Английская Википедия:1956–1957 exodus and expulsions from Egypt

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Verification The 1956–57 exodus and expulsions from Egypt was the exodus and expulsion of Egypt's Mutamassirun, which began during the latter stages of the Suez Crisis in Nasserist Egypt.

Background

Шаблон:Main The exodus of the Mutamassirun ("Egyptianized"), which included the British and French colonial powers, and also the Jews, Greeks, Italians, Syro-Lebanese and the Armenians, began after World War I.Шаблон:Sfn By the end of the 1960s, the exodus of the "foreign population" was effectively complete. According to Andrew Gorman, this was primarily a result of the "decolonization process and the rise of Egyptian nationalism".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Following the invasion of Egypt by Britain, France and Israel in 1956, the new president Gamal Abdel Nasser enacted a set of sweeping regulations abolishing civil liberties whilst implementing targeted policies, allowing the state to stage mass arrests and strip away Egyptian citizenship from any group it desired.Шаблон:Sfn Some lawyers, engineers, doctors and teachers were no longer allowed to work in their professions.Шаблон:Sfn As part of its new policy, 1,000 Jews were arrested and 500 Jewish businesses were seized by the government.Шаблон:Sfn Jewish bank accounts were confiscated and many people lost their jobs.Шаблон:Sfn

Expulsion

Шаблон:See also The actions taken to encourage emigration or expel the foreign minorities applied to the whole Mutamassirun population, and after 1956 a large majority of Greeks, Syro-Lebanese, Italians, Belgians, French, and British, including Jews, left the country.[1]Шаблон:Failed verification The expellees were allowed to take only one suitcase and a small sum of cash, and forced to sign declarations "donating" their property to the Egyptian government.[2]

On 9 December 1956, Egyptian Interior Minister Zakaria Mohieddin stated that of Egypt's 18,000 British and French citizens, 1,452 had been ordered to be expelled.[3]

Jews

Шаблон:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countriesThe decree was also relevant to Egyptian Jews suspected as Zionist agents, especially those with free professions and relatives in Israel.Шаблон:Sfn Although there was an indigenous Jewish population, most Jews in Egypt in the early twentieth century were recent immigrants to the country, who did not share the Arabic language and culture.Шаблон:Sfn Until the late 1930s, the foreign minorities, including both indigenous and recent immigrant Jews, tended to apply for dual-citizenship in addition to their Egyptian birth citizenship order to benefit from a foreign protection.Шаблон:Sfn

Some 23,000—25,000 Jews out of 42,500 in Egypt left,[4] mainly for Israel, Western Europe, the United States, South America and Australia.[5] Many were forced to sign declarations that they were voluntarily emigrating and agreed to the confiscation of their assets. Similar measures were enacted against British and French nationals in retaliation for the invasion. By 1957 the Jewish population of Egypt had fallen to 15,000.Шаблон:Sfn

The Guardian correspondent Michael Adams noted in 1958 that the Egyptian government ultimately expelled a minority of the Jewish population of Egypt, though many Jews left as a result of increasing pressure.[6] This is supported by Professor Michael Laskier[7] who claims: "It is estimated that as early as the end of November 1956 at least 500 Egyptian and stateless Jews had been expelled from Egypt". In contrast, Max Elstein KeislerШаблон:Rs claims that "around 25 000 Jews were expelled that year (1956)",[8] equivalent to all of the Jews who left Egypt in 1956.[7]

In fiction

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources and further reading

Шаблон:Persecution of ChristiansШаблон:Mizrahi Jews topics

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "These developments concerned all local foreign minorities, and after 1956 the large majority of Greeks, Italians, Belgians, French, and British did, indeed, leave the country as well. Non-Muslim and non-Arab minorities had smaller chances to integrate into the Egyptian nation once it came to be increasingly defined on Arab and Islamic lines."
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book: "The Egyptian government Nov. 26 issued a statement denying that it had ever planned the mass expulsion of British and French nationals and saying that British and French citizens in Egypt were free to remain or to leave 'at their own discretion'. But Max Koenig, Swiss minister in Egypt, said Dec. 9 that expulsions of individual British and French citizens from Egypt and the sequestration of their property were 'continuing relentlessly' on a large scale. Egyptian Interior Min. Zakaria Mohieddin said Dec. 9 that, of some 18,000 British and French citizens in Egypt, 1,452 had been ordered expelled from the country."
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book: "After various contradictory orders had been given, the Egyptian government only expelled a small minority of the Jewish population of Egypt, though since that time a good many Jews have left Egypt of their own accord."
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead linkШаблон:Cbignore
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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