Английская Википедия:1855 Kansas Territory elections

Шаблон:Campaignbox Bleeding Kansas The 1855 Kansas Territory elections were a series of pivotal moments in the "Bleeding Kansas" conflict between pro-slavery individuals and "Free-Staters" in Kansas Territory. The initial elections for territorial legislature, held on March 30, 1855, were marred by widespread voter fraud and intimidation, as pro-slavery forces from neighboring Missouri crossed the border to cast ballots and suppress anti-slavery voters. In response, Kansas Territorial governor, Andrew H. Reeder, ordered new elections to be held on May 22 in certain districts. But even after the corrective elections, pro-slavery candidates still managed to win a majority of seats in the territorial legislature. When the legislature convened in July, it prompted ejected all of the Free-State candidates who had won seats in the May elections. This act led to many Kansans lambasting the body as the "Bogus Legislature."

In October 1855, elections were held for a Congressional delegate to represent Kansas Territory in the House of Representatives. Pro-slavers held their elections on October 1 and choose John Wilkins Whitfield, whereas Free-Staters held theirs on October 8 and selected Reeder. Whitfield was initially seated as the lawful delegate, but after Reeder petitioned the House, the seat was vacated on August 1, 1856 and a new election was ordered.

Territorial legislature election results

Territorial Council results

Шаблон:Infobox election

Summary of the 1855 Kansas Territory Council election results
Faction		March 30 elections	May 22 elections	Total seats
Файл:Kansas Territory 1855 Elections Council.svg
	Pro-slavery	10	0	10
	Free-State	1	2	3Шаблон:Efn-lr
Source: Шаблон:Cite book

March 30 election results

Council District 1^[1]^[2]
Faction		Candidates	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	Thomas Johnson Edward Chapman	900Шаблон:Efn-lr	79.08
	Free-State	Joel K. Goodwin Samuel Newitt Wood	273	23.08
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	10	0.84
Total votes cast			1,183
Illegally cast^[2]			827	69.91
	Pro-slavery gain^[3]

Council District 2^[2]
Faction		Candidate	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	A. McDonald	318	96.36
	Free-State	J. A. Wakefield	12	3.64
Total votes cast			330
Illegally cast^[2]			316	95.76
	Results abrogated; new election ordered^[4]

Council District 3^[2]
Faction		Candidate	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	H. S. Strickler	598	92.71
	Free-State	William F. Johnson	23	3.56
	Free-State	Шаблон:Emdash Rice	17	2.64
	Free-State	A. McDonald	4	0.62
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	3	0.46
Total votes cast			645Шаблон:Efn-lr
Illegally cast^[2]			547	84.81
	Results abrogated; new election ordered^[4]

Council District 4^[2]
Faction		Candidates	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	A. M. Coffee David Lykins	680	79.53
	Free-State	M. G. Morris James P. Fox	158	18.47
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	17	1.99
Total votes cast			855
Illegally cast^[2]			630	73.68
	Pro-slavery gain^[3]

Council District 5^[2]
Faction		Candidate	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	William Barbee	343	100
Total votes cast			343
Illegally cast^[2]			243	70.84
	Pro-slavery gain^[3]

Council District 6^[1]^[2]
Faction		Candidate	Votes	%
	Free-State	Martin F. Conway	139Шаблон:Efn-lr	66.51
	Pro-slavery	John Donaldson	68Шаблон:Efn-lr	32.54
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	2	0.96
Total votes cast (Election Districts 9-12)			540Шаблон:Efn-lr
Total votes cast (Election Districts 9-10, 12)			209Шаблон:Efn-lr
Illegally cast (Election Districts 9-12)			345Шаблон:Efn-lr	63.89
Illegally cast (Election Districts 9-10, 12)			21Шаблон:Efn-lr	10.04
	Free-State gain^[3]

Council District 7^[2]
Faction		Candidate	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	John W. Foreman	478	100
Total votes cast			478
Illegally cast^[2]			207	43.30
	Pro-slavery gain^[3]

Council District 8^[2]
Faction		Candidate	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	W. P. Richardson	234	77.48
	Free-State	John W. Whitehead	68	22.52
Total votes cast			302
Illegally cast^[2]			166	55.00
	Pro-slavery gain^[3]

Council District 9^[2]
Faction		Candidate	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	D. A. M. Grover	411	99.76
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	1	0.24
Total votes cast			412
Illegally cast^[2]			332	80.58
	Pro-slavery gain^[3]

Council District 10^[1]^[2]
Faction		Candidates	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	R. R. Rees J. J. Eastin	1,129	94.48
	Free-State	B. H. Twombly A. J. Whitney	66Шаблон:Efn-lr	5.52
Total votes cast			1,195Шаблон:Efn-lr
Illegally cast^[2]			1,044Шаблон:Efn-lr	86.57
	Pro-slavery gain^[3]

May 22 election results

Council District 2^[3]
Faction		Candidate	Votes	%
	Free-State	J. A. Wakefield	127	100
Total votes cast			127
	Free-State gain^[3]

Council District 3^[3]
Faction		Candidate	Votes	%
	Free-State	Jesse D. Wood	214	86.64
	Free-State	C. H. Washington	33	13.36
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	14	0.84
Total votes cast			247
	Free-State gain^[3]

Territorial House results

Шаблон:Infobox election

Summary of the 1855 Kansas Territory House of Representatives election results
Faction		March 30 elections	May 22 elections	Total seats
Файл:Kansas Territory 1855 Elections House.svg
	Pro-slavery	15	3	18
	Free-State	2	6	8Шаблон:Efn-lr
Source: Шаблон:Cite book

March 30 election results

House District 1^[1]^[5]
Faction		Candidate	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	A. S. Johnson	120	84.51
	Free-State	A. F. Powell	19	13.38
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	3	2.11
Total votes cast			142Шаблон:Efn-lr
Illegally cast^[5]			65Шаблон:Efn-lr	45.77
	Pro-slavery gain^[3]

House District 2^[1]^[5]
Faction		Candidates	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	Jatues Whitlock J. M. Banks A. B. Wade	781	74.81
	Free-State	John Hutchison E. D. Ladd P. P. Fowler	253	24.23
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	10	0.96
Total votes cast			1,044Шаблон:Efn-lr
Illegally cast^[5]			802Шаблон:Efn-lr	76.82
	Results abrogated; new election ordered^[4]

House District 3^[1]^[5]
Faction		Candidates	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	G. W. Ward O. H. Brown	318	93.26
	Free-State	Isaac Davis E. G. Macy	12	3.52
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	11	3.23
Total votes cast			341
Illegally cast^[5]			316	31.09
	Results abrogated; new election ordered^[4]

House District 4^[1]^[5]
Faction		Candidate	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	D. L. Croysdale	366	98.65
	Free-State	Cyrus K. Holliday	4	1.08
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	1	0.27
Total votes cast			371Шаблон:Efn-lr
Illegally cast^[5]			338Шаблон:Efn-lr	91.11
	Results abrogated; new election ordered^[4]

House District 5^[1]^[5]
Faction		Candidates	Votes	%
	Free-State	A. J. Baker	25Шаблон:Efn-lr	64.10
	Pro-slavery	M. W. McGee	12Шаблон:Efn-lr	30.77
	Free-State	H. Rice	0Шаблон:Efn-lr	0
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	2	5.13
Total votes cast (Election Districts 7Шаблон:Endash8)			273Шаблон:Efn-lr
Total votes cast (Election District 8 only)			39Шаблон:Efn-lr
Illegally cast (Election Districts 7Шаблон:Endash8)^[5]			209Шаблон:Efn-lr	76.56
	Free-State gain^[3]

House District 6^[1]^[5]
Faction		Candidates	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	Joseph C. Anderson S. A. Williams	315	90.0
	Free-State	John Hamilton William Margraves	35	10.0
Total votes cast			350
Illegally cast^[5]			250	71.43
	Pro-slavery gain^[3]

House District 7^[1]^[5]
Faction		Candidates	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	W. A. Haskall A. Wilkinson H. Younger Samuel Scott	684	80.19
	Free-State	John Serpell Adam Pore S. H. Houser William Jennings	152	17.82
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	17	1.99
Total votes cast			853Шаблон:Efn-lr
Illegally cast^[5]			630Шаблон:Efn-lr
	Pro-slavery gain^[3]

House District 8^[1]^[5]
Faction		Candidate	Votes	%
	Free-State	S. D. Houston	120	71.86
	Pro-slavery	Russell Garrett	41	24.55
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	6	3.59
Total votes cast			167
Illegally cast^[5]			10Шаблон:Efn-lr	5.99
	Free-State gain^[3]

House District 9^[1]^[5]
Faction		Candidate	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	J. Marshall	344	91.98
	Free-State	H. McCartney	26	6.95
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	4	1.07
Total votes cast			374Шаблон:Efn-lr
Illegally cast^[5]			321	85.83
	Pro-slavery gain^[3]

House District 10^[1]^[5]
Faction		Candidate	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	William H. Tibbs	237	98.75
	Free-State	C. Hard	3	1.25
Total votes cast			240Шаблон:Efn-lr
Illegally cast^[5]			230Шаблон:Efn-lr	95.83
	Pro-slavery gain^[3]

House District 11^[1]Шаблон:Efn-lr
Faction		Candidates	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	J. H. Stringfellow R. L. Kirk	420	87.5
	Free-State	G. A. Cutler John Landis	54	11.25
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	6	1.25
Total votes cast			480
Illegally cast^[1]			Шаблон:Endash	Шаблон:Endash
	Pro-slavery gain^[3]

House District 12^[1]Шаблон:Efn-lr
Faction		Candidates	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	J. P. Blair T. W. Watterson	258	99.23
	Free-State	Joel Ryan John Fee	2	0.77
Total votes cast			260
Illegally cast^[1]			Шаблон:Endash	Шаблон:Endash
	Pro-slavery gain^[3]

House District 13^[1]Шаблон:Efn-lr
Faction		Candidates	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	H. B. C. Harris J. Weddell	412	100
Total votes cast			412
Illegally cast^[1]			Шаблон:Endash	Шаблон:Endash
	Pro-slavery gain^[3]

House District 14^[1]Шаблон:Efn-lr
Faction		Candidates	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	H. B. McMeeken Archy Payne W. G. Mathias	897	93.83
	Free-State	Felix G. Braden Samuel France F. Browning	59	6.17
Total votes cast			956
Illegally cast^[1]Шаблон:Efn-lr			906	94.77
	Results abrogated; new election ordered^[4]

May 22 election results

House District 2^[3]
Faction		Candidates	Votes	%
	Free-State	John Hutchison Erastus. D. Ladd Philip P. Fowler	288	94.12
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	18	5.88
Total votes cast			306
	Free-State gain^[3]

House District 3^[3]
Faction		Candidates	Votes	%
	Free-State	Augustus Wattles William Jessee	127	100
Total votes cast			127
	Free-State gain^[3]

House District 4^[3]
Faction		Candidate	Votes	%
	Free-State	Cyrus K. Holliday	148	99.33
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	1	0.67
Total votes cast			149
	Free-State gain^[3]

House District 14^[3]
Faction		Candidates	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery	H. B. McMeeken Archy Payne W. G. Mathias	700	97.90
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	15	2.10
Total votes cast			715
	Pro-slavery gain^[3]

Outcome

Файл:AReeder.jpg

After the March 30, 1855 elections were marred by voting fraud, Kansas Territorial governor Andrew Horatio Reeder called for new elections in select districts.

Initial returns suggested that voters had chosen 13 pro-slavery councilmen and 25 pro-slavery representatives. Free-state settlers immediately cried foul, citing demonstrable voting irregularities, and so the governor of Kansas Territory, Andrew Horatio Reeder, scrutinized the results: On April 6, 1855, he declared Martin F. Conway the winner of the sixth district, and he also called for new elections for Council Districts 2Шаблон:Endash3 and House Districts 2Шаблон:Endash4, and 14. These elections, held on May 22, were all won by Free-Staters with the exception of the House District 14 race. After the governor granted election certificates, the Council was consequently left with 10 pro-slavery and 3 Free-state members, whereas the House was left with 18 pro-slavery and 8 Free-state members.^[6] However, when the territorial legislature met for the first time on July 2, 1855, it expelled all the Free-state men who had been elected in May. The remaining Free-State representative, S. D. Houston, would resign in protest on July 23.^[7]Шаблон:Efn-lr The legislature's decision to eject most of its Free-State members led to many in Kansas denouncing it as the "Bogus Legislature".^[8]

On March 19, 1856, the US House of Representatives tasked a special committee, comprising William A. Howard (O-Michigan), John Sherman (O-Ohio), and Mordecai Oliver (O-Missouri),^[9] with investigating "the troubles in the Territory of Kansas."^[10] Their report, "Report of the Special Committee Appointed to Investigate the Troubles in Kansas", was published later in 1856. In this document, the committee's majority contended that "each election in the Territory, held under the organic or alleged Territorial law, has been carried by organized invasion from the State of Missouri by which the people of the Territory have been prevented from exercising the rights secured to them by the organic law."^[11] The majority also argued that, in their opinion, "the alleged Territorial legislature was an illegally constituted body, and had no power to pass valid laws, and their enactments are therefore null and void."^[11] Finally, the committee majority argued that "in the present condition of the Territory a fair election cannot be held without a new census, a stringent and well-guarded election law, the selection of impartial judges, and the presence of United States troops at every place of election."^[11]

Congressional delegate election results

Файл:John Wilkins Whitfield.jpg

John Wilkins Whitfield was elected as Kansas Territory's congressional delegate in the October 1, 1855 election. The legality of that election would later be questioned by the United States House of Representatives.

October 1 (Pro-Slavery) elections

Congressional delegate (October 1, 1855)^[12]^[13]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Pro-slavery Democrat^[14]	John Wilkins Whitfield	2,721	99.38
	Шаблон:Endash	"Scattering" votes	17	0.62
Total votes cast			2,738
	Pro-Slavery Democrat selected as delegate^[12]^[13]

October 9 (Free-State) elections

Congressional delegate (October 9, 1855)^[12]^[13]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Free-State Democrat^[15]	Andrew H. Reeder	2,849	100
Total votes cast			2,849
	Free-State Democrat selected as delegate^[12]^[13]

Outcome

Following the two elections, Whitfield (the incumbent who had last been elected in 1854)^[16] presented his election credentials to the 34th United States Congress and was subsequently seated as the delegate from Kansas Territory. Following this, Reeder petitioned Congress to eject Whitfield and install himself as the valid delegate.^[17]^[18] In response to this conflict, the House of Representatives issued the "Report of the Special Committee Appointed to Investigate the Troubles in Kansas", penned by a special committee tasked with analyzing the territory's elections. In this document, the majority agreed that "the election under which the sitting delegate, John Whitfield, holds his seat, was not held in pursuance of any valid law and that it should be regarded only as the expression of the voice of those resident citizens who voted for him."^[11] However, the committee majority also argued that "the election, under which the contesting delegate, Andrew H. Reeder, claims his seat, was not held in pursuance of law, and that it should be regarded only as the expression of the resident citizens who voted for him."^[11]

As a result, the House voted on August 1, 1856 to vacate Whitfield's seat and hold a new election.^[17]^[18] In the subsequent election, Whitfield would again be elected, and Reeder would again contest the results.^[19] In 1857, the Committee on Elections once again recommended that Whitfield be declared not entitled to the seat because non-residents had voted and because many Kansans had been disenfranchised in the 1856 election, but the House narrowly decided to table the resolution. Whitfield served provisionally from December 9, 1856, to March 3, 1857.^[20]

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist-lr

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

↑ ^1,00 ^1,01 ^1,02 ^1,03 ^1,04 ^1,05 ^1,06 ^1,07 ^1,08 ^1,09 ^1,10 ^1,11 ^1,12 ^1,13 ^1,14 ^1,15 ^1,16 ^1,17 ^1,18 ^1,19 ^1,20 Andreas (1883), p. 96.
↑ ^2,00 ^2,01 ^2,02 ^2,03 ^2,04 ^2,05 ^2,06 ^2,07 ^2,08 ^2,09 ^2,10 ^2,11 ^2,12 ^2,13 ^2,14 ^2,15 ^2,16 ^2,17 ^2,18 Howard et al. (1856), p. 31.
↑ ^3,00 ^3,01 ^3,02 ^3,03 ^3,04 ^3,05 ^3,06 ^3,07 ^3,08 ^3,09 ^3,10 ^3,11 ^3,12 ^3,13 ^3,14 ^3,15 ^3,16 ^3,17 ^3,18 ^3,19 ^3,20 ^3,21 ^3,22 ^3,23 ^3,24 ^3,25 ^3,26 ^3,27 ^3,28 ^3,29 Andreas (1883), p. 101.
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 ^4,3 ^4,4 ^4,5 Andreas (1883), pp. 97Шаблон:Endash98.
↑ ^5,00 ^5,01 ^5,02 ^5,03 ^5,04 ^5,05 ^5,06 ^5,07 ^5,08 ^5,09 ^5,10 ^5,11 ^5,12 ^5,13 ^5,14 ^5,15 ^5,16 ^5,17 ^5,18 ^5,19 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок howard32 не указан текст
↑ Andreas (1883), pp. 97Шаблон:Endash101.
↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок andreas102-103 не указан текст
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Kansas State Historical Society (1881), pp. 146Шаблон:Endash147.
↑ Howard et al. (1856), p. 1.
↑ ^11,0 ^11,1 ^11,2 ^11,3 ^11,4 Howard et al. (1856), p. 67.
↑ ^12,0 ^12,1 ^12,2 ^12,3 Andreas (1883), p. 111.
↑ ^13,0 ^13,1 ^13,2 ^13,3 Admire (1891), p. 193.
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Socolofsky (2021), p. 34.
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ ^17,0 ^17,1 United States Congress (1950), p. 255.
↑ ^18,0 ^18,1 Bartlett (1865), pp. 185Шаблон:Endash203.
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Hinds (1907), pp. 1076Шаблон:Endash1078.

[initial-vote-1] 1,00 ^1,01 ^1,02 ^1,03 ^1,04 ^1,05 ^1,06 ^1,07 ^1,08 ^1,09 ^1,10 ^1,11 ^1,12 ^1,13 ^1,14 ^1,15 ^1,16 ^1,17 ^1,18 ^1,19 ^1,20 Andreas (1883), p. 96.

[report-31-2] 2,00 ^2,01 ^2,02 ^2,03 ^2,04 ^2,05 ^2,06 ^2,07 ^2,08 ^2,09 ^2,10 ^2,11 ^2,12 ^2,13 ^2,14 ^2,15 ^2,16 ^2,17 ^2,18 Howard et al. (1856), p. 31.

[second-vote-3] 3,00 ^3,01 ^3,02 ^3,03 ^3,04 ^3,05 ^3,06 ^3,07 ^3,08 ^3,09 ^3,10 ^3,11 ^3,12 ^3,13 ^3,14 ^3,15 ^3,16 ^3,17 ^3,18 ^3,19 ^3,20 ^3,21 ^3,22 ^3,23 ^3,24 ^3,25 ^3,26 ^3,27 ^3,28 ^3,29 Andreas (1883), p. 101.

[abrogated-4] 4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 ^4,3 ^4,4 ^4,5 Andreas (1883), pp. 97Шаблон:Endash98.

[howard32-5] 5,00 ^5,01 ^5,02 ^5,03 ^5,04 ^5,05 ^5,06 ^5,07 ^5,08 ^5,09 ^5,10 ^5,11 ^5,12 ^5,13 ^5,14 ^5,15 ^5,16 ^5,17 ^5,18 ^5,19 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок howard32 не указан текст

[6] Andreas (1883), pp. 97Шаблон:Endash101.

[andreas102-103-7] Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок andreas102-103 не указан текст

[8] Шаблон:Cite web

[9] Kansas State Historical Society (1881), pp. 146Шаблон:Endash147.

[10] Howard et al. (1856), p. 1.

[Howard67-11] 11,0 ^11,1 ^11,2 ^11,3 ^11,4 Howard et al. (1856), p. 67.

[reeder-delegate-12] 12,0 ^12,1 ^12,2 ^12,3 Andreas (1883), p. 111.

[admire-delegate-13] 13,0 ^13,1 ^13,2 ^13,3 Admire (1891), p. 193.

[14] Шаблон:Cite web

[15] Socolofsky (2021), p. 34.

[16] Шаблон:Cite web

[:0-17] 17,0 ^17,1 United States Congress (1950), p. 255.

[:1-18] 18,0 ^18,1 Bartlett (1865), pp. 185Шаблон:Endash203.

[19] Шаблон:Cite web

[20] Hinds (1907), pp. 1076Шаблон:Endash1078.

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Английская Википедия:1855 Kansas Territory elections

Содержание

Territorial legislature election results

Territorial Council results

March 30 election results

May 22 election results

Territorial House results

March 30 election results

May 22 election results

Outcome

Congressional delegate election results

October 1 (Pro-Slavery) elections

October 9 (Free-State) elections

Outcome

Notes

References

Bibliography

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