Английская Википедия:1903 Australian federal election

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox election

The 1903 Australian federal election was held in Australia on 16 December 1903. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 19 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Protectionist Party minority government led by Prime Minister Alfred Deakin retained the most House of Representatives seats of the three parties and retained government with the parliamentary support of the Labour Party led by Chris Watson. The Free Trade Party led by George Reid remained in opposition.

The election outcome saw a finely balanced House of Representatives, with the three parties each holding around a third of seats − the Protectionists on 26, the Free Traders on 24 and Labour on 22. This term of parliament saw no changes in any party leadership but did see very significant and prolonged debates on contentious issues − the Protectionist minority government fell in April 1904 to Labour, while the Labour minority government fell in August 1904 to the Free Traders, while the Free Trader minority government fell in July 1905 back to the Protectionists, which continued until the 1906 election and beyond. The Free Traders remained in opposition throughout this eventful period with the exception of Labour forming the opposition for the first time during the period of the Free Trader minority government. Additionally, the Watson government was the world's first Labour Party government at a national level.

Despite a break in prime ministerships in 1904-1905 and 1908–1909, this is the first of three consecutive elections in which Deakin was the sitting prime minister.

Issues

The wreck of Шаблон:SS outside Port Phillip Bay in late November prompted the government's handling of the White Australia policy to become a campaign issue. Shipwrecked Asian sailors were denied entry to Australia and forced to stay on a crowded tugboat for several days, leading The Argus, Daily Telegraph and The Sydney Morning Herald to accuse the government of cruelty and harming Australia's international reputation. The Age and The Bulletin sided with the government. The issue was "constantly raised" at election meetings, particularly in Victoria and Tasmania.[1]

Results

Файл:Australian House of Representatives, 1903.svg
Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

House of Representatives

Шаблон:Further

1903 Australian federal election: House of Representatives (Non-CV)[2]
Файл:Australia House of Representatives 1903.svg
Party Votes % Swing Seats Change
Шаблон:Australian party style |   Free Trade 228,721 31.73 −1.48 24 Шаблон:Decrease 1
Шаблон:Australian party style|   Labour 214,713 29.78 +11.53 22 Шаблон:Increase 6
Шаблон:Australian party style|   Protectionist 166,176 23.05 −4.47 24 Шаблон:Decrease 8
Шаблон:Australian party style|   Liberal 44,562 6.18 +6.18 2 Шаблон:Increase 2
Шаблон:Australian party style |   Revenue Tariff 3,546 0.49 +0.49 1 Шаблон:Increase 1
Шаблон:Australian party style |   Independents/OtherШаблон:Efn 63,218 8.77 −12.24 2 Шаблон:No change
 Formal votes 720,936 97.50
 Informal votes 18,466 2.50
 Total 75Шаблон:Efn
 Registered voters / turnout 1,893,586 39.05 −12.34

Шаблон:Bar box Шаблон:Bar box

Senate

1903 Australian federal election: Senate (FPTP BV)
Файл:Australian Senate 1903.svg
Party Votes % ± Seats
Seats
won
Seats
held
Seat
change
Шаблон:Australian party style |   Free Trade 986,030 34.33 −5.11 4 12 Шаблон:Decrease 5
Шаблон:Australian party style|   Labour 784,859 27.33 +13.83 3 8 Шаблон:Decrease 5
Шаблон:Australian party style|   Protectionist 503,586 17.53 −27.33 3 8 Шаблон:Decrease 3
Шаблон:Australian party style|   Liberal 136,727 4.76 +4.76 0 0 Шаблон:Steady
Шаблон:Australian party style |   Socialist Labor 69,769 2.43 +1.41 0 0 Шаблон:Steady
Шаблон:Australian party style |   Revenue Tariff 25,310 0.88 +0.88 1 1 Шаблон:Increase 1
Шаблон:Australian party style |   Independent 365,851 12.74 −8.60 1 1 Шаблон:Increase 1
 Formal votes 2,872,132
 Total
 Registered voters / turnout 1,893,586 46.86

Significance

The election saw the Labour party make significant gains outside New South Wales and Victoria.

As a result of Labour's gains, the numbers of the three parties in Parliament were very close to equal, leading to unstable governments: Alfred Deakin would describe it as a parliament of "three elevens" (three cricket teams). Although the Protectionists were able to retain their minority government with the qualified support of the Labour Party, the equal numbers would see a record three changes of government over the course of the Parliamentary term, with each of the three parties holding office at least once during the term of the Parliament.

The three parties that contested the 1901 election also contested the 1903 election, with only the Protectionists changing leaders: Alfred Deakin was chosen as a result of Edmund Barton's appointment as an inaugural judge of the newly constituted High Court of Australia. The Free Trade Party was again led by George Reid, with the only significant difference in policy between the parties on trade issues: the Protectionists sought to protect Australian industry and agriculture by placing tariffs on imports.

The Free Traders downgraded the view they had last election of having no tariffs to campaigning on minimal tariffs, while the other major party contesting the election was the Labour Party.

This election also saw a minor party, the Tasmanian Revenue Tariff Party, gain an MHR and one Senator. Prior to the 1901 election, the Free Trade Party had been known as the Revenue Tariff Party in some states. However, in 1903 a separate Revenue Tariff Party competed against the FTP in Tasmania. Nevertheless, both of the Revenue Tariff Party members elected joined the Free Trade Party, when the new parliament began sitting.

Like the 1901 election, voting was voluntary and candidates were elected by the first-past-the-post system. The Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 gave women the vote and the right to stand for federal Parliament, leading to a significant increase in the number of votes cast in the 1903 federal election. Four women stood at the 1903 election – Selina Anderson (Dalley) in the House of Representatives and Vida Goldstein (Victoria), Nellie Martel (New South Wales), and Mary Moore-Bentley (New South Wales) in the Senate.[3] All four stood as independents and all were unsuccessful.

Electorates

Candidates were contesting all 75 House of Representatives and 19 of the 36 Senate seats, a number unchanged from the 1901 election. The House of Representative seats were determined by the population of each state, giving 26 seats to New South Wales, 23 to Victoria, nine to Queensland, seven to South Australia and five to both Western Australia and Tasmania. In 1901, the South Australian and Tasmanian colonial parliaments had not legislated for single member electorates, so their House of Representative members were elected from a single statewide electorate. This had since changed and there were now single member electorates in both states. The newly created seats were Adelaide, Angas, Barker, Boothby, Grey, Hindmarsh and Wakefield (South Australia) and Bass, Darwin, Denison, Franklin and Wilmot (Tasmania).

Each state elected six Senators regardless of population. The Senate was elected by bloc voting rather than the current single transferable vote system. Half the Senators retired as their terms expired, and there was one casual vacancy.

Seats changing hands

Seat Pre-1903 Swing Post-1903
Party Member Margin Margin Member Party
Adelaide, SA new division 100.0 Charles Kingston Protectionist Шаблон:Australian party style
Angas, SA new division 100.0 Paddy Glynn Free Trade Шаблон:Australian party style
Barker, SA new division 100.0 Langdon Bonython Protectionist Шаблон:Australian party style
Bass, Tas new division 6.7 David Storrer Protectionist Шаблон:Australian party style
Boothby, SA new division 100.0 Lee Batchelor Labour Шаблон:Australian party style
Brisbane, Qld Шаблон:Australian party style Protectionist Thomas Macdonald-Paterson 7.6 9.7 2.1 Millice Culpin Labour Шаблон:Australian party style
Capricornia, Qld Шаблон:Australian party style Independent Alexander Paterson 1.0 8.6 9.6 David Thomson Labour Шаблон:Australian party style
Corangamite, VIC Шаблон:Australian party style Protectionist Chester Manifold 22.2 35.2 2.2 Gratton Wilson Free Trade Шаблон:Australian party style
Cowper, NSW Шаблон:Australian party style Protectionist Francis Clarke 2.4 15.4 13.0 Henry Lee Free Trade Шаблон:Australian party style
Darwin, Tas new division 0.7 King O'Malley Labour Шаблон:Australian party style
Denison, Tas new division 0.2 Philip Fysh Protectionist Шаблон:Australian party style
Franklin, Tas new division 4.6 William McWilliams Revenue Tariff Шаблон:Australian party style
Fremantle, WA Шаблон:Australian party style Free Trade Elias Solomon 10.3 21.6 11.3 William Carpenter Labour Шаблон:Australian party style
Grey, SA new division 100.0 Alexander Poynton Labour Шаблон:Australian party style
Gwydir, NSW Шаблон:Australian party style Protectionist George Cruickshank 12,9 24.3 11.4 William Webster Labour Шаблон:Australian party style
Hindmarsh, SA new division 16.7 James Hutchison Labour Шаблон:Australian party style
Hunter, NSW Шаблон:Australian party style Protectionist Edmund Barton 100.0 59.3 13.3 Frank Liddell Free Trade Шаблон:Australian party style
Kalgoorlie, WA Шаблон:Australian party style Free Trade John Kirwan 14.1 30.7 26.6 Charlie Frazer Labour Шаблон:Australian party style
New England, NSW Шаблон:Australian party style Protectionist William Sawers 0.6 2.5 1.9 Edmund Lonsdale Free Trade Шаблон:Australian party style
Riverina, NSW Шаблон:Australian party style Protectionist John Chanter 3.5 3.5 0.0 Robert Blackwood Free Trade Шаблон:Australian party style
Wakefield, SA new division 100.0 Frederick Holder Independent Шаблон:Australian party style
Wilmot, Tas new division 4.9 Edward Braddon Free Trade Шаблон:Australian party style
  • Members listed in italics did not contest their seat at this election.

Post-election pendulum

Government seats
Protectionist/Labour Coalition
Marginal
Denison (Tas) Philip Fysh PROT 00.2 vs FT
Melbourne (Vic) Malcolm McEacharn PROT 00.2 vs LAB
Darwin (Tas) King O'Malley LAB 00.7 vs PROT
Wimmera (Vic) Pharez Phillips PROT 01.0 vs FT
Bendigo (Vic) John Quick PROT 01.1 vs LAB
Bourke (Vic) James Hume Cook PROT 01.8 vs LAB
Brisbane (Qld) Millice Culpin LAB 02.1 vs PROT
Southern Melbourne (Vic) James Ronald LAB 02.1 vs IND
Oxley (Qld) Richard Edwards PROT 02.3 vs LAB
Moira (Vic) Thomas Kennedy PROT 04.0 vs FT
Corio (Vic) Richard Crouch PROT 04.4 vs FT
Boothby (SA) Lee Batchelor LAB 04.6 vs FT
Bland (NSW) Chris Watson LAB 05.4 vs FT
Fairly safe
Bass (Tas) David Storrer PROT 06.7 vs FT
Melbourne Ports (Vic) Samuel Mauger PROT 06.8 vs LAB
Herbert (Qld) Fred Bamford LAB 07.8 vs PROT
Darling (NSW) William Spence LAB 08.2 vs FT
Capricornia (Qld) David Thomson LAB 09.6 vs PROT
Safe
Hume (NSW) William Lyne PROT 10.0 vs FT
Wide Bay (Qld) Andrew Fisher LAB 11.2 vs PROT
Fremantle (WA) William Carpenter LAB 11.3 vs FT
Gwydir (NSW) William Webster LAB 11.4 vs FT
Mernda (Vic) Robert Harper PROT 12.1 vs FT
Newcastle (NSW) David Watkins LAB 12.5 vs FT
Echuca (Vic) James McColl PROT 13.3 vs FT
Kalgoorlie (WA) Charlie Frazer LAB 16.6 vs FT
Hindmarsh (SA) James Hutchison LAB 16.7 vs PROT
Kennedy (Qld) Charles McDonald LAB 19.7 vs PROT
Yarra (Vic) Frank Tudor LAB 19.7 vs PROT
West Sydney (NSW) Billy Hughes LAB 19.9 vs FT
Very safe
Northern Melbourne (Vic) H. B. Higgins PROT 20.3 vs LAB
Richmond (NSW) Thomas Ewing PROT 22.6 vs FT
Perth (WA) James Fowler LAB 22.8 vs FT
Laanecoorie (Vic) Carty Salmon PROT 24.6 vs FT
Maranoa (Qld) Jim Page LAB 25.0 vs PROT
Barrier (NSW) Josiah Thomas LAB 32.0 vs IND
Adelaide (SA) Charles Kingston PROT unopposed
Balaclava (Vic) George Turner PROT unopposed
Ballaarat (Vic) Alfred Deakin PROT unopposed
Barker (SA) Langdon Bonython PROT unopposed
Canobolas (NSW) Thomas Brown LAB unopposed
Coolgardie (WA) Hugh Mahon LAB unopposed
Corinella (Vic) James McCay PROT unopposed
Darling Downs (Qld) Littleton Groom PROT unopposed
Eden-Monaro (NSW) Austin Chapman PROT unopposed
Gippsland (Vic) Allan McLean PROT unopposed
Grey (SA) Alexander Poynton LAB unopposed
Indi (Vic) Isaac Isaacs PROT unopposed
Swan (WA) John Forrest PROT unopposed
Non-government seats
Free Trade Party
Marginal
Riverina (NSW) Robert Blackwood FT 00.0 vs PROT
New England (NSW) Edmund Lonsdale FT 01.9 vs PROT
Corangamite (Vic) Gratton Wilson FT 02.2 vs PROT
Grampians (Vic) Thomas Skene FT 02.6 vs PROT
Kooyong (Vic) William Knox FT 02.8 vs PROT
Wannon (Vic) Arthur Robinson FT 02.9 vs PROT
Macquarie (NSW) Sydney Smith FT 04.0 vs PROT
Flinders (Vic) James Gibb FT 04.5 vs PROT
Wilmot (Tas) Edward Braddon FT 04.9 vs PROT
Fairly safe
South Sydney (NSW) George Edwards FT 06.0 vs LAB
Safe
Lang (NSW) Elliot Johnson FT 12.0 vs IND
Cowper (NSW) Henry Lee FT 13.0 vs PROT
Hunter (NSW) Frank Liddell FT 13.3 vs IND
Robertson (NSW) Henry Willis FT 13.5 vs IND
East Sydney (NSW) George Reid FT 14.4 vs LAB
Werriwa (NSW) Alfred Conroy FT 18.7 vs LAB
Very safe
Wentworth (NSW) Willie Kelly FT 21.8 vs PROT
Parkes (NSW) Bruce Smith FT 27.8 vs PROT
Dalley (NSW) William Wilks FT 28.6 vs IND
Parramatta (NSW) Joseph Cook FT 30.1 vs IND
Angas (SA) Paddy Glynn FT unopposed
Illawarra (NSW) George Fuller FT unopposed
North Sydney (NSW) Dugald Thomson FT unopposed
Others
Franklin (Tas) William McWilliams REV TAR 04.6 vs FT
Moreton (Qld) James Wilkinson IND LAB 05.8 vs PROT
Wakefield (SA) Frederick Holder IND SPEAKER unopposed

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Australian elections