Английская Википедия:-lock
Шаблон:Short description The suffix Шаблон:Lang in Modern English survives only in Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. It descends from Old English Шаблон:Lang, which was more productive, carrying a meaning of "action or proceeding, state of being, practice, ritual". As a noun, Old English Шаблон:Lang means "play, sport", deriving from an earlier meaning of "sacrificial ritual or hymn" (Proto-Germanic Шаблон:Lang). A putative term for a "hymn to the gods" (Шаблон:Lang) in early Germanic paganism is attested only as a personal name, Oslac.
Suffix
The Old English nouns in Шаблон:Lang include Шаблон:Lang "nuptials" (from which the now obsolete Шаблон:Lang), Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang "warfare", Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang "sexual intercourse", Шаблон:Lang "robbery", Шаблон:Lang "punishment", Шаблон:Lang "calumny" besides the Шаблон:Lang "pledge-giving", also "nuptials" (from which Шаблон:Lang). A few compounds appear only in Middle English, thus Шаблон:Lang "occult practice, magic", ferlac "terror", shendlac "disgrace", Шаблон:Lang "faithfulness", Шаблон:Lang "wooing", all of them extinct by the onset of Early Modern English. The earliest words taking the Шаблон:Lang suffix were probably related to warfare, comparable to the Шаблон:Lang (-play) suffix found in "swordplay".
The Old Norse counterpart is Шаблон:Lang, loaned into North Midlands Middle English as Шаблон:Lang, in the Ormulum appearing as Шаблон:Lang. The suffix came to be used synonymously with Шаблон:Lang, forming abstract nouns, e.g. clænleȝȝe "cleanness".
Noun
The etymology of the suffix is the same as that of the noun Шаблон:Lang "play, sport", but also "sacrifice, offering", corresponding to obsolete Modern English Шаблон:Lang (dialectal Шаблон:Lang) "sport, fun, glee, game", cognate to Gothic Шаблон:Lang "dance", Old Norse Шаблон:Lang "game, sport" (origin of English Шаблон:Lang "play, joke, folly") and Old High German Шаблон:Lang "play, song, melody." Ultimately, the word descends from Proto-Germanic Шаблон:Lang. Old English Шаблон:Lang ("to please", Modern English Шаблон:Lang) is from the same root. In modern English, the noun has been reintroduced through the cognate Swedish Шаблон:Lang as a specialist term referring to mating behavior.
Thus, the suffix originates as a second member in nominal compounds, and referred to "actions or proceedings, practice, ritual" identical with the noun Шаблон:Lang "play, sport, performance" (obsolete Modern English Шаблон:Lang "fun, sport, glee", obsolete or dialectal Modern German Шаблон:Lang).
Only found in Old English is the meaning of '(religious) offering, sacrifice, human sacrifice,' in Beowulf 1583f. of the Danes killed by Grendel, in Lambeth Homilies (Шаблон:Circa) of the sacrifice of Christ. In the Anglo-Saxon Gospel (Шаблон:Circa) in Matthew 8:4 for Шаблон:Lang, denoting an offering according to Mosaic law. In the 13th century it appears to lose its religious connotations and denotes gifts more generally, of the offerings of the Three Magi (Ancrene Riwle 152, Шаблон:Circa), and in Genesis and Exodus (Шаблон:Circa, 1798) of the gifts sent by Jacob to Esau. From the 14th century, under the influence of Шаблон:Lang "to move quickly, to leap, to fight", the noun comes to mean "fun, sport" exclusively. In this meaning, it survives into the 19th century in North English dialect in the compound Шаблон:Lang "female playmate."
The word is also a compound member in given names, in Sigelac, Hygelac and Oslac.
Oslac has Scandinavian and continental cognates, Asleikr and Ansleih. Based on this, Koegel (1894) assumes that the term Шаблон:Lang may go back to Common Germanic times, denoting a Шаблон:Lang, a hymn, dance or play for the gods in early Germanic paganism. Grimm (s.v. Шаблон:Lang) compares the meaning of Greek Шаблон:Lang, denoting first the ceremonial procession to the sacrifice, but also ritual dance and hymns pertaining to religious ritual.
Hermann (1928) identifies as such Шаблон:Lang the hymns sung by the Germans to their god of war mentioned by Tacitus and the victory songs of the Batavi mercenaries serving under Gaius Julius Civilis after the victory over Quintus Petillius Cerialis in the Batavian rebellion of 69 AD, and also the "abominable song" to Wodan sung by the Lombards at their victory celebration in 579. The sacrificial animal was a goat, around whose head the Lombards danced in a circle while singing their victory hymn. As their Christian prisoners refused to "adore the goat", they were all killed (Hermann presumes) as an offering to Wodan.
See also
References
- Oxford English Dictionary
- Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch
- Rudolf Koegel, Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur bis zum Ausgange des Mittelalters (1894), p. 8.
- Paul Hermann, Altdeutsche Kultgebräuche, Jena (1928), p. 10.[1]
