Английская Википедия:1812–13 United States House of Representatives elections

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox election The 1812–13 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between August 3, 1812 and April 30, 1813. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 13th United States Congress convened on May 24, 1813. They coincided with James Madison being re-elected president.

With the addition of the new state of Louisiana's at-large seat, along with the 39-seat gain as a result of the congressional reapportionment based on the 1810 United States census, the size of the House increased to 182 seats. Most relative population growth was in the West.

After America's entry into the War of 1812 against Britain, the Democratic-Republican and Federalist parties maintained pro-war and anti-war positions, respectively. Democratic-Republican representatives supported by voters in agrarian regions and Southern and Western states promoted war, asserting that Britain had violated American sovereignty and that despite Britain's strength, war was a manageable risk. Federalists and their supporters in New England and more densely populated Eastern districts opposed the war, citing likely damage to American trade and infrastructure.

This election saw significant voter support shift to the declining Federalists for the last time, almost entirely in New England, New York, and New Jersey. Despite this shift, Federalists did not approach national political recovery, House control, or meaningful policy influence.

Election summaries

Following the 1810 census, the House was reapportioned, adding 39 new seats.^[1]

↓
style="background:Шаблон:Party color; width:62.64%" \| 114	style="background:Шаблон:Party color; width:37.36%" \| 68
Democratic-Republican	Federalist

State	Type	Date	Total seats		colspan=2 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Democratic- Republican	colspan=2 Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Federalist
State	Type	Date	Seats	Change	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Seats	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Change	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Seats	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Change
Kentucky	District	August 3, 1812	10	Шаблон:Increase4	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 10	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Increase4	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 0	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Steady
Rhode Island	At-large	August 25, 1812	2	Шаблон:Steady	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 0	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Steady	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 2	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Steady
New Hampshire	At-large	August 31, 1812	6	Шаблон:Increase1	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 0	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Decrease4	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 6	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Increase5
Vermont	At-large	September 1, 1812	6	Шаблон:Increase2	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 6	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Increase3	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 0	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Decrease1
Connecticut	At-large	September 21, 1812	7	Шаблон:Steady	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 0	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Steady	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 7	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Steady
Louisiana	At-large	September 28–30, 1812	1	Шаблон:Steady	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 1	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Steady	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 0	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Steady
Georgia	At-large	October 5, 1812	6	Шаблон:Increase2	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 6	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Increase2	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 0	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Steady
Delaware	At-large	October 6, 1812	2	Шаблон:Increase1	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 0	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Steady	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 2	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Increase1
Maryland	Districts	October 12, 1812	9	Шаблон:Steady	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 6	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Steady	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 3	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Steady
South Carolina	Districts	October 12–13, 1812	9	Шаблон:Increase1	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 9	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Increase1	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 0	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Steady
Ohio	Districts	October 13, 1812	6	Шаблон:Increase5	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 6	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Increase5	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 0	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Steady
Pennsylvania	Districts	October 13, 1812	23	Шаблон:Increase5	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 22	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Increase5	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 1	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Steady
Massachusetts	Districts	November 5, 1812Шаблон:Efn	20	Шаблон:Increase3	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 4	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Decrease5	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 16	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Increase8
New York	Districts	December 15–17, 1812	27	Шаблон:Increase10	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 9	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Decrease3	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 18	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Increase13
New Jersey	Districts	January 12–13, 1813	6	Шаблон:Steady	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 2	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Decrease4	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 4	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Increase4
Late elections (After the March 4, 1813, beginning of the next Congress)
Virginia	Districts	April 1813	23	Шаблон:Increase1	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 17	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Steady	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 6	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Increase1
Tennessee	Districts	April 1–2, 1813	6	Шаблон:Increase3	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 6	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Increase3	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 0	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Steady
North Carolina	Districts	April 30, 1813	13	Шаблон:Increase1	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 10	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Steady	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 3	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Increase1
Total			182	Шаблон:Increase39	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| 114 Шаблон:Small	Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican \| Шаблон:Increase7	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| 68 Шаблон:Small	Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist \| Шаблон:Increase32

Шаблон:Bar box

Special elections

Шаблон:See also

There were special elections in 1812 and 1813 to the 12th United States Congress and 13th United States Congress.

Special elections are sorted by date then district.

12th Congress

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|- ! Шаблон:Ushr | Howell Cobb | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican/Hold | Incumbent resigned before October 1812 to accept a captain's commission in the U.S. Army.
New member elected October 5, 1812.Шаблон:Efn
Democratic-Republican hold.
Successor seated November 27, 1812.^[3]
Successor also elected the same day to the next term, see below. | nowrap | Шаблон:Plainlist

|- ! Шаблон:Ushr | Thomas Blount | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican | Democratic-Republican | 1793
1798 Шаблон:Small
1804
1808 (lost)
1810 | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican/Hold | Incumbent died February 7, 1812.
New member elected January 11, 1813.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Successor seated January 30, 1813.^[3]
Successor later re-elected, see below. | nowrap | Шаблон:Plainlist

|}

13th Congress

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|}

Connecticut

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also Connecticut elected its members September 21, 1812. Its apportionment was unchanged after the 1810 census.

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|}

Delaware

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also

Delaware gained a seat after the 1810 census, and chose to elect both seats on a general ticket. The ten years between 1813 and 1823 were the only time when Delaware was represented by more than one Representative, and is one of only three states (the other two being Alaska and Wyoming) that have never been divided into districts.

Delaware elected its members October 6, 1812.

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|}

Georgia

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also

Georgia gained two seats after the 1810 census.

Georgia elected its members October 5, 1812.

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|- | Howell Cobb | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican/Hold | Incumbent resigned before October 1812 to accept a captain's commission in the U.S. Army.
New member elected.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Successor also elected the same day to finish the current term; see above.

|}

Illinois Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Indiana Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Kentucky

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also

Kentucky gained four seats after the 1810 census.

Georgia elected its members August 3, 1812.

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|}

Louisiana

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also

Louisiana held its election for the 13th Congress September 28–30, 1812, at the same time as the election for the 12th Congress, with nearly-identical results.

12th Congress

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|- ! Шаблон:Ushr | colspan=3 | None (District created) | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican | New district, seat created.
New member elected September 28–30, 1812.
Democratic-Republican gain.
New member seated December 23, 1812.^[3]
Member also elected the same day to the next term, see below. | nowrap | Шаблон:Plainlist

|}

13th Congress

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|}

Maryland

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also

Maryland's apportionment was unchanged. It elected its members October 12, 1812.

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|}

Massachusetts

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also

Massachusetts gained three seats after the 1810 census, all of which were added to the District of Maine. Its elections were held November 5, 1812, but since Massachusetts law required a majority for election, which was not met in the Шаблон:Ushr, a second ballot was held there January 6, 1813.

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|}

Mississippi Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Missouri Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

New Hampshire

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also

New Hampshire gained one seat after the 1810 census. Its elections were held August 31, 1812.

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|}

New Jersey

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also New Jersey kept its delegation at six seats but changed from electing its Representatives on a statewide general ticket to using three plural districts of two seats each. These districts were used only for the 1812 election, and These districts were used only for the 1812 electionThese districts were used only for the 1812 electionthe state returned to using a single at-large district in 1814. This was only the second time that New Jersey used districts (the first being in 1798).

There was a statewide at-large election held in November 1812, that was invalidated: Шаблон:Blockquote

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|}

New York

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also Ten seats were added after the 1810 census, bringing New York's representation to 27, the largest of any state at the time. New York would remain the state with the most members until surpassed by California in the 1970 census. There were two separate House of Representatives elections in 1812. The first was held in April 1812 for an un-reapportioned 17 representatives. This election was subsequently declared void and a new election was held on December 15–17, 1812, in which only three incumbents ran and two of whom were re-elected. New York thereby lost 4 Democratic-Republicans and gained 14 Federalists.

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|}

North Carolina

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also

North Carolina gained one representative as a result of the census of 1810. Its elections were held April 30, 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|}

Ohio

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also

The 1810 census revealed dramatic population growth in Ohio since 1800, resulting in its representation increasing from a single Representative to six, resulting in the State being broken up into 6 districts, abolishing the Шаблон:Ushr. Jeremiah Morrow (Democratic-Republican), who had served since Ohio achieved statehood in 1803, retired to run for U.S. Senator, so that all six seats were open. Its elections were held October 13, 1812.

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|}

There was a special election in the Шаблон:Ushr, held due to the death of Representative-elect John S. Edward before Congress met. That election was won by Reasin Beall.

Pennsylvania

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also Pennsylvania gained five seats in the House of Representatives as a result of the census of 1810, which awarded it a total of 23 seats. Pennsylvania was re-districted into 15 districts, one with 4 seats, five with 2, and the remaining nine with 1 seat each. There were seven open seats for this election, five resulting from the increase in apportionment, and two resulting from the retirement of incumbents. Its elections were held October 13, 1812.

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead^[5]

|}

Rhode Island

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also Rhode Island's apportionment was unchanged. Its elections were held August 25, 1812.

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|}

South Carolina

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also South Carolina gained one representative as a result of the 1810 census, increasing from 8 seats to 9. Its elections were held October 12–13, 1812. Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|}

Tennessee

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also Tennessee's representation increased from 3 seats to 6 as a result of the 1810 census.

Its elections were held April 1–2, 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|- ! Шаблон:Ushr | colspan=3 | None (District created) | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican | New seat.
Democratic-Republican gain.
The difference between the top two candidates was a single vote. William Kelly unsuccessfully contested the election.

| nowrap | Шаблон:Plainlist

|}

Vermont

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also

Vermont gained two seats after the 1810 census. Rather than re-district, however, Vermont replaced its districts with a single at-large district. It would continue to use an at-large district in 1814, 1816, and 1818, then one more time in 1822 (with 5 seats).

Its elections were held September 1, 1812.

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|}

Virginia

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also

Virginia gained one seat after the 1810 census, bringing its representation in the House of Representatives to 23 seats, the largest number Virginia would ever have. Virginia went from having the most representatives to having the second-most tied with Pennsylvania. New York, with its 27 seats, surpassed Virginia and remained the most populous state until the late 1960s.

Its elections were held in April 1813, after the term began but before Congress's first meeting.

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|}

Non-voting delegates

Шаблон:See also

Four territories had delegates in the 13th Congress: Illinois, Indiana, Mississippi, and Missouri. Illinois Territory and Missouri Territory elected their delegates in 1812 for both the end of the 12th and the start of the 13th Congresses.

Шаблон:USCongressElectionTableHead

|- ! Шаблон:Ushr | colspan=3 | None (District created) | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican | Illinois Territory had been created in 1809, but was not awarded a delegate until 1812.
New delegate elected.
Democratic-Republican gain.
New delegate seated December 3, 1812.^[3] | nowrap | Шаблон:Plainlist

|}

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

External links

Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)

Шаблон:1812 United States elections Шаблон:1813 United States elections Шаблон:United States House of Representatives elections

↑ Шаблон:USStat
↑ Шаблон:Cite book
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 ^3,3 ^3,4 ^3,5 ^3,6 Шаблон:Cite web
↑ ^4,00 ^4,01 ^4,02 ^4,03 ^4,04 ^4,05 ^4,06 ^4,07 ^4,08 ^4,09 ^4,10 Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project

[1] Шаблон:USStat

[Dubin-2] Шаблон:Cite book

[12thRoster-3] 3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 ^3,3 ^3,4 ^3,5 ^3,6 Шаблон:Cite web

[13thRoster-4] 4,00 ^4,01 ^4,02 ^4,03 ^4,04 ^4,05 ^4,06 ^4,07 ^4,08 ^4,09 ^4,10 Шаблон:Cite web

[5] Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

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Английская Википедия:1812–13 United States House of Representatives elections

Election summaries

Special elections

12th Congress

13th Congress

Connecticut

Delaware

Georgia

Illinois Territory

Indiana Territory

Kentucky

Louisiana

12th Congress

13th Congress

Maryland

Massachusetts

Mississippi Territory

Missouri Territory

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Vermont

Virginia

Non-voting delegates

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

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