Английская Википедия:1054
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Year 1054 (MLIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
East-West schism: the ongoing break of communion between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Sultan Tughril leads a large Seljuk army out of Azerbaijan into Armenia, possibly to consolidate his frontier, while providing an incentive to his Turkoman allies in the form of plunder. Tughril divides his army into four columns, ordering three to veer off to the north to raid into central and northern Armenia, while he takes the fourth column towards Lake Van. The Seljuk Turks capture and sack the fortress city of Artchesh, after an 8-day siege.[1]
Europe
- Battle of Mortemer: The Normans, led by Duke William (the Conqueror), defeat a French army (near Mortemer), as it is caught pillaging and plundering. King Henry I of France withdraws his main army from the Duchy of Normandy as a result. Guy I, Count of Ponthieu, is captured during the course of the battle.
Scotland
- July 27 – Siward, earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland, to support King Malcolm III against Macbeth, who has usurped the Scottish throne from Malcolm's father, Duncan I. Macbeth is defeated at Dunsinane.
Africa
- The Almoravids retake the trading center of Aoudaghost from the Ghana Empire. Repeated Almoravid incursions, aimed at seizing control of the trans-Saharan gold trade, disrupt Ghana's dominance of the trade routes.[2]
Asia
- Lý Nhật Tôn, third king of the Lý Dynasty, begins to rule in Vietnam, and changes the country's official name to Đại Việt.
By topic
Astronomy
- July 4 (approx.) – SN 1054, a supernova, is first observed by the Chinese, Arabs and possibly Native Americans, near the star Zeta Tauri.[3] For 23 days it remains bright enough to be seen in daylight. Its remnants form the Crab Nebula (NGC 1952).[4]
Religion
- Spring – Pope Leo IX sends a legatine mission, under Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida, to Constantinople, to negotiate with Patriarch Michael I Cerularius, in response to his actions concerning the church in Constantinople.[5] Leo becomes the first pope directly to invoke the forged Donation of Constantine, citing a large portion in a letter to Michael, believing it genuine.[6][7][8]
- July 16 – East-West Schism: Humbert of Silva Candida, representative of the newly deceased Leo IX, breaks the relations between Western and Eastern Churches, through the act of placing an invalidly-issued Papal Bull of excommunication during the celebration of the Divine Liturgy.
Births
- September 2 – Sukjong, ruler of Goryeo (d. 1105)
- Al-Hariri of Basra, Abbasid poet and scholar (d. 1122)
- Bohemond I of Antioch, Italo-Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- George II (Giorgi), king of Georgia (approximate date)
- Judith of Lens, niece of William the Conqueror (or 1055)
- Judith of Swabia, queen consort of Hungary (d. 1105)
- Langri Tangpa, Tibetan Buddhist master (d. 1123)
- Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona (or 1053)
- Tong Guan, Chinese general and adviser (d. 1126)
Deaths
- February 20 – Yaroslav the Wise, Kievan Rus' grand prince (b. c.978)
- March 8 – Azelin (Azellinus), bishop of Hildesheim
- April 19 – Pope Leo IX, German pontiff of the Catholic Church (b. 1002)
- July 19 – Bernold (Bernulf), bishop of Utrecht
- August 25 – Fujiwara no Michimasa, Japanese nobleman (b. 992)
- August 31 – Kunigunde of Altdorf, German noblewoman (b. c.1020)
- September 1 – Fortún Sánchez, Navarrese nobleman (b. c.992)
- September 15 – García Sánchez III, king of Pamplona (b. c.1012)
- September 24 – Hermann of Reichenau, German music theorist (b. 1013)
- Abu Sahl Zawzani, Persian statesman and chief secretary
- Atiśa, Tibetan Buddhist leader and master (b. c.980)
- Cacht ingen Ragnaill, queen consort of Munster
- Nuño Álvarez de Carazo, Castilian nobleman
- Osbern Pentecost, Norman knight and nobleman
- Osgod Clapa (Osgot), Anglo-Saxon nobleman
References
- ↑ Brian Todd Carey (2012). Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 125. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000), Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa, New York: Marcus Weiner Press. Шаблон:ISBN. First published in 1981.
- ↑ "Journal of Astronomy", part 9, chapter 56 of History of Song, first printing 1340; facsimile on frontispiece of Misner, Thorne, Wheeler Gravitation, 1973.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Whalen, Brett Whalen (2009). Dominion of God: Christendom and Apocalypse in the Middle Ages, p. 24 (Harvard University Press).
- ↑ "Donation of Constantine". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
- ↑ Migne, Jacques-Paul (1891). Patrologia Latina. Volume 143 (cxliii). Col. 744–769.
- ↑ Mansi, Giovanni Domenico. Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova Amplissima Collectio. Volume 19 (xix). Col. 635–656.
