Английская Википедия:1871 Atlantic hurricane season

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox tropical cyclone season The 1871 Atlantic hurricane season lasted from mid-summer to late-fall. Records show that 1871 featured two tropical storms, four hurricanes and two major hurricanes (Category 3+). However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. According to a study in 2004, an undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 is possible. A later study in 2008 estimated that eight or more storms may have been missed prior to 1878.

Of the known 1871 cyclones, both Hurricane Five and Hurricane Eight were first documented in 1995 by José Fernández-Partagás and Henry Díaz, who also proposed large changes to the known tracks of Hurricane Three and of Hurricane Four. Further analysis, in 2008, extended the duration of both Hurricane Three and Hurricane Seven, by one day each. A reanalysis published in 2014 found fifteen named storms, twelve of which became hurricanes; four attained major hurricane status. However, these results have yet to be officially accepted into HURDAT.

Timeline

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Systems

Tropical Storm One

Шаблон:Infobox Hurricane Small At 00:00 UTC on June 1, a tropical storm formed about Шаблон:Convert east-southeast of Key West, Florida. For the next twelve hours, the system moved westward over the Straits of Florida between Cuba and the lower Florida Keys. Entering the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, the cyclone turned to the northwest and strengthened. While located Шаблон:Convert west-northwest of the Dry Tortugas, it attained peak winds of Шаблон:Convert early on June 2. Afterward, the system gradually turned to the west-northwest and maintained its intensity. As it neared the Texas coast, its course shifted to the northwest. At 07:00 UTC on June 7, the storm made landfall over San Luis Pass, Шаблон:Convert south-southeast of Houston, at peak intensity. After landfall, the storm curved northward over East Texas, and dissipated over eastern Oklahoma late on June 5.Шаблон:Atlantic hurricane best track A preliminary reanalysis in 2014 upgraded the cyclone to a Category 1 hurricane at landfall in Texas.

Файл:Old map-Galveston-1871.jpg

Galveston in 1871

A weather station in Galveston recorded peak winds of Шаблон:Convert and a total of Шаблон:Convert of rain during the passage of the storm, of which Шаблон:Convert fell in a fourteen-minute time span on June 4. Another source indicated Шаблон:Convert of rainfall took place, including a twenty-four-hour record of Шаблон:Convert on June 4. Additionally, a barometer in the area sampled a minimum peripheral pressure of Шаблон:Convert. Storm surge flooded onto and eroded Galveston Island, causing washouts of railroad beds and structures. One vessel, the steamship Alabama, beached at Galveston, while another, the Virginia Dare, grounded on an offshore sandbar there. Four drownings occurred at Galveston. Gale-force winds also affected Port Aransas; very high tides occurred there and at Indianola, flooding low ground at the latter place. Extremely heavy rains associated with this cyclone also caused flooding in New Orleans, which was reportedly "submerged". The New York Times on June 6 reported that floodwaters covered Шаблон:Convert, five hundred blocks in all.

Tropical Storm Two

Шаблон:Infobox Hurricane Small At 00:00 UTC on June 8, the second tropical storm of the season developed Шаблон:Convert north-northwest of Progreso, Yucatán—three days after Tropical Storm One dissipated. Taking a steady course to the northwest, the cyclone closely followed its predecessor, threatening Southeast Texas yet again. Early on June 9, the system peaked at Шаблон:Convert and turned north-northwestward. At 17:00 UTC, the cyclone made landfall near present-day Jamaica Beach, Шаблон:Convert west-southwest of Galveston, at peak intensity. After landfall, the system headed northward over the western part of Galveston Bay. Late on June 10, the cyclone dissipated over East Texas, just south of the Texas–Oklahoma border.Шаблон:Atlantic hurricane best track

As it affected Galveston, the storm destroyed a church and many houses. Storm surge occurred on the island for the second time in a week, as floodwaters engulfed the eastern section of Galveston Island. Several ships wrecked as well, and some sailing ships were deemed lost at sea. A cotton steamship, the Mollie Hambleton, sank while at anchor. One person died at Refugio, when winds unroofed a church. Storm surge-related flooding was minimal at Indianola. Strong gales affected coastal Louisiana, and neared hurricane intensity at Lake Charles, downing fruit trees. Torrential rain damaged corn and cotton crops, and numerous cattle drowned. A tornado struck Chatawa, Mississippi, destroying a schoolhouse and trees.

A reanalysis in 2014 tentatively determined that this storm and the preceding system were a single hurricane.

Hurricane Three

Шаблон:Infobox Hurricane Small Early on August 14, the ship Tybee reported hurricane-force winds to the east of The Bahamas, signaling the presence of a well-formed system. At 00:00 UTC on August 14, the third tropical cyclone of the season was noted, Шаблон:Convert northeast of San Salvador Island, with 90-mph (150-km/h) winds. Tracking generally westward, the hurricane gradually strengthened. At 12:00 UTC on August 15, the cyclone attained peak winds of Шаблон:Convert—equivalent to Category 3 status on the modern Saffir–Simpson scale, which it maintained until landfall in Florida. Several hours later, the hurricane crossed the northern Abaco Islands and continued westward toward the Gulf Stream. Early on August 16, a barque, the Bridgeport, measured a pressure of 952 mbars (28.1 inHg) in the storm's eye. As it neared eastern Florida, the storm curved slightly west-northwestward, before making landfall north of Hobe Sound at 02:00 UTC on August 17.Шаблон:Atlantic hurricane best track Over the next few days, the cyclone parabolically turned to the northeast, re-entering the Atlantic near Darien, Georgia, on August 18. While executing a clockwise loop off the Southeastern United States, the system maintained winds just below hurricane intensity. On August 22, the system ended its loop and headed westward, toward the Georgia coast. Final landfall occurred near Brunswick at 00:00 UTC on August 23. At the time, the cyclone still contained winds of Шаблон:Convert. The system decayed as it moved inland, and dissipation took place 18 hours later.Шаблон:Atlantic hurricane best track

Despite crossing the Bahamas at peak strength, damage in the archipelago, if any, is unknown. The hurricane was of great extent as it struck Florida, with hurricane-force winds occurring at New Smyrna—Шаблон:Convert from the eye. The local U.S. Army Signal Corps observer judged the storm to be the worst since October 23, 1865. In New Smyrna, the storm snapped or otherwise damaged oak and citrus trees. At Enterprise, several homes were unroofed as well. Winds destroyed another home at Ocala. Numerous ships were tossed ashore, leaving the beaches "strewn with wrecks". Gale-force winds in Jacksonville uprooted many trees, topped a few brick walls, damaged tin roofs, and downed telegraph wires, cutting off communications. Abnormally high tides inundated parts of the city, although water remained "about a foot [0.3 m] below the market floor." Damage in Jacksonville reached several thousands of dollars. Impacts to Georgia, if any, are unknown. Winds reached Шаблон:Convert in Savannah, which registered a pressure of Шаблон:Convert. In South Carolina, Charleston reportedly experienced its heaviest rain storm since 1854, with Шаблон:Convert of precipitation falling in a 36-hour period, more than Шаблон:Convert above the total amount of rainfall observed between May 1 and August 1. However, little flooding occurred except on a few streets. One man drowned after attempting to step from a wharf to his sloop during the height of the storm. A telegram from North Carolina described the rainfall as being generally beneficial to crops in the vicinity of Wilmington and reported that the brig Alice Lee was beached at Frying Pan Shoals.

Hurricane Four

1871 Santa Juana Hurricane

On August 17, the fourth tropical storm of the season developed Шаблон:Convert west-southwest of the Cape Verde islands. The system progressed on a west-northwest track and steadily intensified, becoming a major hurricane at 00:00 UTC on August 21. Bearing peak winds of Шаблон:Convert, the hurricane passed over Antigua, Sint Eustatius, Saint Kitts, and Saint Thomas. Continuing northwestward, it passed Шаблон:Convert northeast of Fajardo, Puerto Rico. The hurricane then weakened to a Category 2 hurricane, maintaining this strength while making further landfalls in the Bahamas. At 05:00 UTC on August 25, the storm struck near present-day Vero Beach, Florida, with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h).Шаблон:U.S. hurricanes After crossing Central Florida, it entered the Gulf of Mexico and made a final landfall on Taylor County, Florida, as a tropical storm. The storm then moved north and east over land, weakening into a tropical depression, before strengthening back into a tropical storm after re-emerging into the Atlantic off South Carolina. At 12:00 UTC on August 30, the cyclone reattained winds of Шаблон:Convert. The storm was last sighted Шаблон:Convert east of Cape Cod.Шаблон:Atlantic hurricane best track

At least 30 deaths occurred on Antigua and the storm was considered the worst to impact the island since 1835.Шаблон:Rp Le Moniteur de la Martinique reported two fatalities and considerable damage on Saint Kitts. As the storm passed near Saba, resident Catholic priest Father Koch observed a barometric pressure of Шаблон:Convert and the destruction of many thatch houses.Шаблон:Rp Some newspapers noted that "not a house was left standing on the whole island" and that the storm killed or injured about 150 people, although the death toll is officially listed as 27. Additionally, numerous shipwrecks occurred, including three ships lost in Puerto Rico. In Florida, storm surge and abnormally high tides damaged a number of boats in the St. Johns River. Winds in the Jacksonville area mainly toppled fences and trees, although a warehouse and church were destroyed. Downed telegraph wires severed communications between Lake City and St. Augustine. The storm demolished several dwellings in Orlando and many others at nearby Fort Reid. Cotton, oranges, and sugar cane crops in Hillsborough County experienced their largest losses since the 1848 hurricane. Several other localities reported crop damage, including Alachua County, Marianna, and Marion County.

Hurricane Five

Шаблон:Infobox Hurricane Small The only storm of the year not to make landfall, Hurricane Five was first observed as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of Шаблон:Convert north of Puerto Rico on August 30. Hurricane Five maintained this intensity until it was last observed south of Nova Scotia. It is possible that the storm made landfall on Nova Scotia and it is also possible that the storm formed before August 30.

Hurricane Six

Шаблон:Infobox Hurricane Small A hurricane formed near the geographic center of the Gulf of Mexico on September 5. At 14:00 UTC the next day, it made landfall near Cedar Key, Florida, as a Category 1 hurricane.Шаблон:Atlantic hurricane best track It brought heavy rainfall to Florida and Georgia before entering the Atlantic off the east coast of Georgia. Still continuing to the northeast, it was last sighted south of Cape Hatteras.Шаблон:Atlantic hurricane best track

Hurricane Seven

Шаблон:Infobox Hurricane Small A tropical storm was first sighted in the Bay of Campeche on September 30. It continued moving in a northeast direction, paralleling the Texas coast and strengthening to a Category 1 hurricane while doing so. Early on October 4, the hurricane passed south of the Mississippi River Delta. At 16:00 UTC on October 5, it finally made landfall on Taylor County, Florida, as a strong tropical storm with winds of Шаблон:Convert. After re-entering the Atlantic Ocean, the storm was last sighted east of Cape Hatteras.Шаблон:Atlantic hurricane best track At least three people were killed at Galveston and several ships were wrecked or foundered, some with the loss of all hands.

Hurricane Eight

Шаблон:Infobox Hurricane Small A hurricane was first observed northeast of the British Virgin Islands on the morning of October 10. At this point it was already a Category 1 hurricane with winds of Шаблон:Convert. Its intensity remained steady at that level as it traveled first west, then veered north before travelling parallel to the US coast. The hurricane dissipated shortly after making landfall at Nova Scotia on October 13.Шаблон:Atlantic hurricane best track

In Nova Scotia, strong winds produced by the storm reportedly downed all telegraph wires between Bedford and Halifax. The railroad tracks linking the two cities also suffered damage, totaling approximately $16,000. Shipping and wharves at the latter and in Sydney experienced significant impacts, while 30 vessels ran aground at the Dartmouth harbor. Abnormally high tides flooded the basements of oceanfront homes in Halifax. Three people drowned near Devils Island while attempting to set fish nets. Damage throughout Atlantic Canada reached roughly $200,000.

Seasonal effects

This is a table of the storms in 1871 and their landfall(s) in bold, if any. The minimum pressures, in most cases, are based on limited observations and may not have occurred at their peak intensity.

Шаблон:TC stats table end3

See also

• Atlantic hurricane
• Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project
• Tropical cyclone observation