Английская Википедия:1953 Milwaukee brewery strike
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The 1953 Milwaukee brewery strike was a strike action involving approximately 7,100 workers at six breweries in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. The strike began on May 14 of that year after the Brewery Workers Union Local 9 and an employers' organization representing six Milwaukee-based brewing companies failed to agree to new labor contracts. These contracts would have increased the workers' wages and decreased their working hours, making them more comparable to the labor contracts of brewery workers elsewhere in the country. The strike ended in late July, after the Valentin Blatz Brewing Company (one of the smaller companies in the organization) broke with the other breweries and began negotiating with the union. The other companies soon followed suit and the strike officially ended on July 29, with union members voting to accept new contracts that addressed many of their initial concerns.
Background
The city of Milwaukee has a long history pertaining to the brewing industry and has been the home for numerous major breweries.Шаблон:Sfn In the early 1950s, the Milwaukee-based Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company was the largest brewer in the world and in 1952 it set a world record by churning out 6.35 million barrels of beer in one year.Шаблон:Sfn Several years prior, in 1946, the Brewery Workers (the national labor union representing brewery workers) became affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).Шаблон:Sfn The Local union representing workers in Milwaukee, Local 9, traced its history back to the late 1800s and was one of the most powerful unions in Wisconsin.Шаблон:Sfn On May 1, 1953, the labor contract between Local 9 members and Milwaukee brewers (represented by a joint bargaining committee) was set to expire. Subsequently, Local 9 representatives submitted a new proposed contract, with items in the proposal included a $0.25 per hour wage increase, a reduction in working hours from 40 to 35 per week, additional holidays, and improvements to pension and health plans. These provisions were designed to put Milwaukee brewery workers on equal pay and hours as workers on the West Coast and East Coast of the United States.Шаблон:Sfn Additionally, the union wanted to raise the weekly salary for workers in the bottling and brewing departments from $80 and $82, respectively, to $90.75.Шаблон:Sfn At the time, the base hourly pay for Milwaukee brewery workers was $2.Шаблон:Sfn John Schmitt, the local's recording secretary, stated that the reduced number of hours was due to increased productivity from advancements in machinery, with a Chicago Daily Tribune article at the time reporting him as saying "there are not 12 months of work for our people any more."Шаблон:Sfn Finally, on May 14, 1953,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn after months of discussions that resulted in no agreement between the union and companies, approximately 7,100 members of Local 9 from 6 breweries performed a walkout, beginning a labor strike against the breweries.Шаблон:Sfn According to a later report by the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, the union members had "voted overwhelmingly" to strike.Шаблон:Sfn
The strike affected six brewing companies in Milwaukee: Schlitz, A. Gettelman Brewing Company, Independent Milwaukee Brewery, Miller Brewing Company, Pabst Brewing Company, and the Valentin Blatz Brewing Company.Шаблон:Sfn
Course of the strike
While the strike shut down brewing throughout the city, many bars and other drinking establishments in Milwaukee had a stockpile of beer, avoiding a potential shortage early on.Шаблон:Sfn On June 1, despite making no concessions to Milwaukee employees regarding working hours, Schlitz offered workers at a brewery in Brooklyn a reduction in weekly hours from 37.5 to 35 and a pay increase of $0.66 per hour more than the base pay rate in Milwaukee. This action increased solidarity among the Milwaukee strikers.Шаблон:Sfn As the strike continued into June, drinking establishments in Milwaukee began importing beer from different breweries brewed in places outside of Milwaukee, such as Peru, Indiana.Шаблон:Sfn On June 26, Local 9 members voted 6,274 to 348 to reject a $0.15 hourly wage increase that had been offered by the breweries.Шаблон:Sfn At the time, the brewing companies were beginning to hurt financially due to the strike. While Pabst and Schlitz had breweries in other locations, the other companies only operated breweries in Milwaukee, causing them to be more greatly affected by the strike.Шаблон:Sfn
In late July, Blatz, whose only breweries were in Milwaukee,Шаблон:Sfn broke with the other brewing companies and began to negotiate directly with Local 9 regarding a contract. Following this, the other companies followed suit and began to negotiate.Шаблон:Sfn With Blatz having already secured an agreement with the union, the other companies were forced to accept the terms of the Blatz agreement, which included an hourly wage increase,Шаблон:Refn two additional holidays, improvements to the life insurance and pension plans, and a 30 minute paid lunch, among other things.Шаблон:Sfn In total, the strike lasted 76 days,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn ending on July 29.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn On that day, union members voted approximately 3 to 1 to accept new labor contracts with the 6 brewing companies.Шаблон:Sfn
Aftermath
Following the strike, Blatz was removed from the association representing the Milwaukee brewers for their "unethical" actions during the strike.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn At the 1953 Schlitz company Christmas party, Schlitz president Erwin C. Uihlein said the following regarding the strike:Шаблон:Sfn
The strike contributed to Schlitz's rival Anheuser-Busch (based in St. LouisШаблон:Sfn) overtaking them in 1953 as the country's largest brewing company.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Both Anheuser-Busch and Schlitz competed for the top spot throughout the 1950s, and Schlitz had held it in the two years prior to the strike.Шаблон:Sfn However, in the years following the strike, Schlitz would rebound and continue to grow, acquiring numerous smaller brewing companies during the 1960s.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They again held the top spot between 1955 and 1956.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
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