Английская Википедия:1956 Democratic National Convention

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:Infobox National Political Convention

Файл:Downtown Chicago at night (August 11, 1956).jpg
Chicago skyline along the Magnificent Mile on the night of August 11, 1956 (two days before the opening session of the convention)
Файл:John F. Kennedy nominates Adlai Stevenson 1956.JPG
Senator John F. Kennedy nominates Stevenson as the Democratic candidate for president.
Файл:John Daly Quincy Howe ABC Presidential convention 1956.JPG
John Daly and Quincy Howe providing ABC's coverage of the convention. 1956 was the second election year that the conventions were broadcast coast-to-coast
Файл:Eleanor Roosevelt and Harry Truman at the 1956 Democratic National Convention 95-32 (cropped).jpg
Former President Truman (left) greets Eleanor Roosevelt (right) at the convention as Adlai Stevenson (center) looks on

The 1956 Democratic National Convention nominated former Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois for president and Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee for vice president. It was held in the International Amphitheatre on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois August 13–August 17, 1956. Unsuccessful candidates for the presidential nomination included Governor W. Averell Harriman of New York, Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas, and Senator Stuart Symington of Missouri.

As the unsuccessful 1952 Democratic Party presidential nominee, Stevenson had the highest stature of the active candidates and was easily renominated on the first ballot. Former President Harry S. Truman, whose support for Stevenson in '52 helped secure him the nomination, was opposed to his renomination in 1956, instead favoring Harriman. It did no good, as Truman was no longer a sitting president, and Stevenson was nominated on the first ballot.

After Stevenson decided not to reselect his 1952 running mate John Sparkman, the convention was marked by a "free vote" for the vice presidential nomination in which the winner, Kefauver, defeated Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts. The vice presidential nomination vote, which required three separate ballots, was (as of 2020) the last multi-balloted contest held at a quadrennial political convention of any major U.S. political party for the presidency or vice presidency.

The Democratic convention preceded the 1956 Republican convention in the Cow Palace, San Francisco, California. At the GOP gathering, President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Vice President Richard Nixon were nominated for reelection.

Scheduling and logistics of convention

The 1956 Democratic convention was held before that year's Republican National Convention. This was unusual, as since 1864, in every election but 1888, Democrats had held their convention second. It has become an informal tradition that the party holding the White House (which, accordingly, in 1956 had been the Republican Party) hosts their convention second, but it is unclear when this tradition began. Democrats had held the White House and held their conventions second between 1936 and 1952, but it is unclear whether they scheduled their conventions second in these years because of their White House incumbency, or whether they scheduled them second because it was traditional that Democratic National Conventions had been held after the Republican National Convention.[1]

This was the second election in which conventions were televised live coast-to-coast. Television had, by 1956, become the dominant medium of popular news coverage. To adjust to the medium of television, the convention was condensed in length compared to previous years, with daytime sessions being largely eliminated and the amount of welcoming speeches and parliamentary organization speeches being decreased (such as seconding speeches for vice-presidential candidates, which were eliminated). Sessions were also scheduled in order to maximize exposure to prime-time audience.[2]

The 1956 Democratic Platform

With regard to the growing Civil Rights Movement, the platform called for voting rights, equal employment opportunities, and the desegregation of public schools. Relative to the Republicans, the Democrats favored greater reliance on the United Nations, multilateral disarmament, more spending for programs relating to social welfare and agriculture, "a full and integrated program of development, protection, management and conservation of natural resources," and the use of peaceful atomic energy.

Presidential nomination

Presidential candidates

The roll call, as reported in Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris, Convention Decisions and Voting Records, pp. 294–298:

Presidential Balloting
Candidate 1st
Stevenson 905.5
Harriman 210
Johnson 80
Symington 45.5
Chandler 36.5
Davis 33
Battle 32.5
Timmerman 23.5
Lausche 5.5

Presidential Balloting / 4th Day of Convention (August 16, 1956)

Vice presidential nomination

The highlight of the 1956 Democratic Convention came when Stevenson, in an effort to create excitement for the ticket, made the surprise announcement that the convention's delegates would choose his running mate. This set off a desperate scramble among several candidates to win the nomination. A good deal of the excitement of the vice-presidential race came from the fact that the candidates had only one hectic day to campaign among the delegates before the voting began. The two leading contenders were Senator Kefauver, who retained the support of his primary delegates, and John F. Kennedy, who, as a first term Senator from Massachusetts, was relatively unknown at that point. Kennedy surprised the experts by surging into the lead on the second ballot; at one point he was only 39 votes shy of winning. However, a number of states then left their "favorite son" candidates and switched to Kefauver, giving him the victory. Kennedy then gave a gracious concession speech. The narrow defeat raised his profile and helped Kennedy's long-term presidential chances; by losing to Kefauver he avoided any blame for Stevenson's expected loss to Eisenhower in November. Шаблон:As of, this was the last time any presidential or vice presidential nomination of either the Democratic or Republican parties, went past the first ballot.

Candidates

The vote totals in the vice presidential balloting are recorded in the following table, which also comes from Bain & Parris.

Vice Presidential Balloting
Candidate 1st (Before Shifts) 1st (After Shifts) 2nd (Before Shifts) 2nd (During Shifts) 2nd (After Shifts) Unanimous
Kefauver 466.5 483.5 551.5 551.5 755.5 1,372
Kennedy 294.5 304 618 648 589
Gore 178 178 110.5 80.5 13.5
Wagner 162.5 162.5 9.5 9.5 6
Humphrey 134 134.5 74.5 74.5 2
Hodges 40 40 0.5 0.5 0
Maner 33 33 0 0 0
Collins 28.5 1.5 0 0 0
Anderson 16 16 0 0 0
Clement 13.5 13.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Brown 1 1 0.5 0.5 0
Symington 1 1 0 0 0
Johnson 0.5 0.5 0 0 0
Not Voting 3 3 6.5 6.5 5.5

Vice Presidential Balloting / 5th Day of Convention (August 17, 1956)

Election outcome

On November 6, Stevenson and Kefauver lost the election to President Eisenhower and Vice President Nixon in a landslide.

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Sequence Шаблон:1956 United States presidential election Шаблон:1956 United States elections Шаблон:Democratic National Convention Шаблон:John F. Kennedy Шаблон:Lyndon B. Johnson Шаблон:Hubert Humphrey Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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