Английская Википедия:12th century in literature

Scribe of Eadwine Psalter (mid-12th century, English)

This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in the 12th century.

The 12th century in Western Europe saw an increase in the production of Latin texts and a proliferation of literate clerics from the multiplying cathedral schools. At the same time, vernacular literatures ranging from Provençal to Icelandic embodied in lyric and romance the values and worldview of an increasingly self-conscious and prosperous courtly aristocracy. These two trends contributed to a sweeping revival of letters with a lasting influence on the development of literature in the following centuries.

Events

1104: September 3 – St. Cuthbert is reburied in Durham Cathedral (England) and the St. Cuthbert Gospel of St. John removed from his tomb.
1170: Poet, politician and historian Lu You (陸游) travels on the Grand Canal (China) from Shaoxing to the river Yangtze, recording his progress in a diary.^[1]
Before 1173: Copenhagen Psalter produced in northern England
1170: 29 December – Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket is assassinated in Canterbury Cathedral, an event that inspires several plays, notably: Alfred, Lord Tennyson's Becket (1884),^[2] T. S. Eliot's Murder in the Cathedral (1935),^[3] Jean Anouilh's Becket (Becket, ou l'honneur de Dieu, 1959)^[4] and Paul Webb's Four Nights in Knaresborough (1999).^[5] It also features in novels such as Conrad Ferdinand Meyer's Der Heilige ("The Saint", 1879),^[6] Ken Follett's The Pillars of the Earth (1989)^[7] and Sharon Kay Penman's Time and Chance (2002).^[8]
Шаблон:Circa: The university and its libraries at Nalanda in India are sacked and burned by Turkic invader Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji; the burning of the library is said to have continued for several months.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Histories

Early 12th century
- Gesta Francorum
- Шаблон:Lang
- Liber Eliensis by monks of Ely Abbey
By 1106 Шаблон:Lang by monks of Clonmacnoise
1108 Dei gesta per Francos by Guibert of Nogent
Шаблон:Circa–18 Шаблон:Lang by 'Gallus Anonymus'
Шаблон:Circa Primary Chronicle (Шаблон:Lang-cu, Povest' Vremyan'nykh Let', Tale of Bygone Years or Chronicle of Nestor)
Шаблон:Circa–40 Annals of St Neots by monks of Bury St Edmunds
1122–54 Peterborough Chronicle
Шаблон:Circa–50 Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis by Albert of Aix
Шаблон:Circa–39 Estoire des Engleis by Geoffrey Gaimar
Шаблон:Circa Шаблон:Lang by Geoffrey of Monmouth
From 1137 Vita Ludovici regis by Abbot Suger and Historia gloriosi regis Ludovici by Suger and others
Concludes 1140 Chronicon ex chronicis by John of Worcester
c. 1140 Chronicon Roskildense
1145 Samguk Sagi (삼국사기) by Kim Bu-sik (김부식) and others
Concludes 1146 Chronica de duabus civitatibus by Otto of Freising
Шаблон:Circa–50 Шаблон:Lang transcribed by Brother Marcus
Шаблон:Circa–55 Roman de Brut by Wace
Concludes 1152 Gesta Friderici Imperatoris Book 1 by Otto of Freising
1153–54 Relatio de Standardo (Account of the Standard, or De bello standardii, On the Battle of the Standard) by Aelred of Rievaulx
1154 Henry of Huntingdon: Historia Anglorum (fifth and last book completed)
Шаблон:Circa–84 The Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Circa Шаблон:Lang
1170–84 Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum by William of Tyre
c.1168–69 Chronica Slavorum by Helmold of Bosau
By 1177 Unum ex quatuor (gospel harmony with commentary) by Clement of Llanthony
Шаблон:Circa–1208 Шаблон:Lang by Saxo Grammaticus
Шаблон:Circa Witherlogh by Sven Aggesen
Шаблон:Circa Шаблон:Lang by Joseph of Exeter
Шаблон:Circa Historia brevis regum Dacie by Sven Aggesen
1188 Topographia Hibernica ("Topography of Ireland") by Gerald of Wales
1190s Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja
Шаблон:Circa–1215 Brut by Layamon
1192 Chronicon de rebus gestis Ricardi Primi by Richard of Devizes
Шаблон:Circa Шаблон:Lang (On the education of a prince) by Gerald of Wales

Philosophy/theology

Early 12th century Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible
Шаблон:Circa Theologia 'Summi Boni' by Peter Abelard
Шаблон:Circa Шаблон:Lang by Peter Abelard
Шаблон:Circa–42 Historia Ecclesiastica by Orderic Vitalis
Шаблон:Circa Speculum caritatis (The Mirror of Charity) by Aelred of Rievaulx
1150 Skara Missal
Шаблон:Circa
- Шаблон:Lang by Ibn Tufail
- The Four Books of Sentences (Libri Quattuor Sententiarum) by Peter Lombard
- De tribus in paenitentia consideranda and Unum ex quatuor by Clement of Llanthony
Mid-12th century Unum ex quatuor by Clement of Llanthony (translation into Middle English: Oon of Foure)
Шаблон:Circa–64 Liber viarum Dei by Elisabeth of Schönau
Шаблон:Circa
- De institutione inclusarum by Aelred of Rievaulx
- Policraticus by John of Salisbury
1163? Makhzan al-Asrar (The Treasury of Mysteries) by Nizami Ganjavi
1164–67 De spirituali amicitiâ (Spiritual Friendship) and De anima (On the Soul) by Aelred of Rievaulx
Шаблон:Circa–1200 Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Circa Senchakushū (選択本願念仏集) by Hōnen (法然)
1196 Revelation of St Nicholas to a monk of Evesham^[13]

Biography/Hagiography

11th or 12th century
- Betha Meic Creiche (Life of Mac Creiche)
- Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib (The War of the Irish with the Foreigners, biography of Brian Boru)
12th century
- De Reis van Sinte Brandaen (The Voyage of Saint Brendan)
- Ramavataram by Kambar
By 1111 Deliverance From Error (المنقذ من الضلال, al-munqidh min al-ḍalāl) by Al-Ghazali (spiritual autobiography)
Шаблон:Circa–1115 Vita Mathildis (Life of Mathilda of Tuscany) by Donizone
Шаблон:Circa Vita Anselmi (Life of Anselm of Canterbury) by Eadmer (and other lives of British saints)
1148 Alexiad by Anna Komnene
Шаблон:Circa Vita Davidis Scotorum regis (Life of David, King of the Scots) by Aelred of Rievaulx
1153–54 Genealogia regum Anglorum (Genealogy of the Kings of the English) by Aelred of Rievaulx
1154–60 Vita Sancti Niniani (Life of Saint Ninian) by Aelred of Rievaulx
Шаблон:Circa De Sanctimoniali de Wattun (On the Nun of Watton, or De quodam miraculo miraculi, Of a Certain Wonderful Miracle) by Aelred of Rievaulx
Шаблон:Circa–70 Het Leven van Sint Servaes (The Life of Saint Servatius) by Heinrich von Veldeke
1161–63 Vita S. Eduardi, regis et confessoris (Life of Saint Edward, King and Confessor) by Aelred of Rievaulx
1180–86 Vita Wulfrici anchoretae Haselbergiae (Life of Wulfric the anchorite of Haselbery) by John of Ford
Шаблон:Circa De rebus a se gestis by Gerald of Wales (autobiography)

Epic/Saga/Chanson de Geste

Táin Bó Cúailnge (Old Irish version in Шаблон:Lang, by 1106; Middle Irish version in Book of Leinster, Шаблон:Circa)
Ramavataram by Kambar
Earliest texts of the Tristan and Iseult legend
- Шаблон:Circa–1190 Le Roman de Tristan by Béroul ("common branch"; Norman language)
- Шаблон:Circa–1173 Tristan by Thomas of Britain ("courtly branch"; Old French)
Шаблон:Circa Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Circa Letter of Prester John
Шаблон:Circa Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Circa–1210 Шаблон:Lang
Late 12th century
- Acallam na Senórach (Dialogue of the Ancients; Middle Irish)
- Aiol and Mirabel (Old French)
- Karel ende Elegast (Middle Dutch)
- The Tale of Igor's Campaign (Слово о пълкѹ Игоревѣ, Slovo o pŭlku Igorevě; Old East Slavic)
Chanson de Jérusalem
Digenis Acritas
Metrical Dindshenchas
c. 12th century
- Historia Caroli Magni (pseudo-history falsely attributed to Turpin (archbishop of Reims))
- The Knight in the Panther's Skin by Shota Rustaveli
- Mabinogion

Romance

Шаблон:Circa Culhwch and Olwen
Шаблон:Circa–60 Шаблон:Lang by Benoît de Sainte-Maure
Шаблон:Circa Шаблон:Lang by Chrétien de Troyes
Шаблон:Circa–1200? Roman de toute chevalerie by Thomas de Kent
Шаблон:Circa Cligès by Chrétien de Troyes
1177–80 Khosrow and Shirin by Nizami Ganjavi
Шаблон:Circa–81 by Chrétien de Troyes
- Lancelot, le Chevalier de la Charrette
- Yvain, le Chevalier au Lion
Шаблон:Circa
- Ipomedon by Hugh of Rhuddlan
- Protheselaus by Hugh of Rhuddlan
- Der arme Heinrich by Hartmann von Aue
Шаблон:Circa–91 Шаблон:Lang by Chrétien de Troyes
Шаблон:Circa Gregorius by Hartmann von Aue
Шаблон:Circa? Erec by Hartmann von Aue
1192 Layla and Majnun by Nizami Ganjavi
c. 1194? Eskandar-nameh, an Alexander romance, by Nizami Ganjavi
1197 Haft Peykar by Nizami Ganjavi

Fable/Allegory

Dolopathos, translation of the Seven Wise Masters made by Jean de Hauteseille (Joannes de Alta Silva)
1121 Kalīleh o Demneh (Шаблон:Lang-fa), translation of the Panchatantra made by Abu'l Ma'ali Nasr Allah Munshi
Шаблон:Circa Шаблон:Lang by Bernardus Silvestris
Шаблон:Circa Architrenius by John of Hauville

Drama

Ludus de Antichristo
Ordo Virtutum

Lyric

Шаблон:Circa Lyric poetry by William IX, Duke of Aquitaine, in Old Occitan known
Шаблон:Circa–27 Waka anthology Шаблон:Lang (Collection of Gold Leaves) compiled by Minamoto no Shunrai (源俊頼)
1140s–1150s Goliardic poetry by Hugh Primas of Orléans
Шаблон:Circa–54 Waka anthology Шаблон:Lang (Collection of Word Blossom) compiled by Fujiwara no Akisue (藤原顕季)
1160s Goliardic poetry by the Archpoet
c. 1188 Waka anthology Senzai Wakashū (Millennial Collection, 千載和歌集) compiled by Fujiwara no Shunzei (藤原俊成)
Late 12th century Lais by Marie de France (Anglo-Norman)

Linguistics

Шаблон:Circa–1175 First Grammatical Treatise (Old Norse) by the "First Grammarian"

Topography

1191 Itinerarium Cambriae by Gerald of Wales
1194 Descriptio Cambriae by Gerald of Wales
Шаблон:Circa? Шаблон:Lang by Lucian of Chester

Treatises

1107 Treatise on Tea (大觀茶論, dà guān chá lùn) by Emperor Huizong of Song
1113 Comput(us) by Philip de Thaun (Anglo-Norman, in hexasyllabic couplets)
1121–39 Bestiaire by Philip de Thaun (Bestiary translated from Physiologus into Anglo-Norman rhyming couplets)
1180–84 Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii (Treatise on the Purgatory of St Patrick) by H[enry] of Saltrey

Encyclopedias

By 1129 Manasollasa composed by Someshvara III, ruler of the south Indian Western Chalukya Empire (Sanskrit)
1167–85 Hortus deliciarum compiled by Herrad of Landsberg (original destroyed 1870)

Authors

Born 1100/1110: Geoffrey of Monmouth, Welsh chronicler (died 1155)
Died 1101: August 24 Su Shi (蘇軾), Chinese poet (born 1037)
Died 1105: July 13 Rashi, French rabbinical scholar (born 1040)
Killed 1106: Máel Muire mac Céilechair, Irish monk and scribe
Born 1109: April 21 – Anselm of Canterbury, Aostan-born archbishop and philosopher (born c. 1033)
Born 1110: Aelred of Rievaulx, writer and abbot (died 1167)
Born c. 1110: Wace, Jèrriais poet (died after 1174)
Born c. 1110: Lawrence of Durham, English poet, hagiographer and bishop (died 1154)
Died 1118: Florence (Florentius) of Worcester, English chronicler and monk
Born 1121/2: Khaqani, Persian poet (died 1190)
Born 1125: October 17 – Lu You (陸游), Chinese poet (died 1209)
Died Шаблон:Circa: Eadmer, English ecclesiastic and historian (born c. 1060)
Born Шаблон:Circa: Akka Mahadevi, female Indian Kannada language Vachana sahitya didactic poet (died 1160)
Died 1131: December 4 Omar Khayyám, Persian philosopher, scientist and presumed poet (born 1048)
Born Шаблон:Circa: Nizami Ganjavi, Seljuk Empire Persian romantic epic poet (died 1209)
Born Шаблон:Circa: Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis), Cambro-Norman churchman and topographer (died c. 1223)
Died Шаблон:Circa: Henry of Huntingdon, English historian writing in Latin
Died 1160: Ibn Quzman, al-Andalusian poet (born 1078)
Born 1162: Fujiwara no Teika (Fujiwara no Sadaie, 藤原定家) Japanese waka poet, calligrapher and scholar (died 1241)
Died 1167: January 12 – Aelred of Rievaulx, writer and abbot (born 1100)
Fl. 1180s: Joseph of Exeter, English poet writing in Latin
Fl. 1180s: H[enry] of Saltrey, English Cistercian monk writing in Latin
Born Шаблон:Circa: Gonzalo de Berceo, Castilian poet (died by 1264)
Fl. late 12th century: Chrétien de Troyes, Old French poet
12th or 13th century: Berechiah ha-Nakdan, Jewish exegete, poet and philosopher
12th century: Jocelyn de Brakelond, English chronicler and monk

References

Шаблон:Reflist

[1] Шаблон:Cite book

[2] Шаблон:Cite book

[3] Шаблон:Cite book

[4] Шаблон:Cite book

[5] Шаблон:Cite news

[6] Шаблон:Cite book

[7] Шаблон:Cite book

[8] Шаблон:Cite web

[9] Шаблон:Citation

[10] Шаблон:Cite book

[11] Шаблон:Cite journal

[12] Шаблон:Cite book

[13] Abridged in Flores Historiarum. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature vol. II, chapter XIII, section 10.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

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[12]

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