Английская Википедия:1916 Atlanta streetcar strike

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Шаблон:Use American English Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Campaignbox Streetcar strikes The Atlanta streetcar strike of 1916 was a labor strike involving streetcar operators for the Georgia Railway and Power Company in Atlanta, Georgia. Precipitated by previous strike action by linemen of Georgia Railway earlier that year, the strike began on September 30 and ended January 5 of the following year. The main goals of the strike included increased pay, shorter working hours, and union recognition. The strike ended with the operators receiving a wage increase, and subsequent strike action the following year lead to union recognition.

Background

The streetcar strike followed a previous labor dispute regarding linemen of the Georgia Railway and Power Company earlier that year. In June, the linemen requested a ten percent wage increase from the company, which was refused. Following this, the linemen brought William Pollard of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) to the city to help organize a labor strike (a local of the IBEW in Atlanta had been established years earlier in 1890).Шаблон:Sfn On August 12, the linemen went on strike over the firing of five linemen, of whom three had union affiliations.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn The strike ended as the company agreed to reinstate the two non-union affiliated men and, while not recognizing the IBEW, did acknowledge the linemen's right to unionize.Шаблон:Sfn The local newspapers gave relatively little coverage of the event.Шаблон:Sfn Preston S. Arkwright, then-President of Georgia Railway and Power, alleged that following this incident, Pollard began to assist in the unionizing of the streetcar operators.Шаблон:Sfn Hardy Teat of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen assisted,Шаблон:Sfn and together they began to organize streetcar operators under the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees, affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL).Шаблон:Sfn On September 28, Pollard was called to the offices of the Atlanta Chief of Police under accusations of plans to incite violence and a riot.Шаблон:Sfn Two days later, Pollard was called to testify before Atlanta Mayor James G. Woodward, where Woodward warned him that he would be arrested if a strike were to occur.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Course of the strike

On September 30 at 6 pm, Teat called The Atlanta Journal to notify them that a strike involving conductors and motormen of the Atlanta Railway had commenced. The main goals of the strike were higher wages, union recognition, and shorter hours.Шаблон:Sfn Additionally, the strikers were opposed to the mandatory membership in the company's "benevolent society", which required dues of 50 cents per month.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In downtown Atlanta, several streetcars were left abandoned as the operators deserted their posts.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Because of the profile the operators held among Atlanta's blue-collar workers, the strike received a considerable degree of support from the general public.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In East Point, Georgia, a crowd of several hundred had formed to cheer as 16 cars were abandoned.Шаблон:Sfn Georgia Railway had prepared for the strike by assembling 30 menШаблон:Refn to take over, and within a few minutes of the strike's beginning, the streetcars in downtown were again running, though suburban routes, such as those in East Point and Fort McPherson, were not resumed.Шаблон:Sfn

Following the commencement of the strike, large groups of spectators and strike supporters formed in downtown, with strikers yelling at passing streetcars and urging the operators to join the strike.Шаблон:Sfn While The Atlanta Constitution initially reported that the crowd's were "boisterously good-natured", the crowds became more restless as the strike carried on.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Strikers began to shout at the replacement workers, calling them scabs and attempting to pull them from the streetcars and steal their badges and caps.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn By 10:30 pm, the company called all their streetcars to return to their carbarns, citing a lack of protection from the police.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Within an hour of this, a federal judge in Atlanta issued a restraining order on two unions and several union leaders.Шаблон:Sfn As the dispute continued, incidents of violence regarding the strikes were reported. Around 9 pm, a streetcar stop was torched, and there were many reports of strikers greasing tracks and damaging streetcars.Шаблон:Sfn Dynamiting was reported in several cases, including an incident in which two women were severely injured.Шаблон:Sfn However, there is debate as to who was responsible for the incidents of dynamite. Several streetcar operators, interviewed years after the strike, alleged that the company had placed dynamite on several streetcars and blamed the union.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

On October 2, a group of prominent Atlanta citizens held a meeting at the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce and formed a committee on law and order.Шаблон:Sfn This group, headed by an executive committee that had Coca-Cola Company founder Asa Griggs Candler as its chairman, collaborated with the police and county commissioners during the course of the strike.Шаблон:Sfn On October 3, the president of the newly created Amalgamated Association Local 732 released five points as the cause of the strike, which included long hours, low wages, mandatory membership in the company's benevolent society, expression of political opinions as grounds for firing, and claims that issues were caused by outside interference.Шаблон:Sfn That same month, strikers and strike supporters began operating jitneys in order to recuperate lost wages and put more pressure on the railway company.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn While Woodward had banned the strikers from addressing the public from public areas, such as the Henry W. Grady statue,Шаблон:Sfn on October 13, a pro-strike rally at the Municipal Auditorium was attended by approximately 8,500 people.Шаблон:Sfn Among these supporters were local members of the Socialist Party of America.Шаблон:Sfn

In November, Warren Akin Candler, brother of Asa Candler and a bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, banned the use of Methodist churches in the city for strike meetings. Prior to this, many pro-strike meetings were held in the city's Methodist churches.Шаблон:Sfn That same month, Pollard, who had been indicted for insurrection, was placed on trial.Шаблон:Sfn On December 6, his case ended with a mistrial.Шаблон:Sfn On January 5, 1917, the company agreed to a pay increase for the operators, but refused to rehire fired union members or recognize the union.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn While this ended the strike, tensions between the union and company remained high for several months afterwards regarding the lack of union recognition, and on July 16, 1918, another strike commenced.Шаблон:Sfn Lasting only four days, this subsequent strike ended with arbitration from the National War Labor Board and lead to the company agreeing to recognize the union.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

See also

• Streetcar strikes in the United States
• Streetcars in Atlanta

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journalШаблон:Dead link
• Шаблон:Cite journal