Английская Википедия:1953 Nobel Prize in Literature
Шаблон:Infobox award The 1953 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Sir Winston Churchill (1874–1965) "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values."[1] He is the sixth British writer to receive the prize, coming after the philosopher Bertrand Russell in 1950.
Laureate
Шаблон:Main One of the most well-known leaders of the 20th century, Winston Churchill, also left behind a sizable corpus of writing. His writings include a multivolume study about the First and Second World Wars, a thorough history of his ancestor the first Duke of Marlborough, and an autobiography in which he recounts his exciting years as an officer and war journalist. The books' entertaining writing style is combined with their neutrality. Churchill's beautiful and historic speeches delivered during World War II are among his most significant literary compositions.[2] Among his famous non-fiction works include Arms and the Covenant (1938), The World Crisis (1923–1931), The Second World War (1948–1953), and A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (1956–1958).[3]
Deliberations
Nominations
Churchill was nominated for the prize on 23 occasions since 1946, the first time made by Axel Romdahl, a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities. He received the highest number of nominations – six nominations from academics and writers – for the year 1950. In 1953, he received a single nomination from Birger Nerman, member of the same academy, which eventually led to him being awarded.[4]
In total, the Nobel Committee of the Swedish Academy received 34 nominations for 24 individuals. The highest number of nominations – 3 nominations each – were for Johan Falkberget, Tarjei Vesaas, and Rudolf Kassner. Three of the nominees were nominated first-time, namely the German poet Gottfried Benn, Peruvian Alberto Hidalgo, and the Austrian writer Max Mell. No women were nominated for the prize that year.[5]
The authors Hilaire Belloc, Henri Bernstein, Elsa Beskow, Ugo Betti, Émile Cammaerts, Idris Davies, Julia de Burgos, Ellen Hørup, C. E. M. Joad, Elizabeth Mary Jones (known as Moelona), Alice Milligan, Theodore Francis Powys, Hans Reichenbach, Marjorie Rawlings, Dylan Thomas, Marguerite Vallette-Eymery (known as Rachilde), John van Melle, and Alfred Vierkandt died in 1953 without having been nominated for the prize.
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mark Aldanov (1886–1957) | Шаблон:Flag (Шаблон:Flag) Шаблон:Flag |
biography, novel, essays, literary criticism | Файл:Nobel prize winner.svg Ivan Bunin (1870–1953) |
| 2 | Julien Benda (1867–1956) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, philosophy, essays, literary criticism | Holger Sten (1907–1971) |
| 3 | Gottfried Benn (1886–1956) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Heinrich Kuen (1899–1989) |
| 4 | Werner Bergengruen (1892–1964) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry | Paulus Svendsen (1904–1989) |
| 5 | Winston Churchill (1874–1965) | Шаблон:Flag | history, essays, memoir | Birger Nerman (1888–1971) |
| 6 | Walter de la Mare (1873–1956) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, literary criticism, essays | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
| 7 | Johan Falkberget (1879–1967) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 8 | Edward Morgan Forster (1879–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, essays, biography, literary criticism | Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland (1884–1965) |
| 9 | Robert Frost (1874–1963) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama | Hjalmar Gullberg (1898–1961) |
| 10 | Graham Greene (1904–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, autobiography, essays | Oscar Wieselgren (1886–1971) |
| 11 | Franz Hellens (1881–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, literary criticism | Gustave Charlier (1885–1959) |
| 12 | Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, screenplay | Elias Wessén (1889–1981) |
| 13 | Alberto Hidalgo Lobato (1897–1967) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Gabriela Mistral (1889–1957) |
| 14 | Juan Ramón Jiménez (1881–1958) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel | Hjalmar Gullberg (1898–1961) |
| 15 | Rudolf Kassner (1873–1959) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, essays, translation | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 16 | Nikos Kazantzakis (1883–1957) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, philosophy, essays, drama, memoir, translation | Hans Heiberg (1904–1978) |
| 17 | Halldór Laxness (1902–1998) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, poetry | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 18 | Max Mell (1882–1971) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, screenplay | Austrian Academy of Sciences |
| 19 | Alfonso Reyes Ochoa (1889–1959) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, essays, novel, poetry | Fidelino de Figueiredo (1888–1967) |
| 20 | Jules Romains (1885–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, screenplay | Lorentz Eckhoff (1884–1974) |
| 21 | Carl Sandburg (1878–1967) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, biography | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
| 22 | Zalman Shneour (1887–1959) | Шаблон:Flag (Шаблон:Flag) Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 23 | Stijn Streuvels (1871–1969) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 24 | Tarjei Vesaas (1897–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
Prize decision
Churchill was first nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1946, but his candidacy was then rejected. In 1948 academy member Nils Ahnlund wrote in a report that Churchill is "not entirely qualified for the literature prize", but considering his rhetorics Ahnlund said he was qualified: "This rhetoric, by turns simple, by turns elevated but always comprehensible for each and everyone, has the mark of genuine art." The Swedish Academy was however worried that a prize to Churchill would be seen as politically motivated, and his candidacy was postponed. By 1953, the academy thought that enough time had passed since the end of the war and hoped that a prize to Churchill would be regarded as a literary award.[6]
Reactions
The decision to award Winston Churchill the Nobel Prize in Literature have been questioned. "Winston Churchill is historical but he belongs only to a little extent to the history of literature," wrote Helmer Lång in his 2001 book about the Nobel Prizes in literature, "It was the defender of democracy, the winner against fascism, that was awarded a Nobel Prize". Lång said that "for once it was also a master of eloquence that was awarded", that it was Churchill's speeches during World War II and his recently completed non-fiction work The Second World War that got him the prize.[7]
Churchill himself said: "I think it a very great honor to receive from the Swedish Academy of Literature this distinction gained among all the other writers of the world." But according to his private secretary Anthony Montague Browne, Churchill was disappointed that he had not been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize: “Churchill deeply wished to be remembered as a peacemaker…. I remember vividly his early and touching joy, which turned to indifference when he learned that it was for Literature and not for Peace.”[8]
Award ceremony
Due to health concerns, Churchill did not go to Sweden for the award ceremony. Instead, Lady Clementine Churchill, his wife, accompanied by their daughter Mary Soames, travelled to Stockholm to receive the Prize on his behalf in December of the same year.[9]
References
External links
Шаблон:Nobel Prize in Literature
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1953 nobelprize.org
- ↑ Winston Churchill – Facts nobelprize.org
- ↑ Winston Churchill britannica.com
- ↑ Nomination archive – Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill nobelprize.org
- ↑ Nomination archive – 1953 nobelprize.org
- ↑ Bengt Liljegren Winston Churchill, del 2: 1939-1965, Historiska Media 2014, p.265
- ↑ Helmer Lång Hundra nobelpris i litteratur 1901-2001, Symposion 2001, p.190
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
