Английская Википедия:1957 International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties

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An International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties was held in Moscow, Soviet Union, November 16–19, 1957.[1] The meeting was attended by 64 political parties from all over the world.[1] The meeting was the first of its kind, marking a new form of forum for the world communist movement following the disbanding of the Communist International (Comintern) and the Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties (Cominform).[2] Four additional parties (including the Communist Party USA) attended clandestinely out of fear of repercussions at home.[3]

Background

The 1957 meeting took place midst celebrations of the 40th anniversary (ruby jubilee) celebrations of the October Revolution, for which celebrations had taken place in Moscow on November 6–7, 1957.[4][5] The traditional military parade of the Soviet Army's Moscow Military District forces, military academy cadets and representatives of the Navy and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, took place on Red Square in front of the participating leaders and a banquet was held in the Kremlin. Except for Josip Broz Tito the meeting was attended by the leaders of each of the 13 ruling communist parties around the world.[6] The November 16–19 meeting was preceded by the Conference of Representatives of Communist and Workers' Parties of Socialist Countries, held November 14–16, 1957, at which 12 ruling communist parties signed a joint declaration.[1][7]

The 1957 meeting occurred in the aftermath of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, at which Joseph Stalin had been denounced, and revolts in Hungary and Poland.[8] The 1957 meeting sought to reaffirm communist unity, demarcating against the revisionism represented by the Yugoslav party and the hardliners resisting "de-Stalinization".[8] The meeting backed Khrushchev's new line of different national paths towards socialism, peaceful coexistence, and popular front tactics.[8] As per the line given by the meeting, transition to people's democracy was possible through parliamentary elections, as long as the communist parties combined electoral work with mass struggles against reactionary forces.[9] The meeting adopted a 'peace manifesto', outlining capitalist monopolies as the main threat to world peace.[1][10][11][2]

Unity and division

Whilst the intended purpose of the meeting was to display unity of the world communist movement, the outcome was quite different.[12] In the debates at the meeting Mao argued for a centralized world communist movement whilst the Italian communist leader Palmiro Togliatti argued for decentralization of the world communist movement and autonomy of individual parties.[13] For Mao, the talk of "peaceful road to socialism" meant a negotiation of revolutionary politics and a capitulation to electoral politics.[12]

The meeting had lasting impact on the world communist movement. With the Moscow meeting indicating an increased space for independent policy by national communist parties, the Workers' Party of Korea organ Rodong Sinmun carried an editorial on the meeting which called for increasingly independent political self-reliance of the Workers' Party of Korea.[14] Following the 1957 meeting, the Romanian Communist Party took an increasingly independent political course.[15]

Sino-Soviet split

Файл:Mao, Soong and Deng at International Meetings of Communist and Workers.jpg
Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping and Soong Ching-ling at the 1957 Moscow conference.

The 1957 meeting marked a turning point in Sino-Soviet relations, for the first time the contradictions between the Soviet and Chinese parties came into the forefront (which would later result in the Sino-Soviet split).[16]

Whilst the meeting marked increasing divergence between the Soviet and Chinese communist parties, although the Communist Party of China signed both the declaration and peace manifesto after some hesitation.[10] The Chinese communist leader addressed the meeting on November 18, 1957, at which he publicly affirmed support for Khrushchev's leadership in his struggle against the "Anti-Party Group". The speech, released in full by Chinese authorities only in 1985, marks the sole known statement of Mao siding with Khrushchev against the "Anti-Party Group".[17]

Moreover, Mao took advantage of the Moscow meeting to improve Sino-Korean relations, by holding bilateral talks with the Korean leader Kim Il Sung and expressing remorse over Chinese interference in Korean affairs in 1956.[18] In his speech at the meeting, Kim Il Sung avoided touching on the Sino-Soviet contradictions.[16]

Yugoslav question

On the other hand, the meeting was preceded by a few months of gradual normalization of relations between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, and the Yugoslav party was invited to the event.[5] The Yugoslavs rejected the invitation for the preceding meeting of Communist and Workers Parties from the Socialist Countries but attended the broader international meeting.[17] However, the rapprochement backfired as the Yugoslav delegates rejected the political line of recognizing the leading role of the Soviet Union in the struggle for socialism, and the Yugoslavs refused to sign the documents of the meeting.[19] Just a few days before the event, when the Yugoslavs obtained the draft text for the declaration of the meeting, Tito cancelled his trip to Moscow altogether.[20] The Chinese Communist Party had managed pushed the Soviets to adopt a tougher stand against Yugoslav revisionism,[21] and at the Moscow meeting Mao was supported by Maurice Thorez and Mikhail Suslov on this point.[22] The Albanian leader Enver Hoxha had published a statement on October 26, 1957, condemning the Yugoslav positions, causing dismay in the Yugoslav leadership.[23] Meanwhile, the Polish communist leader Władysław Gomułka had unsuccessfully lobbied to exclude the wording 'with the Soviet Union at the fore' from the declaration of the meeting.[24] The Italian delegation had been supportive of the Polish position on this matter, whilst the Danish communist leader Aksel Larsen voiced pro-Yugoslav positions (for which he was subsequently expelled from his party).[25][26]

Officially Tito's absence at the October Revolution celebrations was explained by a sudden case of "lumbago".[23] The fallout marked a setback for Khrushchev, who had hoped to be able to gather both Mao and Tito (representing opposite extremes of the increasingly divergent world communist movement) in a show of grand unity at the podium.[23]

Latin American meeting

During the Moscow meeting, a separate meeting of Latin American communists was held.[27] The meeting set up a special commission for Latin American affairs.[28] The Popular Front line of the Chilean communists was based on input from this meeting.[27]

Delegations

Present for both the Conference of Representatives of Communist and Workers' Parties of Socialist Countries and the International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties

Present only at the International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties

Following the departure of John Gates from the Communist Party USA, the CPUSA subsequently endorsed the declarations of the 1957 meeting.[1]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Zhihua Shen, Yafeng Xia "Hidden Currents during the Honeymoon: Mao, Khrushchev, and the 1957 Moscow Conference" in Journal of Cold War Studies, Volume 11, Number 4, Fall 2009 p.76
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  29. ↑ 29,00 29,01 29,02 29,03 29,04 29,05 29,06 29,07 29,08 29,09 29,10 29,11 29,12 29,13 29,14 29,15 29,16 29,17 29,18 29,19 29,20 29,21 29,22 29,23 29,24 29,25 29,26 29,27 29,28 29,29 29,30 29,31 29,32 29,33 29,34 29,35 29,36 29,37 29,38 29,39 29,40 29,41 29,42 Шаблон:Cite book
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 31,2 31,3 31,4 31,5 31,6 Шаблон:Cite book
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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