Английская Википедия:1900 Amur anti-Chinese pogroms

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Expand Chinese Шаблон:Missing information Шаблон:Infobox military conflict Шаблон:Campaignbox Boxer Rebellion The 1900 Amur anti-Chinese pogroms (Шаблон:Lang-zh) were a series of killings and reprisals undertaken by the Russian Empire against subjects of the Qing dynasty of various ethnicities, including Manchu, Daur, and Han peoples. They took place in Blagoveshchensk and in the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River in the Amur region, during the same time as the Boxer Rebellion in China. The events ultimately resulted in thousands of deaths, the loss of residency for Chinese subjects living in the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River, and increased Russian control over the region. The Russian justification for the pogroms were attacks made on Russian infrastructure outside Blagoveshchensk by Chinese Boxers, which was then responded to by Russian force. The pogroms themselves occurred in Шаблон:OldStyleDate.

Name

The name for the killings and reprisals that occurred in Amur is not standardized, and has been referred to by different names over time. The most common Chinese name for the pogroms is the Gengzi Russian disaster (Шаблон:Lang-zh), but the two most major events in Blagoveshchensk and the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River are referred to as the Blagoveshchensk massacre (Шаблон:Lang-zh) and the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre (Шаблон:Lang-zh) respectively.[1]

The Russian name of the pogroms in Blagoveshchensk is referred to as the Chinese pogrom in Blagoveshchensk (Шаблон:Lang-ru), while the killings and reprisals that took place in the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River are referred to as the Battle on the Amur (Шаблон:Lang-ru).[2]

Background

Шаблон:Expand section Blagoveshchensk was founded on the territory ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Aigun in 1858.

Process

K.N. Gribskiy's proclamation
The introduction to Lieutenant-General Gribskiy's proclamation regarding his intended punishment of Chinese living in Blagoveshchensk and the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River

Blagoveshchensk

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Sixty-Four Villages East of the River

Lieutenant-General Konstantin Gribskiy ordered the expulsion of all Qing subjects who remained north of the river.[3] This included the residents of the villages, and Chinese traders and workers who lived in Blagoveshchensk proper, where they numbered anywhere between one-sixth and one-half of the local population of 30,000.[3][4] They were taken by the local police and driven into the river to be drowned. Those who could swim were shot by the Russian forces.[5] There were 1,266 households, including 900 Daurs and 4,500 Manchus in the area until the massacre.[6] Many Manchu villages were burned by Cossacks in the massacre according to Victor Zatsepine.[7]

Legacy

Andrew Higgins of The New York Times wrote that Chinese and Russian officials tended to not bring up the incidents during periods of good China–Russia relations or Sino-Soviet relations, while the incident was brought up after the Sino-Soviet split with people still alive who had been in the pogroms being interviewed by Chinese officials. Higgins stated that in 2020 Chinese and Russian officials purposefully avoided dealing with the incident.[7]

References

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Further reading