Английская Википедия:1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox famine
The 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan was a period of mass starvation and drought that took place in the Tatar ASSR as a result of the Russian Civil War,Шаблон:Sfn[1][2] in which 500,000Шаблон:Sfn to 2,000,000Шаблон:Sfn peasants died. The event was part of the greater Russian famine of 1921–22 that affected other parts of what became the Soviet Union,Шаблон:Sfn in which up 5,000,000 people died in total.Шаблон:Sfn[3] According to Roman Serbyn, a professor of Russian and East European history, the Tatarstan famine was the first man-made famine in the Soviet Union and systematically targeted ethnic minorities such as Volga Tatars and Volga Germans.[4]
Background
Soviet leadership had long sought to suppress Tatar nationalism. Tatars were frequently charged with "bourgeois nationalism" and other revisionist crimes. Tatar leadership was executed or imprisoned, which many fled the USSR to Turkey for refuge. Collectivization of Tatar agriculture began in 1921. According to historian James Minahan, Crimean Tatars in particular "suffered proportionally greater population losses than any other Soviet national group during the first decades of Soviet rule."[5] Farming methods in the Tatar ASSR were outdated, similar to most non-Russian nationalities in the Soviet Union. In addition, very few indigenous Tatar proletariat existed due to Russian imperial dominance.Шаблон:Sfn
Famine
In early spring of 1921, the Cheka reported massive protests and riots among peasants. By 23 March, reports began to describe the developments in some kantons as a "famine" and documented peasants starving to death and committing suicide. In response to the lack of food, many peasants prevented grain trucks from leaving Tatarstan and some refused to sow their fields.Шаблон:Sfn The famine also saw a large rise in the number of children submitted to orphanages, with poorer parents leaving their children in state institutions and some just abandoning them on the streets to fend for themselves. Orphanages could not keep up with demand, and the Tatar ASSR government devoted resources to expand the number of institutions available. For example, the Sviyazhsk kanton had two orphanages, which kept 64 children in July 1920. By, January 1922, this had expanded to 12 orphanages with 704 children.Шаблон:Cn
By March 1922, some villages had lost half their population.Шаблон:Sfn The famine also led to a sharp decline in the number of livestock and farming equipment as starving peasants sold off their property or slaughtered the draft animals for food.Шаблон:Sfn KGB records from the time note the deaths of at least 500,000 people in Tatarstan,Шаблон:Sfn but more recent estimates conclude the actual value was much higher at 2,000,000.Шаблон:Sfn Historian James Long approximates that roughly 13% of the Tatar ASSR population fled to other parts of the country while another 10% died.Шаблон:Sfn
Relief
In the summer of 1922, the special committee Tatpomgol was established to cope with the famine.Шаблон:Sfn By August 1922, Tatpomgol imported 8 million pood of food, including 2 million pounds of seed, with a loan.Шаблон:Sfn From the affected regions, hundreds of thousands of people, mostly children, were evacuated to Central Asia, Belarus and Siberia.Шаблон:Sfn Emergency feeding points were established throughout the republic.Шаблон:Sfn The Soviet government invited international organizations, such as Workers International Relief to assist.[6] The United States government provided aid to starving Tatars in from 1920 to 1923 through the American Relief Administration.Шаблон:Sfn
Aftermath
Though the most hard-hitting phase of the famine ended in 1922, shortages, starvation, and illness continued in the Volga region throughout 1923 and into 1924,Шаблон:Sfn and the Soviet government settled ethnic Russians into the Tatar ASSR and in Idel-Ural region in this time causing the Tatars' share of the population to eventually decline to less than 50%.Шаблон:Sfn
In 2008, the All-Russian Tatar Social Center (VTOTs) asked the United Nations to condemn the 1921–22 Tatarstan famine as genocide of Muslim Tatars.[7][8]
See also
- Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union
- Kazakh famine of 1919–1922
- Russian famine of 1921–1922
References
Sources
Further reading
- Английская Википедия
- History of Tatarstan
- Famines in Russia
- Famines in the Soviet Union
- 1921 in Europe
- 1922 in Europe
- 1921 in Russia
- 1922 in Russia
- Tatar diaspora
- Mass murder in 1921
- Mass murder in 1922
- Anti–Central Asian sentiment in Russia
- 20th-century famines
- Anti-Asian sentiment
- Ethnic persecution
- Persecution of Muslims
- Crimes against humanity
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
