Английская Википедия:1942 Eleftherias Square roundup
The 1942 Eleftherias Square roundup, sometimes called Black SabbathШаблон:Sfn (Шаблон:Lang-el)[1] occurred on Saturday, 11 July (the Jewish sabbath) and involved 9,000 Jewish men in Eleftherias Square in Salonica, northern Greece. Jointly organized by the German occupation authorities and the collaborationist Governorate-General of Macedonia,Шаблон:Sfn it was the first major antisemitic measure taken in Salonica following the 1941 Axis occupation of Greece.Шаблон:Sfn
The conscription of all Jewish men between the ages of 18 and 45 was announced on 7 July by Generalleutnant Kurt von Krenzki, the German commander in Salonica. The Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) stated that this decision was made in agreement with Vasilis Simonides, the governor-general of Macedonia. Simonides published his own version of the edict the same day, stating that Jews were a racial category (similar to the 1935 Nuremberg laws). The roundup was organized by the Governorate-General of Macedonia along with Greek police, discharged military officers, and doctors.Шаблон:Sfn Those who did not appear faced imprisonment in Шаблон:Ill.Шаблон:Sfn
During the roundup, which began at 8:00 and lasted until 14:00,Шаблон:Sfn the Jews were forced to violate the Jewish holy dayШаблон:Sfn by performing calisthenics and rolling on the ground; many were beaten.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Those who collapsed from the abuse were attacked by guard dogsШаблон:Sfn or hosed with water and kicked until they stood up.Шаблон:Sfn Anyone who tried to protect himself from the sunlight was also beaten.Шаблон:Sfn Several Jews were injured and a few died.Шаблон:Sfn Both German Army and Navy units as well as the SS were involved in abusing Jews during the roundup. German actresses applauded and photographed the action from balconies above the square.Шаблон:Sfn Greek bystanders were reported to be indifferent or amused.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Following the action, René Burkhardt, the International Committee of the Red Cross representative in the city, attracted the attention of the Gestapo by asking for a list of those wounded. Registration was completed the following Monday.Шаблон:Sfn The collaborationist newspaper Шаблон:Ill ('New Europe') published photographs of the Jews' ordeal and reported that "non-Jewish spectators, gathered in the surrounding roadШаблон:Nbsp... had but one wish: that scenes such as the one they’d just seen would go on as long as possible".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In the following weeks, thousands of Salonica Jews were arrested for forced labor projects.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A few white-collar workers were exempted from the forced labor measures. Some Jewish veterans of the Greco-Italian war managed to avoid it, as their employment was protected for one year after their discharge from the army.Шаблон:Sfn
The roundup is remembered as the beginning of the destruction of the Jewish community of Salonica.Шаблон:Sfn One survivor, Itzhak Nehama, recalled the roundup at the 1961 Eichmann trial in Jerusalem.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
References
Bibliography
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