Английская Википедия:1902 Nobel Prize in Literature
Шаблон:Infobox award The 1902 Nobel Prize in Literature was the second prestigious literary award based upon Alfred Nobel's will, which was given to German historian Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903) "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work A History of Rome."[1]
Laureate
Шаблон:Main article Theodor Mommsen was a writer expert both in history and law, and this combination was important for his research career. His Nobel Prize was motivated primarily by his pioneering three-volume work about Roman history, Römische Geschichte. It depicted different aspects of the Roman Republic's history: political, legal, economic, cultural and even geographical and meteorological. According to the Swedish Academy, his writing was "vivid and empathetic", and it was for these literary qualities that he was awarded the Nobel Prize.[2]
A History of Rome
When Mommsen was awarded the prize, the world recognition was given him with "special reference" to the Römische Geschichte (the History of Rome).[3] The award came nearly fifty years after the first appearance of the work. The award also came during the last year of the author's life (1817–1903). It is the only time thus far that the Nobel Prize for Literature has been presented to a historian per se.[4] Yet the literary Nobel has since been awarded to a philosopher (1950) with mention of an "intellectual history",[5] and to a war-time leader (1953) for speeches and writings, including a "current events history",[6] plus a Nobel Memorial Prize has been awarded for two "economic histories" (1993).[7] Nonetheless Mommsen's multi-volume History of Rome remains in a singular Nobel class.
The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, a well-regarded reference yet nonetheless "a source unsparingly critical", summarizes: "Equally great as antiquary, jurist, political and social historian, Mommsen lived to see the time when among students of Roman history he had pupils, followers, critics, but no rivals. He combined the power of minute investigation with a singular faculty for bold generalization and the capacity for tracing out the effects of thought on political and social life."[8]
The British historian G. P. Gooch, writing in 1913, eleven years after Mommsen's Nobel prize, gives us this evaluation of his Römisches Geschichte: "Its sureness of touch, its many-sided knowledge, its throbbing vitality and the Venetian colouring of its portraits left an ineffaceable impression on every reader." "It was a work of genius and passion, the creation of a young man, and is as fresh and vital to-day as when it was written."[9] About the History of Rome another British historian Arnold J. Toynbee in 1934 wrote, at the beginning of his own 12-volume universal history, "Mommsen wrote a great book, [Römisches Geschichte], which certainly will always be reckoned among the masterpieces of Western historical literature."[10]
Deliberations
Nominations
Mommsen had not been nominated for the prize in 1901, making it the first rare occasion when an author have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature the same year they were first nominated.[11] In total, the Swedish Academy received 44 nominations for 34 individuals, including the Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy (four nominations), British philosopher Herbert Spencer (one nomination), and Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen (one nomination).[12]
The authors Philip James Bailey, Samuel Butler, Ethna Carbery, Mary Hartwell Catherwood, Francisco Javier de Burgos, Alice Marie Durand (known as Henry Gréville), Ernst Dümmler, Samuel Rawson Gardiner, Bret Harte, Annie French Hector, George Alfred Henty, Grace Hinsdale, Lionel Johnson, Heinrich Landesmann, William McGonagall, Ljubomir Nedić, Frank R. Stockton, Frank Norris, Masaoka Shiki, Gleb Uspensky, Jacint Verdaguer, Swami Vivekananda, and Mathilde Wesendonck died in 1902 without having been nominated for the prize.
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Juhani AhoШаблон:Efn (1861–1921) | Шаблон:Flag (Шаблон:Flag) |
novel, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 2 | Marcel BarrièreШаблон:Efn (1860–1954) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays | Émile Faguet (1847–1916) |
| 3 | Alexander Baumgartner, S.J.Шаблон:Efn (1841–1910) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, history | Knud Karl Krogh-Tonning (1842–1911) |
| 4 | Bjørnstjerne BjørnsonШаблон:Efn (1832–1910) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, drama, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 5 | Bernard Bosanquet (1848–1923) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy | William Macneile Dixon (1866–1946) |
| 6 | Giosuè Carducci (1835–1907) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, literary criticism, biography, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 7 | Houston Stewart ChamberlainШаблон:Efn (1855–1927) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
philosophy | Wolfgang Golther (1863–1945) |
| 8 | José Echegaray EizaguirreШаблон:Efn (1832–1916) | Шаблон:Flag | drama | 12 members of the Royal Spanish Academy |
| 9 | Gustav FalkeШаблон:Efn (1853–1916) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry | August Sauer (1855–1926) |
| 10 | Antonio Fogazzaro (1842–1911) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, short story | Per Geijer (1886–1976) |
| 11 | Arne GarborgШаблон:Efn (1851–1921) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, drama, essays | Kristian Birch-Reichenwald Aars (1868–1917) |
| 12 | Hartmann Grisar, S.J.Шаблон:Efn (1845–1932) | Шаблон:Flag | history, theology | Knud Karl Krogh-Tonning (1842–1911) |
| 13 | Gerhart HauptmannШаблон:Efn (1862–1946) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 14 | Henrik Ibsen (1828–1906) | Шаблон:Flag | drama | Axel Erdmann (1873–1954) |
| 15 | Ferenc Kemény (1860–1944) | Шаблон:Flag (Шаблон:Flag) |
essays | Gusztáv Heinrich (1845–1922) |
| 16 | Anatoly KoniШаблон:Efn (1844–1927) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, literary criticism, memoir, law | Anton Woulfert (1877–1927) |
| 17 | Ventura López FernándezШаблон:Efn (1866–1944) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, literary criticism | Emmanuel Casado Salas (?) |
| 18 | George Meredith (1828–1909) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 19 | Frédéric MistralШаблон:Efn (1830–1914) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, philology | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 20 | Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903) | Шаблон:Flag | history, law | 18 members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences |
| 21 | John MorleyШаблон:Efn (1838–1923) | Шаблон:Flag | biography, literary criticism, essays | Alice Stopford Green (1847–1929) |
| 22 | Lewis MorrisШаблон:Efn (1833–1907) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, songwriting, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 23 | Gaspar Núñez de Arce (1832–1903) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, law | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 24 | Gaston ParisШаблон:Efn (1839–1903) | Шаблон:Flag | history, poetry, essays | Fredrik Wulff (1845–1930) |
| 25 | Archibald RobertsonШаблон:Efn (1853–1931) | Шаблон:Flag | theology, history | John Wesley Hales (1836–1914) |
| 26 | Paul SabatierШаблон:Efn (1858–1928) | Шаблон:Flag | history, theology, biography | Carl Bildt (1850–1931) |
| 27 | Henryk SienkiewiczШаблон:Efn (1846–1916) | Шаблон:Flag (Шаблон:Flag) |
novel | Hans Hildebrand (1842–1913) |
| 28 | Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, essays | 49 members of The Nobel Prize Committee of the Society of AuthorsШаблон:Efn |
| 29 | Leo TolstoyШаблон:Efn (1828–1910) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, poetry | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 30 | Charles WagnerШаблон:Efn (1852–1918) | Шаблон:Flag | theology, philosophy | Waldemar Rudin (1833–1921) |
| 31 | Carl Weitbrecht (1847–1904) | Шаблон:Flag | history, poetry, short story, essays | Hermann Fischer (1884–1936) |
| 32 | William Butler YeatsШаблон:Efn | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, essays | William Edward Lecky (1838–1903) |
| 33 | Theodor ZahnШаблон:Efn (1838–1933) | Шаблон:Flag | theology, essays | Lars Dahle (1843–1925) |
| 34 | Émile ZolaШаблон:Efn (1839–1907) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, short story | Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907) |
Prize decision
In 1902, the Nobel committee considered the authors Leo Tolstoy, Henrik Ibsen and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson for the prize.[13] Tolstoy was praised for his prominent literary work, but dismissed for his anarchistic ideology;[13] Ibsen was dismissed for similar reasons, his radical style was considered completely against the ideal direction required by Alfred Nobel's will;[13] while Bjørnson was pushed for the next year considering a shared prize with Ibsen.[13] Because the Academy's permanent secretary Carl David af Wirsén was a fierce opponent of the idea of awarding Tolstoy and Ibsen, as a compromise, the historian Theodor Mommsen was launched as an alternative candidate that could be agreed upon.[13]
Reactions
The decision to award the second Nobel Prize in Literature to a non-fiction writer was criticised by some. While praising Mommsen's work in a 1902 article in Ord och Bild, the Swedish professor in Intellectual history Johan Bergman wrote: "It is and remain a flagrant injustice to not award this prize for the best literary work in ideal direction to one of the great idealists among the celebrated authors of our time, to Tolstoj or Björnson or Ibsen."[14] Internationally, Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg were frequently mentioned as worthy candidates for the prize.[14]
Notes
References
External links
- Award ceremony speech by C.D. af Wirsén nobelprize.org
Шаблон:Nobel Prize in Literature
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Literature 1902 nobelprize.org
- ↑ Theodor Mommsen nobelprize.org
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Literature 1902 nobelprize.org
- ↑ Cf., Alexander Demandt, "Introduction" 1–35, at 1 (502 n.2), to Mommsen's A History of Rome under the Emperors (Munich 1992; London 1996). Demandt also mentions Winston Churchill.
- ↑ Bertrand Russell in 1950 received the Nobel Prize for Literature. In the award presentation his then recent work A History of Western Philosophy (1946) was mentioned first along with a few other books, 35 of his titles being referenced in all.
- ↑ Winston Churchill was a recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature. He was selected in 1953 for his political oratory, his biographies, and his histories, e.g., his The Second World War (1948–1953). The later work, of course, he wrote in his role as a leading participant, and it was a collaborative effort. Later Churchill would write his History of the English Speaking Peoples (1956–1958).
- ↑ The 1993 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded concurrently to Robert W. Fogel and to Douglass North, both of whom separately wrote economic histories, each employing their discipline's analytic structures in order to better understand major events of the past.
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, cited by Saunders and Collins, "Introduction" at 2, to Mommsen, History of Rome (1958). Cf., "Theodor Mommsen" in the 11th edition, published in 1911.
- ↑ G. P. Gooch, History and Historians (1913, 1928) at 456 and 458.
- ↑ Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, volume one (Oxford University 1934, 2d ed. 1935, 1962) at I: 3.
- ↑ Facts on the Nobel Prize in Literature nobelprize.org
- ↑ Nomination archive – 1902 nobelprize.org
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 13,4 Gustav Källstrand Andens Olympiska Spel: Nobelprisets historia, Fri Tanke 2021, p. 186-187
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Helmer Lång, Hundra nobelpris i litteratur 1901-2001, Symposion 2001, p.25 (in Swedish)
