Английская Википедия:1543–1544 Pachecos entrada

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

The 1543Шаблон:Nbnd1544 Pachecos entrada was the final military campaign in the Spanish conquest of Yucatán, which brought three Postclassic Maya states and several Amerindian settlements in the southeastern quarter of the Yucatán Peninsula under the jurisdiction of Salamanca de Bacalar, a villa of colonial Yucatán, in New Spain. It is commonly deemed one of (if not the) bloodiest and cruelest entradas in the peninsula's conquest, resulting in the deaths of hundreds or thousands, and the displacement of tens of thousands, of Maya residents.Шаблон:NotetagШаблон:Notetag

Prelude

The settlers of colonial Cuba were the first Spaniards to turn their attention to the conquest of Maya states in the Yucatan peninsula. They were enticed to conquer these after the 1517 Hernández de Córdoba expedition brought news of splendid (and presumably gold-rich) pre-Columbian cities. The Cubans were soon engrossed in the conquest of the Aztec Empire, however, leaving the peninsula's subjugation for later.Шаблон:Sfn

Conquest began in earnest upon Francisco de Montejo's naming as adelantado on 8 November 1526. Montejo's first [[Spanish conquest of Yucatán#Francisco de Montejo, 1527–28|entrada of 1527Шаблон:Nbnd1528]] focussed on the eastern provinces, including Uaymil and Chetumal. This campaign did not result in Spanish victory, though, requiring a further [[Spanish conquest of Yucatán#Francisco de Montejo and Alonso d' Ávila, 1531–35|1531Шаблон:Nbnd1533 entrada]], which was similarly unsuccessful.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

By early 1544, the western, northern, and northeastern Maya provinces had been defeated, and replaced with the municipios or districts of Campeche, Merida, and Valladolid. This left only the southeastern provinces (Uaymil, Chetumal, and Dzuluinicob) up for conquest.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Entrada

Northern prong

Файл:Valboa throws some Indians, who had committed the terrible sin of sodomy, to the dogs to be torn apart.png

Valboa throws some Indians, who had committed the terrible sin of sodomy, to the dogs to be torn apart (1594 by T. de Bry via Univ. Houston)

In April 1543, the second adelantado of Yucatan commissioned Gaspar Pacheco his lieutenant governor, captain general, and justicia mayor for the conquest of Chetumal, Uaymil, and Amerindian settlements on the Golfo Dulce. Pacheco recruited 25 to 30 vecinos of Merida for the campaign, naming his son, Melchor, second-in-command, and his nephew, Alonso, third-in-command.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag

The party set out of Merida in late 1543 or early 1544. In (recently-conquered) Cochuah, Pacheco compelled war-stricken residents to supply his men with burden-bearers, servants, and provisions, thereby reducing that province to famine. Upon entering Uaymil, Pacheco 'began one of the bloodiest campaigns, and certainly the cruelest, of the entire conquest [of Yucatan].' Here, the lieutenant governor was stricken ill, forcing his retreat to Merida, and transfer of the entrada's command to his son, Melchor.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:NotetagШаблон:NotetagШаблон:Notetag

The entrada was not well-received at Uaymil nor Chetumal. Residents, determined on guerilla warfare, had destroyed their farmland, blocked the thoroughfares, and deserted their settlements.Шаблон:Sfn The scarcity of food was a strain on both sides, however, as both Spaniards and Mayas were forced to forage for sustenance, quickly leading to a war of attrition.Шаблон:Sfn Facing famine, the Pachecos 'deliberately resorted to wanton acts of cruelty of a kind of which the Montejos and their other principal captains were seldom, if ever guilty.'Шаблон:Sfn These acts included–

• killing 'many' or 'numbers' of men and women with the garrote,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
• drowning them in lakes,Шаблон:Sfn
• sicking dogs of war on non-combatants until they were dead and their corpses mutilated,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
• severing the hands, ears, and noses of 'many' residents or combatants,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
• severing the breasts of women, tying gourds to their feet, and drowning them in lagoons,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
• tying prisoners to stakes, then (non-fatally) whipping them and (non-fatally) shooting arrows at them, until they died of 'natural' causes.Шаблон:Sfn

These tactics, or attrition itself, 'finally brought the Maya of Uaymil-Chetumal to their knees and the Spaniards to mastery of the province' in 1544. At this point, Melchor Pacheco founded Salamanca de Bacalar, appointing its cabildo, designating its twenty vecinos, and allotting settlements of the conquered provinces in encomienda.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:NotetagШаблон:Notetag

Southern prong

In 1544, the Pachecos pushed southwards through Dzuluinicob and Manche Ch'ol and Mopan territory towards the Golfo Dulce.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:NotetagШаблон:Notetag

Aftermath

Population collapse

It is generally agreed that the Pachecos' victory soon proved pyrrhic. Uaymil and Chetumal, in particular, were said to be heavily populated, wealthy provinces prior to conquest. The district Salamanca de Bacalar inherited, however, was sparsely settled and poor, and remained so throughout.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:NotetagШаблон:Notetag

Estimated population of the district and villa.Шаблон:Sfn

Year	Population
1511	150,000
1549	12,500
1580	1,000
1609	750
1639	700
1700	700

Dominican opposition

Shortly after 1544, Dominican friars (including Bartolomé de las Casas), who claimed jurisdiction to the Golfo Dulce (as did the adelantado), protested the Pachecos' southern entrada. Eventually, the Spanish Crown and Real Audiencia de los Confines ruled in favour of the friars, definitively barring non-Dominicans from settling in the gulf. This brought the Pachecos' efforts in the region (and the adelantados wishes to conquer it) to nought.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Criminal prosecution

Upon learning of the Pachecos' 'wanton cruelties', Spanish laymen and Franciscan friars petitioned the Crown for their prosecution (sometime during 1545Шаблон:Nbnd1549).Шаблон:Sfn

On 1 June 1549, Villalobos, promotor fiscal of the Consejo Real de Indias, criminally charged the Pachecos–Шаблон:Text and translation Consequently, Villalobos awarded surviving relatives of the Pachecos' victims with 100,000 castellanos de oro in compensation, to be paid by the Pachecos.Шаблон:Sfn In addition, the Spanish Crown confiscated Melchor's encomienda in the Bacalar district.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag

Legacy

Файл:Karl von Piloty Nero Róma égését szemléli.jpg

Nero Views the Burning of Rome (c. 1861 by C. T. von Piloty via reproArte)

The Pachecos entrada is widely deemed one of (if not the) bloodiest and cruelest campaigns of the Spanish conquest of Yucatan.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Notetag

On 10 February 1548, Lorenzo de Bienvenida, a Franciscan friar, reported to the Spanish Crown–Шаблон:Blockquote

References

1. Шаблон:Cite book
2. Шаблон:Cite journal
3. Шаблон:Cite journal
4. Шаблон:Cite journal
5. Шаблон:Cite book
6. Шаблон:Cite book
7. Шаблон:Cite book
8. Шаблон:Cite book
9. Шаблон:Cite web
10. Шаблон:Cite thesis
11. Шаблон:Cite web
12. Шаблон:Cite book
13. Шаблон:Cite book
14. Шаблон:Cite book
15. Шаблон:Cite book
16. Шаблон:Cite web
17. Шаблон:Cite book
18. Шаблон:Cite thesis
19. Шаблон:Cite book
20. Шаблон:Cite book
21. Шаблон:Cite thesis
22. Шаблон:Cite journal
23. Шаблон:Cite book
24. Шаблон:Cite book
25. Шаблон:Cite thesis
26. Шаблон:Cite thesis
27. Шаблон:Cite journal