Английская Википедия:1962 Nobel Prize in Literature
Шаблон:Infobox award The 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the American author John Steinbeck (1902–1968) "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception."[1]
Laureate
Шаблон:Main article Social conditions of migrants and seasonal workers became a recurring theme in Steinbeck's writings and were particularly evident in Of Mice and Men (1937) and The Grapes of Wrath (1939). The latter relates how unemployment and abuse of power forced farmers to migrate from Oklahoma to California. Sympathy with the downtrodden and the poor characterizes his writing. It is expressed with a compassionate sense of humor and a sharp eye for social and economic injustices. His other outstanding works include East of Eden (1952), Tortilla Flat (1935) and The Pearl (1947).[2]
Deliberations
Nominations
Steinbeck was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature on 11 occasions, the first time in 1943. In 1962, the Nobel committee received two nominations for him.[3] Included in the shortlisted nominees were Steinbeck, Robert Graves, Lawrence Durrell, Jean Anouilh, and Karen Blixen. Steinbeck was awarded eventually, but the four never received the prize.[4]
In total, the Swedish Academy received 86 nominations for 66 individuals. 15 of the nominees were nominated first-time, among them William Heinesen, Pietro Ubaldi, Ronald Syme, Carl Zuckmayer, André Schwarz-Bart, Josep Carner and Eyvind Johnson (awarded in 1974). British novelist E. M. Forster earned the highest number of nominations (4 nominations) followed by Jean-Paul Sartre and Friedrich Dürrenmatt (3 nominations each). Three of the nominees were women namely Karen Blixen, Gertrud von le Fort and Giulia Scappino Murena.[4]
The authors Antonio Acevedo Hernández, Gerrit Achterberg, Richard Aldington, Jean Amrouche, Georges Bataille, Pierre Benoit, E. E. Cummings, Maria Dermoût, Jean Devanny, Mouloud Feraoun, Wilfrid Wilson Gibson, Mary Gilmore, Patrick Hamilton, Pierre Hamp, Agnes Henningsen, Robinson Jeffers, Helge Krog, Alda Lara, María Rosa Lida de Malkiel, Arthur Oncken Lovejoy, Francisco Méndez, Patrícia Rehder Galvão (known as Pagu), Vita Sackville-West, Hajime Tanabe, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, Sandu Tudor, Mohammad Yamin, and Ouyang Yuqian died in 1962 without having been nominated for the prize. Danish author Karen Blixen and German translator Rudolf Alexander Schröder died weeks before the announcement.
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jean Anouilh (1910–1987) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, screenplay, translation | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
| 2 | Karen Blixen (1885–1962) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, memoir | Henry Olsson (1896–1985) |
| 3 | Heinrich Böll (1917–1985) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 4 | Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, translation, short story | Henry Olsson (1896–1985) |
| 5 | Martin Buber (1878–1965) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
philosophy | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 6 | Josep Carner (1884–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, translation | Jean Camp (1891–1968) |
| 7 | Franz Theodor Csokor (1885–1969) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, essays, poetry, autobiography | The Austrian PEN-Club |
| 8 | Lawrence Durrell (1912–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, drama, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 9 | Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, short story, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 10 | Johan Falkberget (1879–1967) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays | Johannes Andreasson Dale (1898–1975) |
| 11 | Edward Morgan Forster (1879–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, essays, biography, literary criticism | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 12 | Max Frisch (1911–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 13 | Robert Frost (1874–1963) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama | Clive Staples Lewis (1898–1963) |
| 14 | Rómulo Gallegos (1884–1969) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Rudolf Grossmann (1892–1980) |
| 15 | Robert Graves (1895–1985) | Шаблон:Flag | history, novel, poetry, literary criticism, essays | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
| 16 | Graham Greene (1904–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, autobiography, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 17 | Jorge Guillén (1893–1984) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, literary criticism | Georges Poulet (1902–1991) |
| 18 | Leslie Poles Hartley (1895–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Geoffrey Tillotson (1905–1969) |
| 19 | Manfred Hausmann (1898–1986) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, essays | Heinrich Dörrie (1911–1983) |
| 20 | William Heinesen (1900–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, short story, novel | Christian Matras (1900–1988) |
| 21 | Taha Hussein (1889–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, translation | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 22 | Roman Jakobson (1896–1982) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
essays | Peter Hartmann (1923–1984) |
| 23 | Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Carl-Eric Thors (1920–1986) |
| 24 | Erich Kästner (1899–1974) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, screenplay, autobiography | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 25 | Yasunari Kawabata (1899–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | The Japanese PEN-Club |
| 26 | Humphrey Davy Findley Kitto (1897–1982) | Шаблон:Flag | history | William Beare (1933–2019) |
| 27 | Miroslav Krleža (1893–1981) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, drama, short story, novel, essays | The Yugoslavian Writers Association |
| 28 | Frank Raymond Leavis (1895–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | literary criticism, essays | Cecil Arthur Hackett (1908–2000) |
| 29 | André Malraux (1901–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays, literary criticism | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 30 | Gabriel Marcel (1889–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, drama | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 31 | William Somerset Maugham (1874–1965) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, essays | Richard Broxton Onians (1899–1986) |
| 32 | Max Mell (1882–1971) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, screenplay | Moritz Enzinger (1891–1975) |
| 33 | Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | philology, history | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 34 | Vilhelm Moberg (1898–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, history | Gösta Bergman (1894–1984) |
| 35 | Alberto Moravia (1907–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, literary criticism, essays, drama | Ingmar Bergman (1918–2007) |
| 36 | Stratis Myrivilis (1890–1969) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Writers Association of the Hellenes |
| 37 | Pablo Neruda (1904–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | The Chilean Authors Society |
| 38 | Junzaburō Nishiwaki (1894–1982) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, literary criticism | Naoshiro Tsuji (1899–1979) |
| 39 | Hans Erich Nossack (1901–1977) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama | Josef Math (?) |
| 40 | Seán O'Casey (1880–1964) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, memoir | Geoffrey Tillotson (1905–1969) |
| 41 | Ezra Pound (1885–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Karl Ragnar Gierow (1904–1982) |
| 42 | John Cowper Powys (1872–1963) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, novel, literary criticism, poetry, essays, short story | George Wilson Knight (1897–1985) |
| 43 | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, essays, law | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 44 | Aksel Sandemose (1899–1965) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
novel, essays | Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) |
| 45 | Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, novel, drama, essays, screenplay | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 46 | Giulia Scappino Murena (1902–1967) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | Alfredo Galletti (1872–1962) |
| 47 | Rudolf Alexander Schröder (1878–1962) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, translation | Ernst Zinn (1910–1990) |
| 48 | André Schwarz-Bart (1928–2006) | Шаблон:Flag | novel | Ingerid Dal (1895–1985) |
| 49 | Giorgos Seferis (1900–1971) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, memoir, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 50 | Mikhail Sholokhov (1905–1984) | Шаблон:Flag | novel | Henrik Becker (1902–1984) |
| 51 | Ignazio Silone (1900–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, drama | Elias Wessén (1889–1981) |
| 52 | John Steinbeck (1902–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, screenplay | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 53 | Ronald Syme (1903–1989) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
history | Albrecht Dihle (1923–2020) |
| 54 | Jun'ichirō Tanizaki (1886–1965) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Howard Hibbett (1920–2019) |
| 55 | Frank Thiess (1890–1977) | Шаблон:Flag | novel | Helmuth Scheel (1895–1967) |
| 56 | Miguel Torga (1907–1995) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, short story, novel, drama, autobiography | Hernâni Antonio Cidade (1887–1975) |
| 57 | Pietro Ubaldi (1886–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, essays | Academia Santista de Letras |
| 58 | Tarjei Vesaas (1897–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel | Sigmund Skard (1903–1995) |
| 59 | Simon Vestdijk (1898–1971) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, essays, translation | The Austrian PEN-Club |
| 60 | Heimito von Doderer (1896–1966) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 61 | Gertrud von Le Fort (1876–1971) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, poetry | Friedrich von der Leyen (1873–1966) |
| 62 | Arthur David Waley (1889–1966) | Шаблон:Flag | translation, essays | David Hawkes (1923–2009) |
| 63 | Thornton Wilder (1897–1975) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, short story | Peter Wapnewski (1922–2012) |
| 64 | Boris Zaytsev (1881–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, novel | Rostislav Pletnv (1903–1985) |
| 65 | Carl Zuckmayer (1896–1977) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, screenplay | Rudolf Stark (1912–1966) |
| 66 | Arnold Zweig (1887–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Henrik Becker (1902–1984) |
Prize Decision
In 2012 (50 years later), the Nobel Prize opened its archives and it was revealed that Steinbeck was a "compromise choice" among a shortlist consisting of Steinbeck, British authors Robert Graves and Lawrence Durrell, French dramatist Jean Anouilh and Danish author Karen Blixen.[5] The declassified documents showed that he was chosen as the best of a bad lot:[5] "There aren't any obvious candidates for the Nobel prize and the prize committee is in an unenviable situation," wrote committee member Henry Olsson.[5] Although the committee believed Steinbeck's best work was behind him by 1962, committee member Anders Österling believed the release of his novel The Winter of Our Discontent showed that "after some signs of slowing down in recent years, [Steinbeck has] regained his position as a social truth-teller [and is an] authentic realist fully equal to his predecessors Sinclair Lewis and Ernest Hemingway."[5]
In 2010, Swedish Academy's archives later revealed that Danish writer Karen Blixen was a favorite candidate since 1959 but was missed out because the committee were concerned about showing favoritism to Scandinavian writers.[6] "The Nobel academy was probably afraid to appear provincial," Johannes Riis, literary director at Gyldendals publishing house told Politiken. "And so a mistake was made, because obviously Karen Blixen ought to have received the Nobel prize. Instead, it was a kind of reverse provincialism."[6] Blixen eventually died in September 7, 1962, making her ineligible further for the prize.
Reactions
The selection of Steinbeck was heavily criticized, and described as "one of the Academy's biggest mistakes" in one Swedish newspaper.[5] While there were some positive reactions in America,[7] The New York Times asked why the Nobel committee gave the award to an author whose "limited talent is, in his best books, watered down by tenth-rate philosophising", adding, "we think it interesting that the laurel was not awarded to a writer ... whose significance, influence and sheer body of work had already made a more profound impression on the literature of our age".[5] Steinbeck himself, when asked if he deserved the Nobel on the day of the announcement, replied: "Frankly, no."[5] Today, however, many of Steinbecks works are widely read and considered classics of Western literature.[8]
References
External links
- Prize presentation nobelprize.org
- The Nobel Prize Award Ceremony 1962 - NobelPrize.org
Шаблон:Nobel Prize in Literature
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962 nobelprize.org
- ↑ John Steinbeck nobelprize.org
- ↑ Nomination archive – John Steinbeck nobelprize.org
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Nomination archive – 1962 nobelprize.org
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Helmer Lång 100 nobelpris i litteratur Symposion 2001, ISBN 91-7139-537-7 p. 224 (in Swedish)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
