Английская Википедия:1862–63 United States Senate elections
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox election The 1862–63 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, occurring during the American Civil War. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1862 and 1863, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 1.
Since many Southern states seceded in 1860 and 1861, six senators resigned to join the Confederacy, and 14 were expelled for supporting the rebellion: these seats were declared vacant. To establish a quorum with fewer members, a lower total seat number was taken into account.
The Republican Party increased their control of the Senate by gaining three seats, bringing their majority to two-thirds of the body. Also caucusing with them were Unionists and Unconditional Unionists, giving them a commanding majority.
Results summary
Senate party division, 38th Congress (1863–1865)
- Majority party: Republican (31), later rose to 33
- Minority party: Democratic (10)
- Other parties: Unionist (4), later dropped to 3; Unconditional Unionist (3), later rose to 4
- Vacant: 20, later rose to 22
- Total seats: 48, later rose to 50
Change in composition
Before the elections
At the beginning of 1862.
As a result of the elections
Beginning of the next Congress
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Race summaries
Elections during the 37th Congress
In these elections, the winners were seated during 1862 or in 1863 before March 4; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Michigan (Class 2) |
Kinsley S. Bingham | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican | 1858 | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican/Hold | Incumbent died October 5, 1861. New senator elected January 17, 1862. Republican hold. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Oregon (Class 2) |
Benjamin Stark | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 1862 Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic/Hold | Interim appointee retired September 12, 1862 when successor elected. New senator elected September 12, 1862. Democratic hold. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Rhode Island (Class 1) |
James F. Simmons | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican | 1841 1847 Шаблон:Small 1856 |
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican/Hold | Incumbent resigned August 15, 1862 before the Senate could vote to expel him. New senator elected September 5, 1862.[2][3] Republican hold. Winner was not a candidate to the next term. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Illinois (Class 2) |
Orville H. Browning | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican | 1861 Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Interim appointee lost election to finish the term. New senator elected January 12, 1863. Democratic gain. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Indiana (Class 1) |
Joseph A. Wright | Шаблон:Party shading/Unionist | Unionist | 1862 Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Interim appointee retired January 14, 1863 when successor elected. New senator elected January 14, 1863. Democratic gain. Winner was not elected to the next term, as the next senator had already been elected. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| New Jersey (Class 1) |
Richard S. Field | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican | 1862 Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Interim appointee retired January 14, 1863 when successor elected. New senator elected January 14, 1863. Democratic gain. Winner was not elected to the next term. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
Elections leading to the 38th Congress
In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1863; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| California | Milton Latham | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | [[1860 United States Senate special election in California|1860 Шаблон:Small]] | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected as a Democrat in 1862 or 1863. Senator then changed party to Republican after the election. Republican gain. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Connecticut | James Dixon | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican | 1856 | Incumbent re-elected in 1863. | Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Delaware | James A. Bayard Jr. | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 1851 1857 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1863. | Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Florida | Vacant since January 21, 1861 when Stephen Mallory (D) withdrew. | Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat would remain vacant until 1868. |
None. | ||
| Indiana | Joseph A. Wright | Шаблон:Party shading/Unionist | Unionist | 1862 Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Interim appointee retired. New senator elected in 1862. Democratic gain. Appointee was also not a candidate to finish the term, see below. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Maine | Lot M. Morrill | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican | [[1861 United States Senate special election in Maine|1861 Шаблон:Small]] | Incumbent re-elected in 1863. | Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Maryland | Anthony Kennedy | Шаблон:Party shading/Unionist | Unionist | 1856 or 1857 | Шаблон:Party shading/Unionist/Hold | Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired. New senator elected in 1862 or 1863. Unionist hold. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Massachusetts | Charles Sumner | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican | [[1851 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts|1851 Шаблон:Small]] 1857 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1863. | Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Michigan | Zachariah Chandler | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican | 1857 | Incumbent re-elected in 1863. | Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Minnesota | Henry Mower Rice | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 1858 | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1863. Republican gain. |
Шаблон:PlainlistAndrew G. Chatfield (Democrat) 17 votes (27.42%)[4] |
| Mississippi | Vacant since January 21, 1861 when Jefferson Davis (D) resigned. | Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat would remain vacant until 1870. |
None. | ||
| Missouri | John B. Henderson | Шаблон:Party shading/Unionist | Unionist | 1862 Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | Interim appointee elected as an Unconditional Unionist in 1863. Unconditional Unionist gain. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| New Jersey | John Renshaw Thomson | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | [[1853 United States Senate special election in New Jersey|1853 Шаблон:Small]] 1857 |
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic/Hold | Incumbent died September 12, 1862. New senator elected in 1862 or 1863. Democratic hold. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| New York | Preston King | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican | 1857 | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican/Hold | Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected February 3, 1863. Republican hold |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Ohio | Benjamin Wade | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican | 1851 1856 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1863. | Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Pennsylvania | David Wilmot | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican | [[1861 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania|1861 Шаблон:Small]] | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 13, 1863. Democratic gain. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Rhode Island | James F. Simmons | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican | 1841 1847 Шаблон:Small 1856 |
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican/Hold | Incumbent resigned August 15, 1862 before the Senate could vote to expel him. New senator elected in 1862. Republican hold. Winner was not a candidate to finish the term. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Tennessee | Vacant since March 4, 1862 when Andrew Johnson (D) resigned to become Military Governor of Tennessee. |
Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat would remain vacant until 1866. |
None. | ||
| Texas | Vacant since March 23, 1861 when Louis Wigfall (D) withdrew. | Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat would remain vacant until 1870. |
None. | ||
| Vermont | Solomon Foot | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican | 1850 1856 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1862. | Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Virginia | Waitman T. Willey | Шаблон:Party shading/Unionist | Unionist | [[1861 United States Senate special elections in Virginia|1861 Шаблон:Small]] | Шаблон:Party shading/Unionist/Hold | Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1863. Unionist hold. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Wisconsin | James R. Doolittle | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican | 1857 | Incumbent re-elected in 1863. | Шаблон:Plainlist |
Elections during the 38th Congress
In these elections, the winners were elected in 1863 after March 4; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| West Virginia (Class 1) |
New state | Шаблон:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | West Virginia admitted to the Union June 19, 1863. New senator elected August 4, 1863. Unconditional Unionist gain. |
Шаблон:Plainlist | ||
| West Virginia (Class 2) |
Шаблон:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | West Virginia admitted to the Union June 19, 1863. New senator elected August 4, 1863. Unconditional Unionist gain. |
Шаблон:Plainlist | |||
| Missouri (Class 3) |
Robert Wilson | Шаблон:Party shading/Unconditional Unionist | Unconditional Unionist | 1862 Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Party shading/Unionist/Hold | Interim appointee retired when successor elected. New senator elected November 13, 1863. Unconditional Unionist hold. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
California
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Illinois (special)
Republican appointee Orville Browning, who had been appointed in June 1861 on the death of Stephen A. Douglas, retired instead of running to finish the class 2 term.
Democrat William Richardson won the January 12, 1863 special election over Governor of Illinois Richard Yates.
Richardson would lose renomination in the 1865 election to the next term, which Yates would win.
Indiana
Indiana (special)
Democratic incumbent Jesse D. Bright was expelled from the Senate February 5, 1862 for supporting the Confederacy.
The governor appointed Unionist former-Governor Joseph A. Wright February 24, 1862, until a successor could be elected to finish the term.
Democrat David Turpie was elected to finish the term, ending March 3, 1863.
Turpie was not a candidate for the next term, however.
Indiana (regular)
Former United States Representante Thomas A. Hendricks, who had not been a candidate to finish the current term, was elected in 1862 to the next term, starting March 4, 1863.
Maine
Шаблон:See also First-term Republican Lot M. Morrill was elected to his first full term January 13, 1863.
Maryland
Шаблон:See also Шаблон:Expand section Шаблон:Infobox election
Reverdy Johnson won election by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 1 seat.[5]
Massachusetts
Two-term Republican Charles Sumner was re-elected.
Sumner would be re-elected again in 1869 and serve until his death in 1874.
Michigan
Michigan (special)
Michigan (regular)
Minnesota
Шаблон:See alsoMinnesota's U.S. Senate election was held January 14, 1863 by the state legislature in a joint convention. Alexander Ramsey was a former Whig U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania's 14th Congressional District (1843-1847), former Minnesota Territorial Governor (1849-1853), former Mayor of St. Paul (1855), and sitting Minnesota Governor (1860-1863). Ramsey's main challengers for the Republican nomination were Cyrus Aldrich, David Cooper, and James Smith during balloting on January 12, 1863.[4] Andrew G. Chatfield was a former New York state legislator and Associate Justice of the Minnesota Territorial Supreme Court (1849-1858).[4]
| Vote for U.S. Senator in joint session of the Minnesota legislature[4] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Alexander Ramsey | 45 | 72.58 |
| Democrat | Andrew G. Chatfield | 17 | 27.42 |
Mississippi
Missouri
Missouri (regular)
Democrat Trusten Polk was expelled January 10, 1862 from the Class 1 seat for supporting the rebellion. Unionist (and later Unconditional Unionist) John B. Henderson was appointed January 17, 1862 to finish the term.
Henderson was elected to the next term in 1863.
Missouri (special)
Democrat Waldo P. Johnson was expelled January 10, 1862 from the Class 3 seat for supporting the rebellion. Unionist (and later Unconditional Unionist) Robert Wilson was appointed January 17, 1862 to continue the term, pending a special election.
Fellow Unconditional Unionist Benjamin Gratz Brown was elected and would align with the Radical Republicans. He would retire at the end of his term in 1867 due to ill health.
New Jersey
In both elections, the New Jersey legislature elected its senators in joint convention.
New Jersey (special)
Elected January 14, 1863
Шаблон:Election box begin no change Шаблон:Election box winning candidate with party link no change Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link no change Шаблон:Election box candidate no change Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link no change Шаблон:End
Wall was not elected to the next term, so he only served for less than two months.
New Jersey (regular)
Former senator William Wright was elected February 26, 1863.
Шаблон:Election box begin no change Шаблон:Election box winning candidate with party link no change Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link no change Шаблон:End
Wright would serve until his death in 1866.
New York
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also The New York election was held February 3, 1863 by the New York State Legislature.
Republican Preston King had been elected in February 1857 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1863.
At the State election in November 1861, 22 Republicans and 10 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1862–1863) in the state senate. At the state election in November 1862, Democrat Horatio Seymour was elected governor; and a tied Assembly of 64 Republicans and Democrats each was elected for the session of 1863. In December, in the 15th Senate District, Republican William Clark was elected for the session of 1863 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Democrat John Willard. The 86th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 25, 1863, at Albany, New York.
The election of a Speaker proved to be difficult in the stalemated Assembly. The Democrats voted for Gilbert Dean, the Republicans for Henry Sherwood, of Steuben Co. The Republicans, led by Chauncey M. Depew, became worried about the U.S. Senate election, due to occur on the first Tuesday in February. If the Assembly was not organized by then, the seat would become vacant, and could remain so until the next elected Assembly met in 1864.Шаблон:Efn The Republicans, with a majority of 14 on joint ballot, were anxious to fill the seat, to have a maximum of support for President Abraham Lincoln in the U.S. Senate during the ongoing American Civil War. Theophilus C. Callicot, a Democratic assemblyman from Brooklyn, approached Depew to propose a deal: the Republicans should vote for Callicot as Speaker, and Callicot would help to elect the Republican candidate to the U.S. Senate. Depew put the proposition before the Republican caucus, and they accepted. On January 16, Sherwood and Dean withdrew. The Republicans then voted for Callicot, the Democrats for Eliphaz Trimmer, of Monroe Co. The Democrats, whose intention it was to prevent the election of a U.S. Senator,[6] managed to postpone the vote for Speaker by filibustering for another ten days, but on January 26, Callicot was elected Speaker on the 92nd ballot (vote: Callicot 61, Trimmer 59, 3 Democrats were absent and 3 Republicans were paired). Thus the Assembly was organized to begin the session of 1863, three weeks late but in time for the U.S. Senate election.[7]
The caucus of RepublicanШаблон:Efn State legislators met on February 2, State Senator Alexander H. Bailey presided. They nominated Ex-Governor Edwin D. Morgan (in office 1859–1862) for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent senator Preston King was voted down.
| Office | Candidate | Informal ballot |
First ballot |
Second ballot |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. Senator | Edwin D. Morgan | 25 | 39 | 50 |
| Preston King | 19 | 16 | 11 | |
| Daniel S. Dickinson | 15 | 11 | 13 | |
| Charles B. Sedgwick | 11 | 7 | 1 | |
| David Dudley Field | 7 | 5 | 2 | |
| Henry J. Raymond | 6 | 8 | 9 | |
| Ward Hunt | 4 | |||
| Henry R. Selden | 1 | |||
| blank | 1 |
The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on the evening of February 2, State Senator John V. L. Pruyn presided. They did not nominate any candidate, instead adopting a resolution that "each Democratic member of the Legislature be requested to name for that office such person as he deems proper." They met again on the morning of February 3, and nominated Congressman Erastus Corning. The vote in an informal ballot stood: 28 for Corning, 21 for Fernando Wood, and 18 scattering. Wood's name was however withdrawn and Cornings nomination was made unanimous.
In the Assembly, Edwin D. Morgan received the votes of the 64 Republicans, and Erastus Corning the votes of 62 Democrats. Bernard Hughes (Dem.), of New York City, voted for Ex-Mayor of New York Fernando Wood, and Speaker Callicot voted for John Adams Dix. Thus the vote was tied, and no choice made. Speaker Callicot, although elected by the Republicans, refused to vote for the Republican caucus nominee, insisting in his vote for Dix who had been U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury as a Democrat, but was now a Union general in the Civil War. A second ballot was then taken, and the Republicans took Callicot's hint, and voted for Dix who was nominated by the Assembly. Thus Callicot kept his part of the bargain, knowing that, on joint ballot, the Republican state senate majority will outvote the Democrats, and elect their candidate. It was just necessary that the Assembly nominate somebody, so that it became possible to proceed to a joint ballot.
In the state senate, Edwin D. Morgan was nominated.
Both houses of the legislature then proceeded to a joint ballot.
Edwin D. Morgan was declared elected after a joint ballot of the state legislature.
| House | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2" | Republican | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2" | Democrat | Also ran | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Senate (32 members) |
Edwin D. Morgan | 23 | Erastus Corning | 7 | ||||
| State Assembly (128 members) first ballot |
Edwin D. Morgan | 64 | Erastus Corning | 62 | John Adams Dix | 1 | Fernando Wood | 1 |
| State Assembly (128 members) second ballot |
Erastus Corning | 63 | John Adams Dix | 65 | ||||
| State Legislature (160 members) joint ballot |
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Edwin D. Morgan | 86 | Erastus Corning | 70 | John Adams Dix | 1 | Daniel S. Dickinson | 1 |
Ohio
Oregon (special)
Pennsylvania
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also The Pennsylvania election was held January 13, 1863. Charles Buckalew was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.[8]
The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 13, 1863, to elect a senator as follows:
Шаблон:Election box begin no change Шаблон:Election box winning candidate with party link no change Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link no change Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link no change |- |-bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | colspan=3 align="right" | Totals | align="right" | 133 | align="right" | 100.00% |}
Rhode Island
Two-term (once in the 1840s and again until 1863) Republican James F. Simmons resigned August 15, 1862 as the Senate was preparing to expel him for bribery.
Rhode Island (special)
Republican Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island Samuel G. Arnold was elected September 5, 1862 to finish Simmons's term.
Rhode Island (regular)
Republican Governor of Rhode Island William Sprague IV was elected to the next term. Шаблон:Plainlist
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
Wisconsin
West Virginia
Шаблон:Infobox election Шаблон:See also
There were two races for the new state.
Peter G. Van Winkle and Waitman T. Willey, both Unconditional Unionists, were elected August 4, 1863.
Van Winkle would serve just until the 1869 end of his term.
Before being elected senator from West Virginia, Willey was a senator from Virginia representing the Restored Government of Virginia, presenting their petition to Congress for West Virginia's statehood. He would be re-elected in 1865 to the next term served until the end of that term in 1871.
See also
Notes
References
Sources and external links
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book, see pg. 568 for U. S. Senators; pg. 443 for state senators 1863; pg. 496ff for Members of Assembly 1863
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Result state election 1861 in The Tribune Almanac for 1862 compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune
- Result state election 1862 in The Tribune Almanac for 1863 compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune
- Important from Albany – Nomination of Ex-Governor Morgan for United States Senator by the Union Caucus. The Democrats Decline to Make a Nomination in The New York Times on February 3, 1863
- Proceedings of the Legislature; Senate... The Adjourned Democratic Caucus in The New York Times on February 4, 1863
- Important from Albany – Ex-Governor Morgan Elected U.S. Senator in The New York Times on February 4, 1863
- Result in the Senate: Journal of the Senate (86th Session) (1863; pg. 95f)
- Result in the Assembly: Journal of the Assembly (86th Session) (1863; pg. 151f and 154)
- Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project
Шаблон:1863 United States elections Шаблон:United States Senate elections Шаблон:Reconstruction Era
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокRISpecialне указан текст - ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Important from Albany – New Phase In the Struggle for the Speakership. Withdrawal of Mr. Sherwood from the Contest. Mr. Callicott, of Kings, Democrat, Nominated by the Republicans. Filibustering by the Democrats to Prevent a Vote in The New York Times on January 17, 1863
- ↑ Important from Albany – Mr. Callicott Elected Speaker in The New York Times on January 27, 1863
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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