Английская Википедия:1938 United States Senate elections
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox election The 1938 United States Senate elections occurred in the middle of Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term. The 32 seats of Class 3 were contested in regular elections, and special elections were held to fill vacancies. The Republicans gained eight seats from the Democrats, though this occurred after multiple Democratic gains since the 1932 election, leading to the Democrats retaining a commanding lead over the Republicans with more than two-thirds of the legislative chamber.
A contemporary account[1] cited a number of reasons for the losses suffered by the Democrats. The Recession of 1937 had continued into the first half of 1938, and had arguably weakened public confidence in the administration's New Deal economic policies, along with controversy over the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 (Roosevelt's "court-packing" plan).
There were, in addition, strains between the more liberal New Deal supporters and the conservative wing of the Democratic party centered in the Southern states, which were exacerbated by an effort led by President Roosevelt to target certain conservative senators for defeat in Democratic primaries, including Walter George of Georgia, Millard Tydings of Maryland, Robert Rice Reynolds of North Carolina, and Ellison Smith of South Carolina. While a number of New Deal supporters won primary elections, such as Alben Barkley in Kentucky, who defeated Governor Happy Chandler, James P. Pope of Idaho, a prominent New Deal supporter, lost his bid for re-nomination, as did California's William McAdoo — though McAdoo's Democratic opponent, Sheridan Downey, had campaigned as a liberal New Dealer on many issues who would also do more to improve pension plans.[2]
President Franklin D. Roosevelt had faced opposition from conservative Democrats and the Republicans in Congress since the beginning of his presidency. Josiah Bailey, Edward R. Burke, Harry F. Byrd, James F. Byrnes, Walter F. George, Peter G. Gerry, Carter Glass, Pat Harrison, Rush Holt Sr., Kenneth McKellar, and Ellison D. Smith were the conservative Democratic senators that opposed Roosevelt's policies although Harrison, Burke, Byrnes, and McKellar had initially supported the First New Deal. Vice President John Nance Garner pushed for Roosevelt to support more conservative policies. The Republicans gained eight seats in the Senate while the Democrats maintained their majority. However, there were around twenty unreliable Democratic votes for Roosevelt which allowed conservatives to block some of his policies.[3]
Gains, losses, and holds
Retirements
One Democrat retired instead of seeking re-election, one Democrat retired instead of seeking election to finish the unexpired term and one Democrat retired instead of seeking election to finish the unexpired term and election to a full term.
Defeats
Seven Democrats sought re-election but lost in the primary or general election. One Democrat sought election to a full term but lost in the primary election and one Democrat sought election to finish the unexpired term but lost in the primary election.
Death
One Democrat died on June 17, 1938, and his seat remained vacant until the election.
| State | Senator | Replaced by |
|---|---|---|
| New York (special) | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Шаблон:Sortname | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Шаблон:Sortname |
Post-election changes
Change in composition
Before the elections
Result of the elections
| Key: |
|
|---|
Race summaries
Special elections during the 75th Congress
In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1938 or before January 3, 1939; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Alabama (Class 3) |
J. Lister Hill | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 1938 Шаблон:Small | Interim appointee elected April 26, 1938. | Шаблон:Plainlist |
| New Jersey (Class 1) |
John Milton | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 1938 Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Interim appointee retired. Winner elected November 8, 1938. Republican gain. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| New York (Class 1) |
Royal S. Copeland | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 1922 1928 1934 |
Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic/Hold | Incumbent died June 17, 1938. Winner elected November 8, 1938. Democratic hold. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Oregon (Class 3) |
Alfred E. Reames | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 1938 Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Interim appointee retired. Winner elected November 8, 1938. Republican gain. Winner did not run for the next term, however; see below. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| South Dakota (Class 3) |
Herbert E. Hitchcock | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 1936 Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Interim appointee retired. Winner elected November 8, 1938. Republican gain. Winner did not run for the next term, however; see below. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Tennessee (Class 2) |
George L. Berry | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 1937 Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic/Hold | Interim appointee lost nomination to finish the term. Winner elected November 8, 1938. Democratic hold. Winner delayed his term until January 16, 1939, to finish his term as district attorney. |
Шаблон:Plainlist |
Races leading to the 76th Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1939; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.
Closest races
Thirteen races had a margin of victory under 10%:
| State | Party of winner | Margin |
|---|---|---|
| Indiana | data-sort-value=-0.5 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 0.3% |
| Iowa | data-sort-value=-0.5 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 0.3% |
| Connecticut | data-sort-value=-0.5 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican (flip) | 2.9% |
| Illinois | data-sort-value=-0.5 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 3.0% |
| South Dakota | data-sort-value=-0.5 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican (flip) | 5.0% |
| Ohio | data-sort-value=-0.5 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican (flip) | 7.2% |
| New Jersey | data-sort-value=-0.5 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican (flip) | 7.3% |
| North Dakota | data-sort-value=-0.5 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 7.5% |
| New Hampshire | data-sort-value=-0.5 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican (flip) | 8.4% |
| New York | data-sort-value=-0.5 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 9.5% |
| California | data-sort-value=-0.5 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 9.7% |
| Idaho | data-sort-value=-0.5 Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 9.8% |
| Oregon | data-sort-value=-0.5 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican (flip) | 9.8% |
There is no tipping point state.
Alabama
There were 2 elections due to the August 19, 1937, resignation of two-term Democrat Hugo Black. Democrat Dixie Bibb Graves was appointed August 20, 1937 (by her husband, the governor) to finish Black's term.
Alabama (special)
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After congressman J. Lister Hill won the January 4, 1938, Democratic primary, Graves resigned and Hill was appointed to continue the term until the April 26, 1938, special election, which he won unopposed.
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Hill was then easily re-elected in November to the next term.
Alabama (regular)
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Arizona
Шаблон:Infobox election Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also Incumbent Democrat Carl Hayden was re-elected to a third term, defeating Republican nominee Burt H. Clingan, chairman of the Arizona Industrial Commission, in the general election.
In contrast to previous elections, Hayden was easily reelected, receiving only token opposition from a relatively unknown Republican challenger.
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Arkansas
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California
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Colorado
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Connecticut
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Florida
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Georgia
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Idaho
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Illinois
Incumbent Democrat William H. Dieterich retired, making this an open-seat.
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Indiana
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Iowa
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Kansas
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Kentucky
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Louisiana
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Maryland
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Missouri
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Nevada
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New Hampshire
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New Jersey (special)
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New York
Шаблон:See also There were 2 elections due to the June 17, 1938, death of three-term Democrat Royal S. Copeland. Шаблон:Use mdy dates
New York (regular)
Шаблон:Main New York Republicans nominated John Lord O'Brian for the U.S. Senate.[4] Democrats re-nominated the incumbent Wagner.[5] The American Labor party endorsed Wagner.[6]
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New York (special)
Шаблон:Main New York Republicans nominated Edward Corsi for the short term to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Royal S. Copeland.[4] Democrats nominated James M. Mead.[5] The American Labor party endorsed Mead.[6]
| Democratic ticket | Republican ticket | American Labor ticket | Socialist ticket | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| James M. Mead | 2,060,876 | Edward F. Corsi | 2,083,666 | James M. Mead | 378,028 | Harry W. Laidler | 27,161 |
North Carolina
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North Dakota
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Ohio
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Oklahoma
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Oregon
Шаблон:See also There were 2 elections for the same seat, due to the January 31, 1938, resignation of two-term Republican Frederick Steiwer. Democratic businessman Alfred E. Reames was appointed February 1, 1938, to continue the term, pending a special election, but he did not run in either the special or the general elections.
Oregon (special)
Republican Alexander G. Barry was elected to finish the term, but was not a candidate for the next term.
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Oregon (regular)
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Pennsylvania
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South Carolina
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South Dakota
Шаблон:See also There were 2 elections for the same seat due to the December 20, 1936, death of three-term Republican Peter Norbeck. Democrat Herbert Hitchcock was appointed December 29, 1936, to continue the term, pending a special election.
South Dakota (special)
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South Dakota (regular)
Hitchcock lost the Democratic May 3, 1938, primary for the next term to Governor of South Dakota Tom Berry.[7]
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Tennessee (special)
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Utah
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Vermont
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Washington
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Wisconsin
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Further reading
- Dunn, Susan. Roosevelt's Purge: How FDR Fought to Change the Democratic Party (2010) excerpt and text search
- Hixson, Walter L. "The 1938 Kentucky Senate Election: Alben W. Barkley, "Happy" Chandler, and The New Deal." Register of the Kentucky Historical Society (1982): 309-329. in JSTOR
- Plesur, Milton. "The Republican Congressional Comeback of 1938", Review of Politics Vol. 24, No. 4 (October 1962), pp. 525–562 in JSTOR
- Official New York result: LEHMAN PLURALITY OFFICIALLY 64,394; State Board Puts His Vote Finally at 2,391,286, With 2,326,892 for Dewey LABOR'S POLL AT 419,979 Blank, Void and Scattered Ballots Totaled 75,047; Poletti Won by 229,361 in NYT on December 8, 1938 (subscription required)
See also
Notes
References
Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:United States Senate elections Шаблон:1938 United States elections
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