Английская Википедия:1928 United States presidential election in Florida

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Infobox election Шаблон:Elections in Florida The 1928 United States presidential election in Florida was held on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election held throughout all contemporary forty-eight states. Florida voters chose six electors, or representatives to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Ever since the disfranchisement of blacks at the beginning of the 1890s, Florida had been a one-party state ruled by the Democratic Party. The disfranchisement of blacks and poor whites by poll taxes in 1889[1] had left the Republican Party – between 1872 and 1888 dependent upon black votes – virtually extinct. With the single exception of William Howard Taft's win in Calhoun County in 1908[2] the Democratic Party won every county in Florida in every presidential election from 1892Шаблон:Efn until 1916. Only twice – and never for more than one term – did any Republican serve in either house of the state legislature between 1896 and 1928. Despite this Democratic dominance and the restrictions on the franchise of the poorer classes due to the poll tax, significant socialist movements were to develop and persist in Tampa[3] and to a lesser extent over other parts of the state, especially against the powerful Ku Klux Klan.[4] There was also a powerful Prohibitionist movement in older North Florida, which saw the Prohibition Party even win the governorship for one term under the notorious anti-Catholic minister Sidney J. Catts, who was later to be a major foe of Alfred Emmanuel Smith.[5]

The 1920 presidential election saw Warren Harding, aided substantially by isolationist sentiment in the region,[6] gain more support in the former Confederacy than any Republican since black disfranchisement, in the process winning three Florida counties.[2] Calvin Coolidge in 1924 was to do no more than maintain these gains, but did show that the presidential GOP vote from transplanted Northerners was equal to or greater than the traditional Unionist GOP vote (which Florida entirely lacked) of Texas, Arkansas, Alabama or Georgia.[6]

During the months between the beginning of the campaign and the actual vote, a number of newspapers – including the Orlando Sentinel and the St. Petersburg Times – utilized voting machines to take a sample ballot.[7] All these polls, in spite of the fact that the newspapers in question favored Smith, gave large majorities to Hoover, in the case of the Times by over two-to-one. Despite these polls, Smith campaigners took a long time to realize the danger that he would not carry the traditional "Solid South".[8]

After a heated campaign in which he had played little part, Herbert Hoover won Florida against Al Smith by 42,404 votes or by a margin of 16.71 percentage points.[9] Vis-à-vis the 1924 election, swings of up to 100 percentage points occurred in the western Panhandle pineywoods, where opposition to Smith's Catholic religion reached the fanatical,[10] and Hoover also gained from increased Republican voting by northern migrants in Miami, Tampa, Fort Lauderdale, Sarasota and Jacksonville, along with the growth of an urban middle class in those cities.[10] This was the first time since 1876 that the state voted Republican. The 1928 US presidential election would be the first time that Florida would become a crucial bellwether state in presidential elections: from 1928 and on, the winner of the presidential election has carried the state in every election except in 1960, in 1992, and in 2020.[11]

In contrast, the counties of the central and eastern Panhandle remained loyal to Smith, who still carried ten counties in this region, all over thirty-five percent nonvoting African-American, by three-to-one or larger majorities, because they saw party regularity as essential to preserving white supremacy against African Americans.[12] However, unlike Alabama and Georgia, Florida lacked the strength to counter anti-Catholic voting – which was indeed stronger than in most other parts of the white South – with the result that Hoover gained his largest margin among the five Confederate states he carried.

Results

Шаблон:Start U.S. presidential ticket box Шаблон:U.S. presidential ticket box row Шаблон:U.S. presidential ticket box row Шаблон:U.S. presidential ticket box row Шаблон:U.S. presidential ticket box row Шаблон:U.S. presidential ticket box row Шаблон:End U.S. presidential ticket box

Results by county

County Herbert Clark Hoover
Republican
Alfred Emmanuel Smith
Democratic
Various candidates
Other parties
Margin Total votes cast[13]
# % # % # % # %
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Alachua Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,824 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 45.51% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,965 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 49.03% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 219 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 5.46% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -141 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -3.52% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 4,008
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Baker Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 676 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 72.38% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 242 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 25.91% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 16 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.71% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 434 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 46.47% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 934
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Bay Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 974 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 44.27% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,190 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 54.09% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 36 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.64% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -216 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -9.82% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 2,200
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Bradford Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 534 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 43.73% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 679 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 55.61% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 8 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 0.66% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -145 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -11.88% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,221
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Brevard Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,830 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 62.12% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,063 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 36.08% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 53 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.80% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 767 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 26.04% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,946
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Broward Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,889 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 63.63% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,564 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 34.45% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 87 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.92% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,325 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 29.19% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 4,540
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Calhoun Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 409 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 35.02% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 727 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 62.24% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 32 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 2.74% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -318 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -27.23% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,168
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Charlotte Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 593 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 55.73% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 441 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 41.45% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 30 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 2.82% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 152 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 14.29% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,064
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Citrus Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 505 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 37.77% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 816 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 61.03% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 16 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.20% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -311 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -23.26% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,337
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Clay Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,088 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 72.05% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 394 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 26.09% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 28 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.85% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 694 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 45.96% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,510
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Collier Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 151 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 37.01% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 256 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 62.75% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 0.25% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -105 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -25.74% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 408
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Columbia Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 418 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 24.36% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,276 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 74.36% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 22 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.28% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -858 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -50.00% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,716
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Dade Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 15,860 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 60.15% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 10,136 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 38.44% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 372 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.41% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 5,724 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 21.71% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 26,368
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| De Soto Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,382 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 64.04% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 748 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 34.66% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 28 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.30% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 634 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 29.38% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,158
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Dixie Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 463 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 57.52% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 342 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 42.48% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 0 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 0.00% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 121 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 15.03% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 805
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Duval Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 16,919 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 63.39% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 9,316 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 34.91% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 454 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.70% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 7,603 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 28.49% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 26,689
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Escambia Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 4,443 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 53.32% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 3,772 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 45.27% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 118 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.42% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 671 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 8.05% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 8,333
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Flagler Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 325 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 58.14% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 219 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 39.18% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 15 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 2.68% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 106 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 18.96% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 559
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Franklin Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 334 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 44.30% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 417 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 55.31% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 3 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 0.40% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -83 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -11.01% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 754
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Gadsden Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 346 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 22.31% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,184 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 76.34% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 21 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.35% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -838 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -54.03% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,551
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Gilchrist Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 125 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 22.73% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 392 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 71.27% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 33 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 6.00% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -267 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -48.55% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 550
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Glades Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 331 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 53.73% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 281 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 45.62% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 4 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 0.65% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 50 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 8.12% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 616
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Gulf Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 156 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 34.98% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 275 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 61.66% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 15 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 3.36% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -119 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -26.68% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 446
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Hamilton Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 167 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 16.83% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 741 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 74.70% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 84 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 8.47% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -574 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -57.86% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 992
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Hardee Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,087 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 70.06% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 826 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 27.73% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 66 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 2.22% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,261 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 42.33% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,979
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Hendry Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 337 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 54.18% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 266 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 42.77% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 19 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 3.05% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 71 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 11.41% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 622
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Hernando Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 661 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 47.79% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 701 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 50.69% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 21 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.52% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -40 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -2.89% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,383
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Highlands Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,393 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 66.52% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 669 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 31.95% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 32 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.53% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 724 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 34.57% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,094
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Hillsborough Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 11,703 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 52.98% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 9,993 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 45.24% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 392 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.77% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,710 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 7.74% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 22,088
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Holmes Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,260 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 74.44% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 735 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 24.21% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 41 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.35% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,525 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 50.23% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 3,036
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Indian River Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 847 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 55.61% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 657 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 43.14% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 19 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.25% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 190 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 12.48% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,523
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Jackson Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,398 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 35.43% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 2,516 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 63.76% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 32 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 0.81% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -1,118 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -28.33% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 3,946
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Jefferson Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 235 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 20.22% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 919 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 79.09% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 8 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 0.69% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -684 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -58.86% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,162
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Lafayette Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 135 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 23.48% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 435 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 75.65% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 5 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 0.87% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -300 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -52.17% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 575
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Lake Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 3,383 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 68.08% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,474 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 29.66% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 112 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 2.25% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,909 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 38.42% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 4,969
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Lee Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,058 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 63.17% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,154 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 35.42% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 46 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.41% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 904 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 27.75% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 3,258
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Leon Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 630 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 24.72% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,888 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 74.07% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 31 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.22% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -1,258 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -49.35% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 2,549
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Levy Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 711 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 46.23% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 797 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 51.82% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 30 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.95% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -86 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -5.59% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,538
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Liberty Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 147 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 39.20% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 226 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 60.27% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 2 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 0.53% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -79 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -21.07% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 375
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Madison Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 266 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 25.70% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 769 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 74.30% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 0 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 0.00% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -503 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -48.60% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,035
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Manatee Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,705 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 63.87% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,472 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 34.76% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 58 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.37% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,233 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 29.11% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 4,235
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Marion Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,927 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 49.75% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,863 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 48.10% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 83 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 2.14% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 64 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1.65% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 3,873
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Martin Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 703 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 58.05% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 474 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 39.14% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 34 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 2.81% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 229 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 18.91% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,211
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Monroe Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,142 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 36.93% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,899 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 61.42% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 51 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.65% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -757 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -24.48% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 3,092
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Nassau Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 863 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 65.13% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 445 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 33.58% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 17 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.28% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 418 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 31.55% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,325
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Okaloosa Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,385 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 72.70% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 503 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 26.40% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 17 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 0.89% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 882 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 46.30% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,905
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Okeechobee Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 657 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 68.87% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 287 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 30.08% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 10 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.05% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 370 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 38.78% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 954
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Orange Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 6,524 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 70.04% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 2,616 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 28.08% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 175 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.88% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 3,908 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 41.95% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 9,315
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Osceola Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,760 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 60.25% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,127 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 38.58% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 34 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.16% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 633 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 21.67% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,921
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Palm Beach Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 5,298 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 64.23% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 2,652 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 32.15% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 298 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 3.61% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,646 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 32.08% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 8,248
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Pasco Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,591 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 54.26% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,308 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 44.61% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 33 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.13% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 283 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 9.65% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,932
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Pinellas Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 10,545 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 74.52% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 3,439 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 24.30% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 167 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.18% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 7,106 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 50.22% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 14,151
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Polk Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 7,460 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 60.23% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 4,576 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 36.94% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 350 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 2.83% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,884 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 23.28% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 12,386
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Putnam Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,105 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 63.01% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,156 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 34.60% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 80 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 2.39% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 949 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 28.40% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 3,341
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| St. John's Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,939 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 36.65% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 3,307 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 62.50% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 45 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 0.85% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -1,368 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -25.86% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 5,291
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| St. Lucie Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 983 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 55.88% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 741 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 42.13% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 35 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.99% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 242 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 13.76% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,759
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Santa Rosa Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,628 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 73.97% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 541 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 24.58% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 32 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.45% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,087 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 49.39% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,201
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Sarasota Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,603 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 56.46% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,181 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 41.60% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 55 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.94% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 422 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 14.86% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,839
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Seminole Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,788 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 58.89% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,187 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 39.10% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 61 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 2.01% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 601 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 19.80% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 3,036
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Sumter Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,152 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 55.60% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 909 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 43.87% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 11 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 0.53% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 243 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 11.73% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,072
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Suwannee Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 606 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 31.68% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,286 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 67.22% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 21 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.10% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -680 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -35.55% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,913
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Taylor Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 465 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 38.05% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 739 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 60.47% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 18 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.47% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -274 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -22.42% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 1,222
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Union Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 177 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 25.69% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 503 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 73.00% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 9 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.31% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -326 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -47.31% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 689
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Volusia Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 6,648 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 67.78% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 3,043 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 31.03% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 117 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.19% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 3,605 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 36.76% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 9,808
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| Wakulla Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 66 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 12.18% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 470 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 86.72% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 6 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 1.11% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -404 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| -74.54% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 542
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Walton Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,475 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 61.36% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 908 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 37.77% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 21 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 0.87% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 567 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 23.59% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,404
Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| Washington Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,672 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 69.72% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 671 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic| 27.98% Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 55 Шаблон:Party shading/Others| 2.29% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 1,001 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 41.74% Шаблон:Party shading/Republican| 2,398
Totals 145,860 57.87% 101,764 40.37% 4,444 1.76% 44,096 17.49% 252,068

Analysis

With all other prominent Democrats sitting the election out,[14] the party nominated Alfred E. Smith, four-term Governor of New York as its nominee for 1928, with little opposition. There was nonetheless almost no pro-Smith sympathy in Florida, which as part of the "Solid South" had been a major force in his 1924 defeat.[15] This defeat was related to four characteristics of Smith that made him anything but an ideal candidate for Southern Democrats: he was a devout Catholic, opposed to Prohibition, linked with New York City's Tammany Hall political machine, and the son of Irish and Italian immigrants. His Wall Street connections also had Smith viewed by poorer Southern whites as a "Gold Democrat".[16] Whilst it is generally thought that the South would have accepted a man possessing one of those characteristics,[17] the combination proved a bitter dose for many of Florida's loyal Democrats. Many Florida Protestants believed Smith's election would endanger religious liberty and lead to the Pope controlling the White House.[15]

More critically, the Southern Baptist Convention similarly said that

Шаблон:Blockquote

Much of this anti-Smith political program was led by the Jacksonville Baptist Association, joined by the Indian River Missionary Baptist Association, Seminole Baptist Association, Peace River Baptist Association, Alachua Baptist Association, and the Florida Baptist Association in issuing similar resolutions at their 1928 annual meetings.[18] The Methodist Episcopal Church took the same viewpoint,[19] and it was Bishop James Cannon who stood behind militant "drys" to organize the "Anti-Smith Democrats" in Asheville, North Carolina, pledging to keep the country dry against Smith's support of modifying the Volstead Act.

The leader of the defense of Smith was Senator Duncan Upshaw Fletcher who argued that Smith was a "throroughgoing Democrat" and that the Republican Party was the party who had, in typical "Solid South" style, denounced the Southern people as rebels and traitors.[20]

Echoing this, several Florida judges said it would be better to have a Catholic with some religion in the White House than a Republican with none.[15] Smith's strongest supporter, Chief Justice William H. Ellis, also argued that the GOP was hypocritical in its support for Prohibition,[21] and that because religious tests for elective office were forbidden by the Constitution, Smith would be unable to fill these offices with only Catholics. For Ellis, the election of Smith was the only way the Democratic Party could maintain itself. The Suwanee Democrat indeed argued that Hoover's Quaker faith meant he could not be elected President[22] because it believed that Hoover's religious would not permit him to fight for his country and commanded racial equality in a state whose electorate was all-white.[23]

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:1928 United States elections Шаблон:State Results of the 1928 U.S. presidential election Шаблон:United States elections

  1. Silbey, Joel H. and Bogue, Allan G.; The History of American Electoral Behavior, p. 210 Шаблон:ISBN
  2. 2,0 2,1 Robinson, Edgar Eugene; The Presidential Vote; 1896-1932 (second edition); pp. 156-157 Published 1947 by Stanford University Press
  3. Ford, Edward J.; 'Life on the Campaign Trail: a Political Anthropology of Local Politics' (thesis), published 2008 by University of South Florida, pp. 114-118
  4. Gregory, Raymond F.; Norman Thomas: The Great Dissenter, pp. 150-151 Шаблон:ISBN
  5. Okaloosa News-Journal, July 6, 1928
  6. 6,0 6,1 Phillips, Kevin; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 210-211, 261 Шаблон:ISBN
  7. Hughes; 'The 1928 Presidential Election in Florida', pp. 150, 152
  8. Hughes; 'The 1928 Presidential Election in Florida', p. 153
  9. Шаблон:Cite web
  10. 10,0 10,1 Phillips; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 212, 214
  11. Шаблон:Cite newsШаблон:Dead link
  12. Key, V.O. junior; Southern Politics in State and Nation; p. 328 Шаблон:ISBN
  13. Scammon, Richard M. (compiler); America at the Polls: A Handbook of Presidential Election Statistics 1920-1964; pp. 85-86 Шаблон:ISBN
  14. Warren, Kenneth F.; Encyclopedia of U.S. campaigns, elections, and electoral behavior: A-M, Volume 1, p. 620 Шаблон:ISBN
  15. 15,0 15,1 15,2 Doherty, Herbert J., jr.; 'Florida and the Presidential Election of 1928', The Florida Historical Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 2 (October, 1947), pp. 174-186
  16. Hughes, Melvin Edward junior; 'The 1928 Presidential Election in Florida' (thesis; Florida State University (1976), p. 211
  17. Kennedy; David M. and Cohen, Lizabeth; The American Pageant, Volume 2, p. 739 Шаблон:ISBN
  18. Indian River Missionary Baptist Association, 1928, pp. 31-32; Fifteenth Annual Session Seminole Baptist Association, 1928, p. 22; Fifty-Third Session of Peace River Baptist Association, 1928, pp. 24-25; Alachua Baptist Association, 1928; p. 26; Proceedings of the Eighty-Sixth Annual Session of the Florida Baptist Association, 1928, p. 34
  19. Journal of the Florida Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 1928 (Tampa, 1928), p. 41
  20. Miami Herald, October 11, 1928.
  21. Hughes; 'The 1928 Presidential Election in Florida', p. 131
  22. Hughes; 'The 1928 Presidential Election in Florida', p. 151
  23. Suwanee Democrat, September 28, 1928, p. 1.