Английская Википедия:1870 Atlantic hurricane season

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox hurricane season The 1870 Atlantic hurricane season lasted from mid-summer to late-fall and comprised one tropical storm and ten hurricanes, two of which became major hurricanes, (Category 3+). However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.

Season summary

The Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) recognizes eleven tropical cyclones for the 1870 season. Ten storms attained hurricane status, with winds of 75 mph (119 km/h) or greater. Of the eleven Atlantic cyclones known for 1870 only three made landfall. Although Hurricane One caused damage in Alabama, the storm centre may not have crossed the coastline. Hurricane Nine made landfalls in both Cuba and Florida. Hurricane Two and Tropical Storm Three were both active in the first week of September but neither made landfall, although Hurricane Two did come close to the Newfoundland coastline. Later that month two more hurricanes were seen in the western Atlantic. Hurricane Four was an intense category three cyclone while Hurricane Five was a weaker category one storm. More notable was Hurricane Six. This hurricane, known as the Hurricane of San Marcos or the Straits of Florida Hurricane, caused massive flooding in Cuba and south Florida, resulting in 2,000 casualties and at least $12 million in damages. Hurricanes Seven and Eight were also active in the first half of October, both in the mid-Atlantic. Hurricane Nine made landfalls in both Cuba and Florida and was responsible for some 52 deaths. Hurricane Ten was sighted on October 23 near the Turks and Caicos Islands. The last cyclone of the year, Hurricane Eleven, made landfall in Belize.

Timeline

<timeline>

ImageSize = width:800 height:200 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20 Legend = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270 AlignBars = early

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/07/1870 till:01/12/1870 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/07/1870

Colors =

 id:canvas value:gray(0.88)
 id:GP     value:red
 id:TD     value:rgb(0.43,0.76,0.92)  legend:Tropical_Depression_=_≤38_mph_(≤62_km/h)
 id:TS     value:rgb(0.3,1,1)  legend:Tropical_Storm_=_39–73_mph_(63–117_km/h)
 id:C1     value:rgb(1,1,0.85)     legend:Category_1_=_74–95_mph_(118–153_km/h)
 id:C2     value:rgb(1,0.85,0.55)  legend:Category_2_=_96–110_mph_(154–177_km/h)
 id:C3     value:rgb(1,0.62,0.35)  legend:Category_3_=_111–129_mph_(178–208_km/h)
 id:C4     value:rgb(1,0.45,0.54)  legend:Category_4_=_130–156_mph_(209–251_km/h)
 id:C5     value:rgb(0.55,0.46,0.90)  legend:Category_5_=_≥157_mph_(≥252_km/h)

Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas

BarData =

 barset:Hurricane
 bar:Month

PlotData=

 barset:Hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till
 from:30/07/1870 till:30/07/1870 color:C1 text:"One (C1)"
 from:30/08/1870 till:04/09/1870 color:C2 text:"Two (C2)"
 from:01/09/1870 till:04/09/1870 color:TS text:"Three (TS)"
 from:09/09/1870 till:12/09/1870 color:C3 text:"Four (C3)"
 from:17/09/1870 till:19/09/1870 color:C1 text:"Five (C1)"
 from:05/10/1870 till:14/10/1870 color:C3 text:"Six (C3)"
 from:07/10/1870 till:07/10/1870 color:C1 text:"Seven (C1)"
 barset:break
 from:10/10/1870 till:11/10/1870 color:C1 text:"Eight (C1)"
 from:19/10/1870 till:22/10/1870 color:C2 text:"Nine (C2)"
 from:23/10/1870 till:23/10/1870 color:C2 text:"Ten (C2)"
 from:30/10/1870 till:03/11/1870 color:C1 text:"Eleven (C1)"

 bar:Month width:15 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas
 from:01/07/1870 till:01/08/1870 text:July
 from:01/08/1870 till:01/09/1870 text:August
 from:01/09/1870 till:01/10/1870 text:September
 from:01/10/1870 till:01/11/1870 text:October
 from:01/11/1870 till:01/12/1870 text:November

TextData =

  pos:(570,30)
  text:"(From the"
  pos:(617,30)
  text:"Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale)"

</timeline>

Systems

Hurricane One

Шаблон:Infobox Hurricane Small The Mobile Hurricane of 1870

The first officially recognized tropical cyclone of 1870 made landfall near Mobile, Alabama, on July 30, though little is known about its genesis or track. According to one report, barometric pressure fell to Шаблон:Convert, but this is considered dubious. The storm's passage was brief, with the strongest winds confined to a period of about two hours in the early afternoon. Storm surge flooding damaged coastal installations along the shores of Mobile Bay, and several steamboats were either sunk or blown ashore. The winds uprooted trees, damaged roofs, and severed telegraph wires throughout Mobile. At the height of the storm, a floating dry dock broke free from its moorings and traveled about Шаблон:Convert up the Mobile River, crushing wharves and boats along its path. Overall, damage from the storm amounted to an estimated $200,000 (1870 USD).

Hurricane Two

Although the ship Daniel Marcy likely encountered this storm as early as August 22, the vessel's crew did not record their location. Thus, the official track for this system begins as a tropical storm about Шаблон:Convert northeast of the Lesser Antilles on August 30,Шаблон:Atlantic hurricane best track the same day the R.M.S. Shannon encountered it. The storm moved northwest towards the East Coast of the United States and intensified into a hurricane on the following day. Early on September 2, the cyclone reached sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h), equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale. However, the hurricane curved north-northeastward and then northeastward on September 3, remaining offshore. It then travelled parallel to the coast of Nova Scotia until it was last seen on September 4 near Newfoundland.Шаблон:Atlantic hurricane best track

The coast of Maine experienced abnormally high tides, prompting vessels to seek refuge at a safe harbor. Nova Scotia reported severe impacts, especially along its south coast. At the Halifax neighborhood of South End, a group of 16 to 18 vessels became "entirely broken to pieces beyond the possibility of repair." with a few exceptions, according to the North British Daily Mail. Strong winds led to the streets being littered with bricks, shingles, and slates, while the storm toppled many large trees and fences in the Spring Garden section of Halifax. A carriage factory was nearly destroyed, suffering about $4,000 in damage. The storm demolished many barns at the North West Arm and destroyed a building in Dartmouth. Significant damage was inflicted to trees and plants at the Nova Scotia Horticultural Society Garden. Additionally, the Portland Daily Press reported that the hurricane "destroy[ed] a large amount of marine property and life".

Tropical Storm Three

Шаблон:Infobox Hurricane Small A tropical storm was detected to the west of Cape Verde on September 1. Tracking westward, it was encountered by another ship on September 4. The storm's subsequent progress is unknown.

Hurricane Four

This hurricane was first encountered by a ship about Шаблон:Convert northeast of San Juan, Puerto Rico, on September 9. The storm tracked generally northward, and on September 10, it passed Шаблон:Convert west of Bermuda. There, the storm produced tropical storm-force winds that extensively damaged banana and other fruit trees. Based on a central barometric pressure reading of Шаблон:Convert from the brig Lizzie M. Morrell, the storm is believed to have achieved major hurricane intensity. Curving northeastward, the hurricane underwent extratropical transition by September 13.

Hurricane Five

Шаблон:Infobox Hurricane Small Numerous ships in the western Atlantic reported stormy weather from September 17 through 20. By weighting these reports according to their credibility and consistency, Partagás was able to construct an approximate recurving track for the hurricane. As the system accelerated northeastward, it probably transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 19.

Hurricane Six

Шаблон:Infobox Hurricane Small First Key West Hurricane of 1870 or Hurricane of San Marcos of 1870

Based on reports from contemporary Cuban meteorologists, a tropical storm was first observed in the Caribbean just south of Haiti's Tiburon Peninsula on October 5.Шаблон:Atlantic hurricane best track The storm moved west-northwestward and intensified into a hurricane south of Cuba on the following day. Thereafter, the cyclone rapidly strengthened further and likely peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of Шаблон:Convert prior to making landfall in the Ciénaga de Zapata municipality of Cuba's Matanzas Province on October 7. After crossing Cuba, the hurricane moved slowly northeastward through the Straits of Florida, tracking close to the Florida Keys as a Category 2 hurricane for a few days. The storm then struck Grand Bahama and the Abaco Islands in the Bahamas early on October 12 while still a Category 2 hurricane, but soon weakened to Category 1 status. It moved out to sea, last being seen west of Bermuda on October 14.Шаблон:Atlantic hurricane best track

In Cuba, the combination of sustained high winds, intensive rainfall, and two rivers, the San Juan and the Yumuri, bursting their banks destroyed the city of Matanzas and caused the loss of some 800 lives. These impacts destroyed approximately 410 homes, with the Cuban Meteorological Society stating in 2000 that "this number probably refers only to the city [Matanzas]." Floodwaters swept away two bridges, a railroad station, and a train, along with its passengers. The nearby city of Cárdenas also reported major damage to warehouses and wharves and the destruction of several dwellings, with many more losing their roofs and otherwise suffering damage. Throughout the country, a loss of roughly one-third of sugar crops occurred – roughly 300,000 to 400,000 boxes. Approximately 1,200 people died in Cuba, making it one of the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes on record. Damage was estimated at over $12 million (USD). In Florida, the lower parts of Key West became "one complete sheet of water", according to the Key West Dispatch, while tides swept away a few bridges. Significant damage to vegetation and trees also occurred. Numerous vessels wrecked throughout the Florida Keys and along or just offshore the mainland as far north as the Jupiter Inlet.

Hurricane Seven

Шаблон:Infobox Hurricane Small On October 7, a ship, the Horatio Harris, reported a hurricane several hundred miles west of the Cape Verde Islands; this appears to be the only known record of the storm. Partagás considered that the system may have been related to the subsequent tropical cyclone over the northern Atlantic, but determined this to be unlikely, given the rapid speed at which it would have needed to travel.

Hurricane Eight

Шаблон:Infobox Hurricane Small A hurricane was first detected on October 10, more than 800 miles to the east of Bermuda. Based on reports from several ships, it headed east-northeastward over the following day. Little else is known about its track.

Hurricane Nine

Шаблон:Infobox Hurricane Small Second Key West Hurricane of 1870

An assistant at the physical and meteorological observatory in Havana, Cuba, reported a wind shift on October 19, the same day that the bark Idaho began experiencing hurricane-like conditions over the northwestern Caribbean. Thus, the official track for this storm begins at 00:00 UTC on October 19 as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). Moving north-northeastward, the hurricane struck the south coast of Cuba's Pinar del Río Province near La Coloma about 24 hours later. Trekking across western Cuba for about six hours, the cyclone emerged into the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, likely as a Category 1 hurricane.Шаблон:Atlantic hurricane best track Later on October 20, the center of the hurricane passed over the Dry Tortugas and then on the Florida mainland near Chokoloskee. The system emerged into the Atlantic near present-day Fort Pierce the following day and briefly weakened to a tropical storm. On October 22, the storm was last noted east of North Carolina by the bark Midas.

Parts of Pinar del Río and Havana provinces in Cuba suffered significant impacts. In the former, the region of Vuelta Abajo reported the destruction of some entire villages and to agricultural properties, with damage exceeding $1 million. The hurricane ruined virtually all banana crops in the region and also caused serious losses to sugarcane and tobacco crops. Communications and transportation to Vuelta Abajo were also disrupted. Storm surge in Batabanó, then located in Havana Province, flooded many homes with up to Шаблон:Convert of water, demolishing about 40 residences. In Florida, Fort Jefferson experienced heavy rainfall and hurricane-force winds. A report from the fort noted that "trees and fences protested, buildings surroofed & debris flying in every direction". Six vessels capsized at Key West, while many ships wrecked along the Florida Reef and areas north of Cape Florida. The National Hurricane Center attributes 52 fatalities to the storm, all of which occurred after the SS Varuna sank offshore Florida's Jupiter Inlet on October 20, although the Star Tribune reported a few fatalities in Cuba due to maritime incidents related to the hurricane.

Hurricane Ten

Шаблон:Infobox Hurricane Small Several ships north of Cuba and Hispaniola reported a hurricane on October 23 and 24. No further details about this storm are known.

Hurricane Eleven

The final storm of the season originated from an area of unsettled weather that began affecting ships in the western Caribbean Sea on October 27. It organized into a tropical cyclone several days later, and maritime reports suggest that it achieved minimal hurricane intensity. The hurricane probably curved northward and weakened upon reaching the mountainous terrain of the Yucatán Peninsula. On November 3, a ship encountered the storm at hurricane intensity in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico.

See also

• Atlantic hurricane
• Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project
• Tropical cyclone observation
• List of Bermuda hurricanes
• List of hurricanes in Canada
• List of Florida hurricanes (pre-1900)

References

Specific

General

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Cite book