Английская Википедия:1920s

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Шаблон:Short description

<imagemap>File:1920s decade montage.png|From left, clockwise: Third Tipperary Brigade Flying Column No. 2 under Seán Hogan during the Irish War of Independence; Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol in accordance to the 18th amendment, which made alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States throughout the entire decade; In 1927, Charles Lindbergh embarks on the first solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris on the Spirit of St. Louis; A crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 stock market crash, which led to the Great Depression; Benito Mussolini and fascist Blackshirts during the March on Rome in 1922; the People's Liberation Army attacking government defensive positions in Shandong, during the Chinese Civil War; The women's suffrage campaign leads to numerous countries granting women the right to vote and be elected; Babe Ruth becomes the most famous baseball player of the time.|335px|thumb rect 1 1 298 178 Irish War of Independence rect 302 1 572 178 Prohibition in the United States rect 1 181 194 400 Women's suffrage rect 198 181 395 399 Babe Ruth rect 399 182 572 401 Spirit of St. Louis rect 1 405 250 599 Chinese Civil War rect 255 404 416 599 March on Rome rect 419 405 572 598 1929 stock market crash </imagemap> Шаблон:Decadebox The 1920s (pronounced "nineteen-twenties" often shortened to the "Шаблон:'20s" or the "Twenties") was a decade that began on January 1, 1920, and ended on December 31, 1929. In America, it is frequently referred to as the "Roaring Twenties" or the "Jazz Age", while in Europe the period is sometimes referred to as the "Golden Twenties"[1] because of the economic boom following World War I (1914–1918). French speakers refer to the period as the "Années folles" ("crazy years"),[2] emphasizing the era's social, artistic, and cultural dynamism.

The 1920s saw foreign oil companies begin operations in Venezuela, which became the world's second-largest oil-producing nation.[3] The devastating Wall Street Crash in October 1929 is generally viewed as a harbinger of the end of 1920s prosperity in North America and Europe. In the Soviet Union, the New Economic Policy was created by the Bolsheviks in 1921, to be replaced by the first five-year plan in 1928. The 1920s saw the rise of radical political movements, with the Red Army triumphing against White movement forces in the Russian Civil War, and the emergence of far-right political movements in Europe. In 1922, the fascist leader Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy. Other dictators that emerged included Józef Piłsudski in Poland, and Peter and Alexander Karađorđević in Yugoslavia. First-wave feminism made advances, with women gaining the right to vote in the United States (1920), Albania (1920), Ireland (1921), and with suffrage being expanded in Britain to all women over 21 years old (1928).

In Turkey, nationalist forces defeated Greece, France, Armenia and Britain in the Turkish War of Independence, leading to the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), a treaty more favorable to Turkey than the earlier proposed Treaty of Sèvres. The war also led to the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate. Nationalist revolts also occurred in Ireland (1919–1921) and Syria (1925–1927). Under Mussolini, Italy pursued a more aggressive domestic and foreign policy, leading to the nigh-eradication of the Sicilian Mafia and the Second Italo-Senussi War in Libya respectively. In 1927, China erupted into a civil war between the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China (ROC) and forces of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Civil wars also occurred in Paraguay (1922–1923), Ireland (1922–1923), Honduras (1924), Nicaragua (1926–1927), and Afghanistan (1928–1929). Saudi forces conquered Jabal Shammar and subsequently, Hejaz.

A severe famine occurred in Russia (1921–1922) due to the combined effects of economic disturbance because of the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War, exacerbated by rail systems that could not distribute food efficiently, leading to 5 million deaths. Another severe famine occurred in China (1928–1930), leading to 6 million deaths. The Spanish flu pandemic (1918–1920) and Russian typhus epidemic (1918–1922), which had begun in the previous decade, caused 25–50 million and 2–3 million deaths respectively. Major natural disasters of this decade include the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake (258,707~273,407 deaths), 1922 Shantou typhoon (50,000–100,000 deaths), 1923 Great Kantō earthquake (105,385–142,800 deaths), and 1927 Gulang earthquake (40,912 deaths).

Silent films were popular in this decade, with the highest-grossing film of this decade being either the American silent epic adventure-drama film Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ or the American silent war drama film The Big Parade, depending on the metrics used. Sinclair Lewis was a popular author in the United States in the 1920s, with his books Main Street and Elmer Gantry becoming best-sellers. Best-selling books outside the US included the Czech book The Good Soldier Švejk, which sold 20 million copies. Songs of this decade included "Mack the Knife" and "Tiptoe Through the Tulips".

During the 1920s, the world population increased from 1.87 to 2.05 billion, with approximately 700 million births and 525 million deaths in total.

Social history

Шаблон:Main The Roaring Twenties brought about several novel and highly visible social and cultural trends. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like New York, Chicago, Paris, Berlin, and London. "Normalcy" returned to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional patriotism during World War I, jazz blossomed, and Art Deco peaked. For women, knee-length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a finger wave or marcel wave. The women who pioneered these trends were frequently referred to as flappers.[4]

The era saw the large-scale adoption of automobiles, telephones, motion pictures, radio, and household electricity, as well as unprecedented industrial growth, accelerated consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle and culture, mostly in the urbanized areas of the Western World. The media began to focus on celebrities, especially sports heroes and movie stars. Large baseball stadiums were built in major U.S. cities, in addition to palatial cinemas.

Most independent countries passed women's suffrage after 1918, especially as a reward for women's support of the war effort and endurance of its deaths and hardships.Шаблон:Citation needed

Politics and wars

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Файл:World 1920 empires colonies territory.png
Map of the world from 1920, two years after World War I

Wars

Файл:Tropas participantes en la guerra de África por la calle Hernani (1 de 1) - Fondo Marín-Kutxa Fototeka.jpg
Spanish troops in San Sebastián, prior to their departure to the Rif War.

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Internal conflicts

Major political changes

Файл:Refoundation.jpg
Adolf Hitler (standing) delivers a speech in February 1925

Decolonization and independence

Prominent political events

Peace and disarmament

Women's suffrage

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  • Women's suffrage movement continues to make gains as women obtain full voting rights in the United Kingdom in 1918 (women over 30) and in 1928 (full enfranchisement), in the United States in 1920. Also : full or partial gains in Uruguay 1917; Canada, 1917–1925 except Quebec (1940); Czechoslovakia 1920; Irish Free State, 1922; Burma, 1922; Italy, 1925 (partial); Ecuador 1929.[5]

United States

Файл:5 Prohibition Disposal(9) (cropped).jpg
Prohibition agents emptying barrels of alcohol.

Europe

Файл:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (orthographic projection).svg
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) is created in 1922.
Файл:March on Rome 1922 - Mussolini.jpg
Benito Mussolini and Fascist Blackshirts during the March on Rome in 1922.

Asia

Africa

Economics

Файл:Crowd outside nyse.jpg
Crowd gathering after the Wall Street Crash of 1929
Файл:1929 wall street crash graph.svg
Dow Jones Industrial, 1928–1930

Natural disasters

Assassinations and attempts

Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:

Science and technology

Technology

Science

Popular culture

Film

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Ben Hur A Tale of the Christ (1925).webm
Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (full movie displayed) was the highest-grossing movie of the 1920s by some metrics.

Silent films were popular in this decade, with the highest-grossing film of this decade being either 1925 American silent epic adventure-drama film Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ or the 1925 American silent war drama film The Big Parade, depending of metrics used: Ben-Hur grossed more during its initial release, but The Big Parade ultimately grossed more via re-releases.

High-grossing films by year of release[13][14][15]
Year Title Worldwide gross Budget Reference(s)
1920 Way Down East Шаблон:NtsШаблон:Ref (Шаблон:Nts)Шаблон:Ref Шаблон:Nts [# 1][# 2]
1921 The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Шаблон:NtsШаблон:Ref (Шаблон:Nts)Шаблон:Ref Шаблон:NtsШаблон:Nts [# 3]
1922 Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood Шаблон:NtsШаблон:Ref Шаблон:Nts [# 4][# 5]
1923 The Covered Wagon Шаблон:NtsШаблон:Ref Шаблон:Nts [# 6][# 7]
1924 The Sea Hawk Шаблон:NtsШаблон:Ref Шаблон:Nts [# 6]
1925 The Big Parade Шаблон:NtsШаблон:NtsШаблон:Ref

(Шаблон:Nts)Шаблон:Ref

Шаблон:Nts [# 8][# 9][# 10]
Ben-Hur Шаблон:NtsШаблон:Ref (Шаблон:Nts)Шаблон:Ref Шаблон:Nts [# 11][# 12]
1926 For Heaven's Sake Шаблон:NtsШаблон:Ref Шаблон:Ref Шаблон:Nts [# 1][# 13]
1927 Wings Шаблон:NtsШаблон:Ref Шаблон:Nts [# 1][# 14][# 15]
1928 The Singing Fool Шаблон:NtsШаблон:Ref Шаблон:Nts [# 15][# 16]
1929 The Broadway Melody Шаблон:NtsШаблон:NtsШаблон:Ref Шаблон:Nts [# 17][# 18]
Sunny Side Up Шаблон:NtsШаблон:RefШаблон:Ref Шаблон:Ref Шаблон:Nts [# 19][# 20]

Fashion

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Файл:Louise Brooks ggbain 32453u crop.jpg
The most memorable fashion trend of the Roaring Twenties was undoubtedly "the flapper" look.

The 1920s is the decade in which fashion entered the modern era. It was the decade in which women first abandoned the more restricting fashions of past years and began to wear more comfortable clothes (such as short skirts or trousers). Men also abandoned highly formal daily attire and even began to wear athletic clothing for the first time. The suits men wear today are still based, for the most part, on those worn in the late 1920s. The 1920s are characterized by two distinct periods of fashion. In the early part of the decade, change was slow, as many were reluctant to adopt new styles. From 1925, the public passionately embraced the styles associated with the Roaring Twenties. These styles continued to characterize fashion until the worldwide depression worsened in 1931.

Music

Файл:Jazzing orchestra 1921.png
The period from the end of the First World War until the start of the Depression in 1929 is known as the "Jazz Age"

Radio

Шаблон:See also

  • First commercial radio stations in the U.S., 8MK (WWJ) in Detroit and (KDKA 1020 AM) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, go on the air on August 27, 1920.
  • Both stations broadcast the election results between Harding and Cox in early November. The first station to receive a commercial license is WBZ, then in Springfield MA, in mid-September 1921. While there are only a few radio stations in 1920–21, by 1922 the radio craze is sweeping the country.
  • 1922: The BBC begins radio broadcasting in the United Kingdom as the British Broadcasting Company, a consortium between radio manufacturers and newspapers. It became a public broadcaster in 1926.
  • On August 27, 1920, regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in Argentina for the first time,[16] by a Buenos Aires group including Enrique Telémaco Susini. The station is soon called Radio Argentina. (See Radio in Argentina.)

Arts

Literature

Шаблон:See also

The best-selling books of every year in the United States were as follows:[17]

Architecture

Шаблон:Expand section

Sports highlights

1920

1921

1923

1924

1925

  • May 28: French Open invites non-French tennis athletes for the first time
  • Germany and Belgium in first handball international tournament.

1926

1927

1928

1929

Miscellaneous trends

People

Science

Файл:Einstein1921 by F Schmutzer 4.jpg
Albert Einstein, 1921

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Literature

Файл:F. Scott Fitzgerald (1929 photo portrait by Nickolas Muray) Cropped.jpg
F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1929

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Entertainers

Файл:Charlie Chaplin.jpg
Charlie Chaplin during the 1920s
Файл:The Frozen North (1922) - 2.JPG
Buster Keaton in the 1922 short film The Frozen North

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Musicians

Файл:Berlin-Jolson27.JPG
Irving Berlin (left) and Al Jolson, Шаблон:Circa

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Film makers

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Файл:D W Griffith.jpeg
D. W. Griffith at a rolltop desk, c. 1925

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Artists

Файл:Alfred Stieglitz - Georgia O'Keeffe - Google Art Project, sepia.jpg
Georgia O'Keeffe in 1920, photographed by Alfred Stieglitz
Файл:GeorgeGrosz.jpg
George Grosz in 1921

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Architects

Шаблон:See also

Файл:Frank Lloyd Wright LC-USZ62-36384.jpg
Frank Lloyd Wright, 1926

Sports figures

Шаблон:See also

Файл:Babe Ruth (cropped).jpg
Babe Ruth in 1920
Файл:Paavo Nurmi (Paris 1924).jpg
Paavo Nurmi in 1924 Summer Olympics

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See also

Шаблон:Portal

Timeline

The following articles contain brief timelines listing the most prominent events of the decade:

1920192119221923192419251926192719281929

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Further reading

  • Allen, Frederick Lewis. Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the 1920s (1931), classic popular history of United States; online free
  • Currell, Susan. American Culture in the 1920s (Edinburgh University Press, 2009), a British perspective.
  • Dumenil, Lynn. The modern temper: American culture and society in the 1920s (Macmillan, 1995).
  • Grossman, Mark. Encyclopedia of the Interwar Years: From 1919 to 1939 (2000). 400pp.
  • Jacobson, Jon. "Is there a New International History of the 1920s?." American Historical Review 88.3 (1983): 617–645. online
  • Johnson, GAynor, and Michael Dockrill eds. Locarno Revisited: European Diplomacy 1920-1929 (2004)
  • McAuliffe, Mary. When Paris Sizzled: The 1920s Paris of Hemingway, Chanel, Cocteau, Cole Porter, Josephine Baker, and Their Friends (2016) excerpt
  • Maier, Charles S. Recasting bourgeois Europe: stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the decade after World War I (Princeton University Press, 2015), scholarly analysis
  • Mowat, Charles Loch. Britain Between the Wars, 1918–1940 (1955), 690pp; thorough scholarly coverage; emphasis on politics also online free to read, scholarly survey of the era.
  • Sobel, Robert The Great Bull Market: Wall Street in the 1920s. (1968)
  • Uldricks, Teddy J. "Russia and Europe: Diplomacy, Revolution, and Economic Development in the 1920s." International History Review 1.1 (1979): 55–83.
  • Walters, Ryan S. The Jazz Age President: Defending Warren G. Harding (2022) excerpt also online review

Шаблон:Events by month links Шаблон:20th century Шаблон:Authority control Шаблон:Commons category

  1. Paul Sann, The Lawless Decade Retrieved 2009-09-03
  2. Шаблон:Cite book
  3. Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. June Hannam et al. International encyclopedia of women's suffrage (2000).
  6. Baugh, L. Sue. "Osage murders". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Oct. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Osage-murders. Accessed 6 November 2023.
  7. Шаблон:Cite web and Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  8. Famine in Russia: the hidden horrors of 1921. International Committee of the Red Cross.
  9. Шаблон:Cite web
  10. Шаблон:Cite web
  11. Шаблон:Cite web
  12. Шаблон:Cite web
  13. Шаблон:Cite web
  14. Шаблон:Cite web
  15. Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Cbignore
  16. Шаблон:Cite web
  17. Шаблон:Cite book
  18. 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite book


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