to overcome", with its descendants being Hittite god Tarḫunna, Luwian Tarḫunz, and Sanskrit तूर्वत् (tūrvat), epithet of a storm-god Indra.[1]Шаблон:Sfn

George E. Dunkel regarded Шаблон:PIE as an original epithet of Шаблон:PIE, the Sky-God.Шаблон:Sfn It has also been postulated that Шаблон:PIE was referred to as Шаблон:PIE ('son of Dyēus'), although this is based on the Vedic poetic tradition alone.Шаблон:Sfn

Depiction

Weapon

Шаблон:PIE is usually depicted as holding a weapon, named Шаблон:PIE in the Baltic and Old Norse traditions, which personifies lightning and is generally conceived as a club, mace, or hammer made of stone or metal.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the Latvian poetic expression Шаблон:Lang ("Pērkōn throws his mace"), the mace (Шаблон:Lang) is cognate with the Old Norse Шаблон:Lang, the hammer thrown by the thunder god Thor, and also with the word for 'lightning' in the Old Prussian Шаблон:Lang, the Old Church Slavonic Шаблон:Lang, or the Welsh Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Fructifying rains

While his thunder and lightning had a destructive connotation, they could also be seen as a regenerative force since they were often accompanied by fructifying rains.Шаблон:Sfn Parjanya is depicted as a rain god in the Vedas, and Latvian prayers included a call for Шаблон:Lang to bring rain in times of drought.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Balkan Slavs worshipped Perun along with his female counterpart Шаблон:Lang, the name of a ritual prayer calling for fructifying rains and centred on the dance of a naked virgin who had not yet had her first monthly period.Шаблон:Sfn The earth is likewise referred to as "menstruating" in a Vedic hymn to Parjanya, a possible cognate of Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn The alternative name of Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, also recalls Шаблон:Lang' pseudonym Шаблон:Lang, and Zeus' oak oracle located at Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn[2]

Шаблон:Lang is especially invoked by Albanians in incantations and songs praying for rain.Шаблон:Sfn Rituals were performed in times of summer drought to make it rain, usually in June and July, but sometimes also in the spring months when there was severe drought. In different Albanian regions, for rainmaking purposes, people threw water upwards to make it subsequently fall to the ground in the form of rain. This was an imitative type of magic practice with ritual songs.Шаблон:Sfn

A mythical multi-headed water-serpent is connected with the thunder-deity in an epic battle. The monstrous foe is a "blocker of waters", and his heads are eventually smashed by the thunder-deity to release the pent-up torrents of rain.Шаблон:Sfn The myth has numerous reflexes in mythical stories of battles between a serpent and a god or mythical hero, who is not necessarily etymologically related to Шаблон:PIE, but always associated with thunder. For example, the Vedic Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang (the personification of drought), the Iranian Шаблон:Lang/Sirius and Шаблон:Lang (a demon of drought), the Albanian Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang (an amphibious serpent who causes streams to dry up), the Armenian Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, the Greek Zeus and Typhoeus as well as Heracles and the Hydra, Heracles and Ladon and Apollo and Python, or the Norse Thor and Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn

Striker and god of oaks

The association of Шаблон:PIE with the oak is attested in various formulaic expressions from the Balto-Slavic languages: Lithuanian Шаблон:Lang (Perkūnas's oak), Latvian Шаблон:Lang ('Pērkōn's oak'), or Old Russian Шаблон:Lang ('Perun's oak'). In the Albanian language, a word to refer to the lightning—considered in folk beliefs as the "fire of the sky"—is shkreptimë, a formation of shkrep meaning "to flash, tone, to strike (till sparks fly off)".Шаблон:Sfn An association between strike, stones and fire, can be related to the observation that one can kindle fire by striking stones against each other. The act of producing fire through a strike—reflected also in the belief that fire is residual within the oak trees after the thunder-god strikes them—indicates the potential of lightning in the myth of creation.Шаблон:Sfn The Slavic thunder-god Perūn is said to frequently strike oaks to put fire within them, and the Norse thunder-god Thor to strike his foes the giants when they hide under an oak.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to Belarusian folklore, Piarun made the first fire ever by striking a tree in which the Demon was hiding.Шаблон:Sfn

The striking of devils, demons, or evildoers by Шаблон:PIE is another motif in the myths surrounding the Baltic Perkūnas and the Vedic Parjanya.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In Lithuanian and Latvian folkloric material, Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang is invoked to protect against snakes and illness.[3]

Wooded mountains

Шаблон:PIE is often portrayed in connection with stone and (wooded) mountains; mountainous forests were considered to be his realm.Шаблон:Sfn A cognate relationship has been noted between the Germanic Шаблон:Lang ('[mountainous] forest') and the Gaulish Шаблон:Lang ('[oaks] forests').Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Rus' chronicle describes wooden idols of Perūn on hills overlooking Kyiv and Novgorod, and both the Belarusian Piarun and the Lithuanian Perkūnas were said to dwell on lofty mountaintops. Such places are called Шаблон:Lang in Lithuanian, meaning the "summit of Perkūnas", while the Slavic word Шаблон:Lang designated the hill over Novgorod where the sanctuary of Шаблон:Lang was located. Prince Vladimir the Great had an idol of Шаблон:Lang cast down into the Dnepr river during the Christianization of Kievan Rus'.Шаблон:Sfn

In Germanic mythology, Fjörgynn was used as a poetic synonym for 'the land, the earth', and she could have originally been the mistress of the wooded mountains, the personification of what appears in Gothic as Шаблон:Lang ('wooded mountain').Шаблон:Sfn Additionally, the Baltic tradition mentions a perpetual sacred fire dedicated to Шаблон:Lang and fuelled by oakwood in the forests or on hilltops. Pagans believed that Perkūnas would freeze if Christians extinguished those fires.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Words from a stem Шаблон:PIE are also attested in the Hittite Шаблон:Lang ('rock, cliff, boulder'),[4] the Avestan Шаблон:Lang ('mountains'),[5] as well as in the Sanskrit goddess Шаблон:Lang and the epithet Шаблон:Lang ('lord of mountains'), attached to her father Шаблон:Lang.[6][7]

Stony skies

A term for the sky, Шаблон:PIE, denoted both 'stone' and 'heaven', possibly a 'heavenly vault of stone' akin to the biblical firmament.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The motif of the stony skies can be found in the story of the Greek Akmon ('anvil'), the father of Ouranos and the personified Heaven.Шаблон:Sfn The term Шаблон:Lang was also used with the meaning 'thunderbolt' in Homeric and Hesiodic diction.Шаблон:Sfn Other cognates appear in the Vedic Шаблон:Lang ('stone'), the Iranian deity Шаблон:Lang ('stone, heaven'), the Lithuanian god Шаблон:Lang (mentioned alongside Шаблон:Lang himself), and also in the Germanic Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang-de, Шаблон:Lang-en) and Шаблон:Lang (cf. Old Norse: Шаблон:Lang, which could mean 'rock, boulder, cliff' or 'hammer').Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang is described in a 16th-century treatise as a Шаблон:Lang, 'a sizeable stone', which was still worshipped in Samogitia.[8][9]

Albanians believed in the supreme powers of thunder-stones (kokrra e rrufesë or guri i rejës), which were believed to be formed during lightning strikes and to be fallen from the sky. Thunder-stones were preserved in family life as important cult objects. It was believed that bringing them inside the house could bring good fortune, prosperity and progress in people, in livestock and in agriculture, or that rifle bullets would not hit the owners of the thunder-stones.Шаблон:Sfn A common practice was to hang a thunder-stone pendant on the body of the cattle or on the pregnant woman for good luck and to counteract the evil eye.Шаблон:Sfn

The mythological association can be explained by the observation (e.g., meteorites) or the belief that thunderstones (polished ones for axes in particular) had fallen from the sky.Шаблон:Sfn Indeed, the Vedic word Шаблон:Lang is the name of the weapon thrown by Indra, Thor's weapon is also called Шаблон:Lang, and the thunder-stone can be named Шаблон:Lang ('Perkuna's stone') in the Lithuanian tradition.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Scholars have also noted that Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are said to strike rocks instead of oaks in some themes of the Lithuanian and Belarusian folklores,Шаблон:Sfn and that the Slavic Шаблон:Lang sends his axe or arrow from a mountain or the sky.Шаблон:Sfn The original meaning of Шаблон:PIE could thus have been 'stone-made weapon', then 'sky' or 'lightning'.Шаблон:Sfn

Evidence

Theonyms

Файл:Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis - PERKUNAS (THOR) - 1909.jpg
The Hand of Perkūnas by Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (1909). Note that Шаблон:PIE should be represented with a thunderstone, as the depiction of the hand holding the thunderbolt is of Near Eastern origin.Шаблон:Sfn

The following deities are cognates stemming from Шаблон:PIE or related names in Western Indo-European mythologies:

Thunder-god's weapon

The name of Perkwunos' weapon *meld-n- is attested by a group of cognates alternatively denoting 'hammer' or 'lightning' in the following traditions:

Another PIE term derived from the verbal root Шаблон:Lang ('to grind'), Шаблон:Lang ('grinding device'), also served as a common word for 'hammer', as in Old Church Slavonic mlatъ, Latin malleus, and Hittite malatt ('sledgehammer, bludgeon').Шаблон:Sfn

19th-century scholar Francis Hindes Groome cited the existence of the "Gypsy" (Romani) word malúna as a loanword from Slavic molnija.[35] The Komi word molńi or molńij ('lightning') has also been borrowed from Slavic.[36]

Heavenly vault of stone

A metathesized stem *ḱ(e)h₂-m-(r)- can also be reconstructed from Slavic *kamy ('stone'), Germanic *hamaraz ('hammer'), and Greek kamára ('vault').Шаблон:Sfn

Other possible cognates

Legacy

Louis Léger stated that the Polabians adopted Perun as their name for Thursday (Perendan or Peräunedån), which is likely a calque of German Donnersdag.[53]

Some scholars argue that the functions of the Luwian and Hittite weather gods Tarḫunz and Tarḫunna ultimately stem from those of Perkwunos. Anatolians may have dropped the old name in order to adopt the epithet *Tṛḫu-ent- ('conquering', from PIE *terh2-, 'to cross over, pass through, overcome'),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn which sounded closer to the name of the Hattian Storm-god Taru.[54] According to scholarship, the name Tarhunt- is also cognate to the Vedic present participle tū́rvant- ('vanquishing, conquering'), an epithet of the weather-god Indra.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn[55]

Toponyms

Scholarship indicates the existence of a holdover of the theonym in European toponymy, specially in Eastern European and Slavic-speaking regions.

In the territory that encompasses the modern day city of Kaštela existed the ancient Dalmatian city of Salona. Near Salona, in Late Antiquity, there was a hill named Perun.[56] Likewise, the ancient oronym Borun (monte Borun) has been interpreted as a deformation of the theonym Perun. Their possible connection is further reinforced by the proximity of a mountain named Dobrava, a widespread word in Slavic-speaking regions that means 'oak grove'.[57][58]

Places in South-Slavic-speaking lands are considered to be reflexes of Slavic god Perun, such as Perunac, Perunovac, Perunika, Perunićka Glava, Peruni Vrh, Perunja Ves, Peruna Dubrava, Perunuša, Perušice, Perudina, and Perutovac.[59] Scholar Marija Gimbutas cited the existence of the place names Perunowa gora (Poland), Perun Gora (Serbia), Gora Perun (Romania), and Porun hill (Istria).[60] Patrice Lajoye associates place names in the Balkans with the Slavic god Perun: the city of Pernik and the mountain range Pirin (in Bulgaria), as well as a location named Përrenjas in South Albania. He also proposes that the German city of Pronstorf is also related to Perun, since it is located near Segeberg, whose former name was Perone in 1199.Шаблон:Sfn

The name of the Baltic deity Perkunas is also attested in Baltic toponyms and hydronyms: a village called Perkūniškės in Žemaitija, north-west of Kaunas, and the place name Perkunlauken ('Perkuns Fields') near modern Gusev.[61][62]

See also

Footnotes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

General studies
For the etymology of the Indo-European weather-god, see
For the association with "stones", "mountains" and "heaven", see

Шаблон:Indo European Mythology

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ Zolotnikova, Olga. A. "The sanctuary of Zeus in Dodona: Evolution of the religious concept". In: Journal Of Hellenic Religion, 2019, Vol. 12. pp. 85-132. Шаблон:ISSN
  3. ↑ Vaitkevičienė, Daiva. "Baltic and East Slavic Charms". In: The Power of Words: Studies on Charms and Charming in Europe. Edited by Kapaló James, Pócs Éva, and Ryan William. Central European University Press, 2013. pp. 227-228. Accessed April 27, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7829/j.ctt2tt29w.12.
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 Lubotsky, Alexander. "Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon". Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project. Leiden University. s.v. asman- and párvata-.
  8. ↑ Dowden, Ken. European paganism: the realities of cult from antiquity to the Middle Ages. New York: Routledge. 2000. pp. 64 and 222. Шаблон:ISBN
  9. ↑ Nagy, Gregory. Greek Mythology and Poetics. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. 1992 (2nd printing). p. 192. Шаблон:ISBN
  10. ↑ Zaroff, Roman. (2019). "Some aspects of pre-Christian Baltic religion". In: New researches on the religion and mythology of the Pagan Slavs. Edited by Patrice Lajoye. France: Éditions Lingva. 2019. pp. 183-219.
  11. ↑ Sinkevicius, Rokas. "Perkūno nutrenkto medžio motyvas: sąsajos su vestuviniais papročiais". In: Tautosakos darbai 56, 2018. pp. 84-109. Шаблон:ISSN
  12. ↑ Schmalstieg, William R. "Baltø religijos ir mitologijos ðaltiniai 2. XVI amþius". In: Archivum Lithuanicum 5, 2003. pp. 363-368. Шаблон:ISSN, Шаблон:ISBN
  13. ↑ Kregždys, Rolandas. "Teonimų, minimų „Sūduvių knygelėje“, etimologinė analizė – dievybių funkcijos, hierarchija: Bardoayts, Gardoayts, Perdoyts". In: Res humanitariae IV. 2008. Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla,. pp. 79–106. Шаблон:ISSN [1]
  14. ↑ Cole, Jeffrey E. (ed.). Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2011. p. 231. Шаблон:ISBN
  15. ↑ Hapgood, Isabel Florence. A Survey of Russian Literature, with Selections. New York: Chautauqua Press. 1902. pp. 15-16.
  16. ↑ Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. The songs of the Russian people, as illustrative of Slavonic mythology and Russian social life. London: Ellis & Green. 1872. p. 91.
  17. ↑ Łuczyński, Michał. “Kognitywna Definicja Peruna: Etnolingwistyczna próba Rekonstrukcji Fragmentu słowiańskiego Tradycyjnego Mitologicznego Obrazu świata" [Cognitive Definition of Perun: An Attempt at Reconstruction of a Fragment of the Traditional Mythological Appearance of the Slavic World]. In: Studia Mythologica Slavica 14 (October). 2011. Ljubljana, Slovenija. 222-223. https://doi.org/10.3986/sms.v14i0.1611.
  18. ↑ Фатюшина, Н. [Fatyushyna, N]. "ОБРАЗ БОГА-ГРОМОВЕРЖЦЯ ПЕРУНА В ЯЗИЧНИЦЬКОМУ СВІТОГЛЯДІ ДАВНЬОЇ РУСІ" [The image of the thunder god Perun in the pagan outlook of ancient Russia]. In: Ukrainian Religious Studies. n. 10. 1999. p. 64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32420/1999.10.842 (in Ukrainian)
  19. ↑ Leū Horoško, Archim. "A Guide to Byelorussian Mythology". In: Journal of Belarusian Studies 1, 2 (1966): 73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30965/20526512-00102002
  20. ↑ Ralston, William Ralston Shedden. The songs of the Russian people, as illustrative of Slavonic mythology and Russian social life. London: Ellis & Green. 1872. p. 88.
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Jakobson, Roman (1955). "While Reading Vasmer's Dictionary" In: WORD, 11:4: p. 616. [DOI: 10.1080/00437956.1955.11659581]
  22. ↑ Dixon-Kennedy, Mike. Encyclopedia of Russian and Slavic myth and legend. ABC-CLIO. 1998. p. 217. Шаблон:ISBN.
  23. ↑ Léger, Louis. La mythologie slave. Paris, E. Leroux. 1901. p. 64.
  24. ↑ Jakobson, Roman (1955). "While Reading Vasmer's Dictionary" In: WORD, 11:4: p. 615. [DOI: 10.1080/00437956.1955.11659581]
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb.
  26. ↑ Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: G-L. Volume 3. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC/CLIO. 2006. p. 907. Шаблон:ISBN
  27. ↑ Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: G-L. Volume 3. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC/CLIO. 2006. p. 907. Шаблон:ISBN
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Rhys, John. Lectures on the origin and growth of religion as illustrated by Celtic heathendom. London, Edinburgh [etc.]: Williams and Norgate. 1892. p. 59.
  29. ↑ Australian National University. Routledge Macedonian-English Dictionary. Routledge. 1998. p. 263. Шаблон:ISBN
  30. ↑ Raede, John W. "The Linguistic Importance of Lusatian." Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne Des Slavistes 9, no. 2 (1967): 231-44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40866134.
  31. ↑ Афанасьев, А.Н. Поэтические воззрения славян на природу: Опыт сравнительного изучения славянских преданий и верований в связи с мифическими сказаниями других родственных народов. Том 1. Moskva: Izd. K. Soldatenkova 1865. p. 253. (In Russian) [2]
  32. ↑ Raede, John W. "Upper Lusatian Synonyms, A Language-Building Element." Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne Des Slavistes 11, no. 2 (1969): 221-35. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40866229.
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  35. ↑ Groome, Francis Hindes. In Gipsy tents. Edinburgh: W. P. Nimmo & co.. 1890. p. 12. [3]
  36. ↑ Alves, Victor Hugo Sampaio. "As Direções em que Thor Arremessou sua Arma: Apontamentos Sobre a Etimologia e os Paralelos Mitológicos de Mjölnir". In: NEARCO (Núcleo de Estudos da Antiguidade-NEA da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro): Revista Eletrônica de Antiguidade 2020, Volume XII, Número I. p. 190. Шаблон:ISSN (in Portuguese)
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  38. ↑ Bergmann, Frederic Guillaume. Les Scythes. Halle: W. H. Schmidt. 1858. pp. 173-175.
  39. ↑ Афанасьев, А.Н. Поэтические воззрения славян на природу: Опыт сравнительного изучения славянских преданий и верований в связи с мифическими сказаниями других родственных народов. Том 1. Moskva: Izd. K. Soldatenkova 1865. p. 183. (In Russian) [4]
  40. ↑ Prósper, Blanca Maria. Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del occidente de la Península Ibérica. Ediciones Universidad Salamanca. 2002. p. 422. Шаблон:ISBN
  41. ↑ Faria, A. Marques de. "Crónica de onomástica paleo-hispânica (23)". In: Revista Portuguesa de Arqueologia n. 19, 2016. p. 160.
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  44. ↑ Lajoye, Patrice. L'arbre du monde: La cosmologie celte. Paris: CNRS Éditions. 2016. p. 35.
  45. ↑ Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia de; Hainzmann, Manfred, and Mathieu, Nicolas. “Celtic and Other Indigenous Divine Names Found in the Italian Peninsula.” In: Théonymie Celtique, Cultes, Interpretatio - Keltische Theonymie, Kulte, Interpretatio. Edited by Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel and Andreas Hofeneder, 1st ed. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2013. pp. 80-81. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv8mdn28.8.
  46. ↑ Güterbock, Hans Gustav. "The Song of Ullikummi Revised Text of the Hittite Version of a Hurrian Myth". In: Journal of Cuneiform Studies 5, no. 4 (1951): 135-61. Accessed August 22, 2020. doi:10.2307/1359008.
  47. ↑ Zaroff, Roman. "Organized pagan cult in Kievan Rus: The invention of foreign elite or evolution of local tradition? [Organizirani poganski kult v kijevski drzavi: Iznajdba tuje elite ali razvoj krajevnega izrocila?]". In: Studia mythologica Slavica. 2 (1999): 56. 10.3986/sms.v2i0.1844.
  48. ↑ Vennemann, Theo. (2008). Lombards and consonant shift: A Unified Account of the High Germanic Consonant Shift. In: 18th International Conference on Historical Linguistics/Workshop Origins, Volume 33. pp. 213-256.
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb.
  50. ↑ Beševliev, Veselin. "Vorthrakisch?". In: Balkan Studies Vol 31, No 1 (1990): 48.
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Interlanguage link. "Le Dieu Supreme des Thraces. Incarnations et Identifications, Traductions - Notations et Noms - Appellations" [The Supreme God of Thracians. Incarnations and Identifications, Translations - Remarks and Names - Appelations]. In Thracia 18 (2009): 28-30.
  52. ↑ Łuczyński, Michał. “Kognitywna Definicja Peruna: Etnolingwistyczna próba Rekonstrukcji Fragmentu słowiańskiego Tradycyjnego Mitologicznego Obrazu świata" [Cognitive Definition of Perun: An Attempt at Reconstruction of a Fragment of the Traditional Mythological Appearance of the Slavic World]. In: Studia Mythologica Slavica 14 (October). 2011. Ljubljana, Slovenija. p. 220. https://doi.org/10.3986/sms.v14i0.1611.
  53. ↑ Léger, Louis. La mythologie slave. Paris, E. Leroux. 1901. p. 62.
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  55. ↑ Sims-Williams, Nicholas. “A Bactrian God.” In: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 60, no. 2 (1997): 338. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00036430.
  56. ↑ Katić, Miroslav. "Castella qui sunt super civitatem Salonitanam". Vjesnik za arheologiju i historiju dalmatinsku 111, br. 1 (2018): 247-248. https://hrcak.srce.hr/217259
  57. ↑ Burić, Tonči. "Perunovo brdo (monte Borun) – prilog poznavanju poganske slavenske toponimije u Kaštelima" [Perun's mountain (monte Borun) – a contribution to understanding the pagan Slavic toponymy of Kaštela]. Starohrvatska prosvjeta III, br. 38 (2011): 59-82. https://hrcak.srce.hr/81101
  58. ↑ Annali: Sezione slava. Volume 9. Naples, Italy: Istituto universitario orientale, 1966. p. 34.
  59. ↑ Zaroff, Roman. “Organized Pagan Cult in Kievan Rus’. The Invention of Foreign Elite or Evolution of Local Tradition? [Organizirani Poganski Kult V Kijevski državi. Iznajdba Tuje Elite Ali Razvoj Krajevnega izročila?]”. In: Studia Mythologica Slavica 2 (May). Ljubljana, Slovenija. 1999. p. 57. https://doi.org/10.3986/sms.v2i0.1844.
  60. ↑ Gimbutas, Marija. "Ancient Slavic Religion: A Synopsis". In: To honor Roman Jakobson: essays on the occasion of his 70. birthday, 11. October 1966. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2018. p. 742. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111604763-064
  61. ↑ Zaroff, Roman. "Some aspects of pre-Christian Baltic religion". In: New researches on the religion and mythology of the Pagan Slavs. Edited by Patrice Lajoye. Paris: Lingva, 2019. p. 198.
  62. ↑ Balode-Anelauskaitė, Laimutė. "Baltic names of deities in the hydronyms of Latvia and Lithuania". In: Perspectives of Baltic philology. 1 / ed. by Jowita Niewulis-Grablunas, Justyna Prusinowska, Ewa Stryczyńska-Hodyl. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Rys, 2008. pp. 21-40. Шаблон:ISBN.
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:*Perkʷūnos&oldid=12481077