Английская Википедия:1827 in science

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The year 1827 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Chemistry

• Aluminium isolated by Friedrich Wöhler.
• William Prout classifies the components of food into the three main divisions of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
• Zeise's salt is the first platinum/olefin complex, an early example of organometallic chemistry.
• John Walker first offers friction matches for sale.

Exploration

• William Edward Parry reaches 82°45'N, which will remain for 49 years the highest latitude attained.

Geology

• Gideon Mantell publishes his Illustrations of the Geology of Sussex, including the first use of the binomial Megalosaurus bucklandii.
• G. Poulett Scrope publishes his Memoir on the Geology of Central France, including the volcanic formations…, extending by detailed observation his work on volcanology.

History of science

• John Farey publishes A Treatise on the Steam Engine, historical, practical and descriptive in London.

Medicine

• Robert Adams first describes the cardiac condition which will become known as Adams-Stokes syndrome.
• Richard Bright first describes the renal condition which will become known as Bright's disease.

Physics

• Robert Brown observes the phenomenon of Brownian motion.
• Joseph Fourier first proposes existence of the greenhouse effect.

Technology

• April 26–May 24 – The Royal Netherlands Navy's British-built paddle steamer Curaçao makes the first Transatlantic Crossing by steam, from Hellevoetsluis to Paramaribo.
• May 25 – Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru is granted a French patent for a fountain pen.
• c. July – Robert Wilson of Dunbar in Scotland demonstrates a screw propeller.
• Completion of Ozimek Suspension Bridge in Poland, designed by Karl Schottelius, possibly the oldest surviving wrought iron suspension bridge in continental Europe.
• Jacob Perkins introduces the uniflow steam engine to the United Kingdom.

Zoology

• John James Audubon begins publication of The Birds of America in the United Kingdom.
• Three giraffes, the first to be seen in Europe for over three centuries, are presented by the Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt, Mehmet Ali Pasha. Zarafa is presented to King Charles X of France in Paris on 9 July having walked from Marseilles (landed 31 October 1826). The others are presented to King George IV of the United Kingdom in London and the Austrian Emperor Francis I in Vienna.

Higher Education

• Royal Institute of Technology (originally named 'Technological Institute') founded in Stockholm, Sweden.

Awards

• Copley Medal: William Prout; Henry Foster

Births

• January 13 (O.S. January 1) – Nikolay Beketov (died 1911), Russian chemist.
• January 7 – Sandford Fleming (died 1915), Scottish-born Canadian engineer and surveyor known as the "father of time zones".
• April 5 – Joseph Lister (died 1912), British inventor of antiseptic.
• May 31 – Kusumoto Ine (born Shiimoto Ine, died 1903), pioneering Japanese woman physician.
• August 27 – Henry Edwards (died 1891), English-born entomologist and actor.
• November 30 – George Jackson Mivart (died 1900), English biologist.
• December 29 – Bernhard Sigmund Schultze (died 1919), German obstetrician.
• Henry Gray (died 1861), English anatomist.

Deaths

• March 5
  • Pierre-Simon Laplace (born 1749), French mathematician.
  • Alessandro Volta (born 1745), Italian physicist.
• April 3 – Ernst Chladni (born 1756), German physicist.
• April 12 - Michele Troja (born 1747), Italian physician
• July 14 – Augustin-Jean Fresnel (born 1788), French physicist.