Английская Википедия:1925 Seanad election

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Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Hiberno-English Шаблон:Infobox election

An election for 19 of the 60 seats in Seanad Éireann, the Senate of the Irish Free State, was held on 17 September 1925. The election was by single transferable vote, with the entire state forming a single 19-seat electoral district.

The election saw 8 Cumann na nGaedheal members elected, alongside three Labour Party, three Farmers' and five others.

There were 76 candidates on the ballot paper, whom voters ranked by preference. Of the two main political parties, the larger (Cumann na nGaedheal) did not formally endorse any candidates, while the other (Sinn Féin, whose TDs were abstentionist) boycotted the election. Voter turnout was low and the outcome was considered unsatisfactory. Subsequently, senators were selected by the Oireachtas rather than the electorate.

Vacancies

Under the provisions of the 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State, Senators were to be elected for twelve-year terms, with the 60 Senators divided into four cohorts of 15, and an election every three years for one of the cohorts.[1][2] As part of the initial transitional measures, 30 of the original 60 Senators in 1922 were selected by the Dáil, of whom the last 15 to secure election formed the cohort whose term would end after the first triennial period.[1][3] As well as this cohort, four further Senators were required to vacate their seats: these had been temporarily co-opted to fill casual vacancies which had arisen in previous years.[4]

Candidates

There were three methods of being included on the ballot. Outgoing Senators could nominate themselves for re-election,[5] and all 19 did so.[6] The Seanad could nominate a number of candidates equal to the number of vacancies (19), and the Dáil could nominate twice the number of vacancies (38).[5] Both Dáil and Seanad selections were by single transferable vote and secret ballot.[7] The minimum age for Senators was 35 years.[8]

The Seanad resolved on 30 April to form a committee to decide procedure for its nominations; the committee drafted a resolution in June,[9] which was amended and passed by the Seanad on 19 June.[10] 29 applicants contested the Seanad nominations on 1 July.[11][12][13] Apart from two Labour Party members, the candidates were Independents.[14] 47 of the 60 Senators voted, including 18 of the 19 who were themselves standing for re-election.[13] Donal O'Sullivan, clerk of the Seanad throughout its existence, suggests that these 18 had an incentive to vote for less popular candidates since the nominees would be rivals in the ensuing election.[15] O'Sullivan describes the results as "a very great disappointment ... the list [of successful candidates] could not compare with the list of the ten rejected."[13] Oliver St. John Gogarty made a similar remark in the Seanad itself after the results were announced.[16]

The rejected ten were: David Barry, general manager of the British and Irish Steam Packet Company; Sir Laurence Grattan Esmonde, brother of Senator Thomas Grattan Esmonde, Bart; Lady Gregory; John J. Horgan; Hugh A. Law; John McCann, a stockbroker; The McGillicuddy of the Reeks; William Lombard Murphy, son of William Martin Murphy and proprietor of the Irish Independent; Sir John Harley Scott, a Unionist former Mayor of Cork; and J.J. Stafford, a County Wexford businessman.[15][17]

Cumann na nGaedheal, the party which backed the incumbent government, decided not to formally support any candidates as a result of internal divisions. There was tension between ministers, backbenchers, and grassroots members, and between factions of Kevin O'Higgins and W. T. Cosgrave. The 1924 Army Mutiny had shaken the year-old party, and the appointment of public servants to lead the new state's institutions created resentment among those passed over. The parliamentary party held two selection conventions, on 2 and 6 July 1925, and when the leadership's candidates did badly a free vote was offered in the Dáil with all candidates nominally endorsed by the party.[18]

The Dáil nominations were decided on 8 July.[15][19] 57 candidates contested; 101 TDs voted, with one ballot deemed ineligible.[15][20] 52 TDs did not vote, including all 44 abstentionist Sinn Féin TDs, who were ineligible to vote as they had not taken the Oath of Allegiance.[21] TDs supported candidates on party lines.[14] Of the 38 successful nominees, O'Sullivan classifies 21 as supporters of the Cumann na nGaedheal Government, 9 as Independent, 5 as in the Farmers' Party, and 3 as in the Labour Party.[15] Four of the ten candidates rejected by the Seanad were also among the Dáil candidates, with John J. Horgan securing a nomination at the second attempt.[6]

Campaign

The usual Irish local, personal canvassing strategy was impractical across a nationwide constituency, leading to a relatively quiet campaign.[22] While the Farmers' Party and Labour produced newspaper advertisements for their respective slates of candidates, Cumann na nGaedheal did not at a national level formally endorse candidates, even those its TDs had nominated.[23] It presented the election as nonpartisan.[24] It published a booklet, Who's who in the 1925 Senate Election, and did not oppose candidates "put forward by any of the elements that accept the State and Constitution", i.e. other than republicans opposed to the Anglo-Irish Treaty.[18]

Numerous interest groups produced lists of approved candidates, including doctors, publicans, motorists, ex-servicemen's associations, and the livestock trade.[25] Candidates endorsed by temperance groups fared badly.[24] The Catholic Truth Society circulated, to little effect,[26] a list of outgoing Senators it condemned for not having opposed a controversial motion pertaining to divorce.[27][28]

Sinn Féin, under the leadership of Éamon de Valera, called for a boycott of the election.[29] Sinn Féin had not boycotted the 1923 Dáil election, but rather contested it on an abstentionist platform. De Valera would later lead his Fianna Fáil party, founded in 1926, into the Oireachtas after the June 1927 Dáil election.

Election

The election was by single transferable vote, with the entire Irish Free State forming a single, 19-seat constituency. All citizens over 30 had a vote. Since the voting age for Dáil and local elections was 21, a separate electoral roll was maintained for the Seanad election.[4]

The 76 candidates were arranged alphabetically on a ballot paper Шаблон:Convert long and Шаблон:Convert wide.[24] The Electoral (Seanad Elections) Act, 1925 was passed to allow the ballot to be presented as four parallel columns of 19 names rather than a single long column of all 76.[30][31]

The low voter turnout was blamed on the Sinn Féin boycott,[29][32] wet weather across the country,[24][29] and the shorter than usual hours of polling.[24] Turnout varied widely, from 8.2% in Mayo North to 43% in Monaghan.[24] Another factor was the large, intimidating ballot paper;[24] O'Sullivan describes it as "a fiasco",[29] saying it was unreasonable to expect voters to "make an intelligent choice of nineteen persons from a list containing seventy-six names, most of which they had never seen or heard of before."[33]

Results

Party FP votes %
style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | Cumann na nGaedheal supporters 126,218 41.3
style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | Labour Party 46,776 15.3
style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | Farmers' Party 42,785 14.0
style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" | Independent 65,230 21.3
Unknown affiliation 24,692 8.1
Spoilt votes 9,466 –
Total 315,167 100
Electorate/Turnout 1,347,195 23.4
Source: Nohlen & Stöver[34]

Counting

The ballots were initially collected to one centre within each Dáil constituency to count and sort the first-preference votes.[4] This took almost a week.[24] On 25 September, the ballots were sent to Dublin, the totals checked centrally, and redistribution of transfers begun.[4][24] Initially there were 10 count officials, rising to 40 by the end.[35] On 5 October, the first candidate was returned, on the 45th count.[24] Counting continued until 19 October.[24]

Harold Gosnell said that there was more news coverage of the count than of the preceding campaign: "the counting of the ballots under [STV] applied on a national scale attracts wide attention, and the results are sure to reflect the opinions (or lack of them) manifested by the electors".[36]

Details

Although the election was national, many of the candidates relied on local support: 23 gained more than half their first preferences from their own constituency.[37] Thus STV proved itself both able to elect those with local support and those with thinly spread dispersed support.

About 12% (37,714) of valid ballots were exhausted, found to be non-transferable when eligible for transfer.[35] (One or more of the preferences marked on the ballots may have been elected, just without the help of that particular vote). Less than 3 percent of the ballots cast were spoiled..[1]

About 260,000 of the 315,000 votes cast were used in the end to elect the 19 winners, an 85 percent rate of effective votes.

Candidates of the two parties contesting the election, the Labour Party and the Farmers', did relatively well.[38] Some interest groups also did well – vintners, ex-servicemen.[39][40] Others did not — doctors,[39] academics, women, and especially Irish language revivalists: all four candidates supported by the Gaelic League lost, including outgoing senator and future president Douglas Hyde.[40][41] The Irish Times (Sept. 24, 1925) reported that licensed liquor dealers, ex- soldiers, farmers, doctors and business men received their due in the election.[2]

Ex-Unionist candidates did not fare well, even though the original design of the Seanad was intended in part to provide enhanced representation for the unionist minority.[42]

Quota (the amount guaranteed to secure election) was 15,286

Thirteen were elected at the end, when the field of candidates was thinned to the number of remaining open seats in the 65th Count, Some of them were elected with less than quota.

Results of the 1925 Seanad election[43]
Name County Occupation[r 1] Nomination First-preference
votes 		Final result Final count Party[r 2] Notes
Шаблон:Sort Galway Director of various public companies and chairman of the Irish Branch of British Shareholders' Trust Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Baron ffrench
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Surgeon Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Elected w/o quota Шаблон:Ntsh 65
Шаблон:Sort Louth Baronet Seanad Шаблон:Nts Elected Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Sort Limerick Farmer Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Ntsh 65 (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Medical Doctor Seanad Шаблон:Nts Elected w/o quota Шаблон:Ntsh 65
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Solicitor Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Barrister-at-law Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Sort Wexford Farmer Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG) Sought women's vote
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Farmer Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Шаблон:Nowrap
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Journalist Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Labour Party Wrote under the pen name "Andrew E. Malone"
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Teacher Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Surgeon Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Fruit merchant Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Farmer Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Elected w/o quota Шаблон:Ntsh 65 (pro-CnaG) Шаблон:Nowrap
Шаблон:Sort Cork Journalist Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Farmer Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Supporter of livestock trade
Шаблон:Sort Kildare National school teacher Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Elected Шаблон:Nts Labour Party
Шаблон:Sort Kilkenny Iron founder and manufacturer Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Cork Secretary-director of public company Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Kilkenny Farmer Dáil Шаблон:Nts Elected Шаблон:Nts Farmers' Party
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Merchant Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG) Of Eason & Son newsagents.[44]
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Grocer and vintner Dáil Шаблон:Nts Elected w/o quota Шаблон:Ntsh 65 Licensed vintners' lobby
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Author Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Died by suicide on 27 October 1925
Шаблон:Sort Cork Joiner Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Labour Party
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Trade union official Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Elected Шаблон:Nts Labour Party
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Solicitor Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Journalist Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Tipperary Major-General (retired) Dáil Шаблон:Nts Elected Шаблон:Nts Шаблон:Nowrap
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Journalist and industrial organiser Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Sought women's vote
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Journalist and barrister-at-law Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Sort Cork Solicitor Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Trade union organiser Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Labour Party
Шаблон:Sort Westmeath Lt.-Colonel (retired) Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Ex-servicemen's lobby
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Dean of the Celtic Faculty in the National University of Ireland Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Dublin General secretary Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Labour Party
Шаблон:Sort Wexford Farmer and businessman Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Fellow and tutor of Trinity College Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Wexford Farmer Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Farmers' Party
Шаблон:Sort Wicklow Merchant and farmer Dáil Шаблон:Nts Elected Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG) Licensed vintners' lobby
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Surgeon Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG) Hospitals' lobby
Шаблон:Sort Cork Farmer Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Elected w/o quota Шаблон:Ntsh 65 Farmers' Party
Шаблон:Sort Cork Merchant Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Mayo Surgeon Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Estate agent Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Surgeon Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Sort Galway Medical doctor and university professor[r 3] Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Laois Wholesale merchant Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Longford Merchant Dáil Шаблон:Nts Elected w/o quota Шаблон:Ntsh 65 (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Cavan Farmer Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG) Grandfather of actor T. P. McKenna
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Medical profession Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Clare Proprietor of the Raheen Rural Industries Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Gentleman Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG) Created a marquis in the Papal nobility by pope Leo XIII.[45]
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Barrister-at-law Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Secretary and director of public companies Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Business candidate
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Journalist Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Married woman Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Wife of Richard Mulcahy, and sister of James Ryan
Шаблон:Sort Tipperary National school teacher (retired) Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Merchant and manufacturer Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Galway Professor of Romance Languages in University College Galway Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Sort[46] Dublin Architect Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Sort Kildare Cattle salesman and farmer Dáil Шаблон:Nts Elected w/o quota Шаблон:Ntsh 65 (pro-CnaG) Supporter of livestock trade
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Merchant Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Irish Secretary Railway Clerks' Association Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Elected Шаблон:Nts Labour Party Railwaymen's candidate
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Manager[r 4] Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Dublin General secretary Dáil Шаблон:Nts Elected Шаблон:Nts Farmers' Party
Шаблон:Sort Limerick Merchant Dáil Шаблон:Nts Elected w/o quota Шаблон:Ntsh 65 (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Gentleman Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG) Caught up in the 1924 Irish Army Mutiny[47]
Шаблон:Sort Wicklow Cycle manufacturer and motor trader Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Kildare Veterinary surgeon and bloodstock breeder Outgoing Шаблон:Nts Elected w/o quota Шаблон:Ntsh 65 (pro-CnaG)
Шаблон:Sort Kildare Farmer Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Farmers' Party
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Barrister-at-law Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Nephew of John Edward Pigot, and brother of Edward Pigot
Шаблон:Sort Limerick Farmer Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Farmers' Party
Шаблон:Sort Waterford Insurance agent Dáil Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Labour Party
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Wholesale merchant Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts
Шаблон:Sort Dublin Managing director Seanad Шаблон:Nts Eliminated Шаблон:Nts Motorists' lobby
Шаблон:Sort Monaghan Farmer Dáil Шаблон:Nts Elected Шаблон:Nts (pro-CnaG)

Notes

  1. ↑ As listed on the official notice of election
  2. ↑ (pro-CnaG) indicates candidates identified by Coakley as unofficially pro-Cumann na nGaedheal
  3. ↑ In Irish: "Dochtúir leighis agus ollamh ollsgoile"
  4. ↑ In Irish: "Bainisteoird"

Legacy

The shortcomings of the 1925 election created a consensus that a single national constituency was unworkable.[48] Political scientist Harold Foote Gosnell wrote of the election, "the ballot is a confusing one and the size of the constituency makes electioneering difficult."[49] In 1928, in the lead-up to the next triennial Seanad election, the Oireachtas formed a joint committee to change the selection procedures.[48][50] While some members favoured retaining some form of voting by the general electorate, Fianna Fáil in particular wanted to ensure the Seanad was subordinate to the Dáil by restricting the franchise to Oireachtas members.[51] This was effected by a constitutional amendment enacted on 23 July and an electoral act on 25 October.[30][52][53] Thus, the 1925 election remains the only Seanad popular election.[54]

See also

References

Sources

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Irish elections Шаблон:Seanad Éireann Шаблон:Irish Free State

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Coakley, p.233
  2. ↑ Constitution of The Irish Free State: Articles 31 & 32
  3. ↑ Constitution of The Irish Free State: Article 82 §§ (a), (c), & (e)
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Coakley, p.234
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite wikisource
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Coakley, p.237
  7. ↑ O'Sullivan, pp.151–52
  8. ↑ Coakley, p.232
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Seanad debates Vol.5 No.10 p.5
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 O'Sullivan, p.153
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Coakley, p.236
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 15,4 O'Sullivan, p.154
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Gosnell 1926 p.118
  23. ↑ Coakley, p.242
  24. ↑ 24,00 24,01 24,02 24,03 24,04 24,05 24,06 24,07 24,08 24,09 24,10 Coakley, p.244
  25. ↑ Coakley, p.242–43
  26. ↑ O'Sullivan, p.170–71
  27. ↑ Coakley, p.243
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 29,2 29,3 O'Sullivan, p.155
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Coakley, p.235
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Coakley, p.245
  33. ↑ O'Sullivan, pp.144–145
  34. ↑ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1016 Шаблон:ISBN
  35. ↑ 35,0 35,1 Gosnell 1926 p.119
  36. ↑ Gosnell 1926 p.120
  37. ↑ Coakley, p.250
  38. ↑ Coakley, p.247
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 Coakley, p.248
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 O'Sullivan, p.156
  41. ↑ Coakley, p.249
  42. ↑ Coakley, p.256
  43. ↑ Coakley, pp.261–68
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  48. ↑ 48,0 48,1 O'Sullivan, p.231
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  51. ↑ O'Sullivan, pp.232–34
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  54. ↑ Coakley, p.231–32
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