Английская Википедия:1963 Skopje earthquake

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox earthquake

The 1963 Skopje earthquake (Шаблон:Lang-mk) was a 6.1 moment magnitude earthquake which occurred in Skopje, SR Macedonia (present-day North Macedonia), then part of the SFR Yugoslavia, on July 26, 1963, which killed over 1,070 people, injured between 3,000[1] and 4,000[2] and left more than 200,000 people homeless.[3] About 80 percent of the city was destroyed.[3]

Facts

The earthquake, which measured 6.1 on the moment magnitude scale,[4] occurred on July 26, 1963, at 04:17 UTC[5] (5:17 am local time)[3][6] in Skopje, Socialist Republic of Macedonia, then part of SFR Yugoslavia (present-day North Macedonia). The tremor lasted for 20 seconds[6][7] and was felt mostly along the Vardar River Valley.[7] There were also smaller aftershocks until 5:43.[8]

Aftermath

Файл:Prvite casovi po zemjotresot.jpg
First hours after the earthquake
Файл:Plostad Sloboda po zemjotresot vo Skopje.jpg
Destroyed apartment building in downtown Skopje.

Following the earthquake, Josip Broz Tito, president of SFR Yugoslavia, sent a message of condolences to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia before visiting the city personally later on.[9][10] Within a few days after the earthquake took place, 35 nations requested that the United Nations General Assembly place relief for Skopje on their list of agendas. The effort led to the implementation of a major urban and architectural reconstruction plan urban master-plan of Skopje 1963. Relief, in the form of money, medical, engineering and building teams and supplies was offered from 78 countries throughout the world.[3]

United States president John F. Kennedy ordered the Department of Defense and the Agency for International Development (USAID) to take actions for disaster assistance in Skopje by sending personnel, prefabricated houses, tent cities and other forms of relief.[11] Substantial relief also arrived from the Soviet Union. Its leader, Nikita Khrushchev, visited Skopje personally.[9] As the SFR Yugoslavia was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement during the Cold War, the American and Soviet troops stationed in Skopje could freely shake hands for the first time since their encounter on Elbe in 1945.[12]

The first foreign journalist who arrived in Skopje to report on the earthquake was David Binder of The New York Times.[13] As he watched Skopje from the plane, he commented that the city looked like it was bombed.[14]

The United Kingdom-based charity War on Want organised a public appeal and contracted with UK engineer Demetrius Comino to provide Dexion building frame materials and personnel under Barto Stuart to enable the building of 1560 dwellings, enough for two complete villages, one of which was nicknamed Dexiongrad.[15][16] Dexion belongs to the Skopje's Municipality of Gjorče Petrov.[17] At the same time, the UK Government made a gift of 44 x 24 feet wide Nissen huts which the Yugoslav authorities used as six schools to be used in satellite suburbs until permanent schools could be established. The construction of these huts was under the supervision of a small detachment of nine Royal Engineers led by Lt Charles Brodley RE. Later, "War on Want" purchased sufficient huts to provide accommodation for 2,000 workmen engaged in the reconstruction of the city and the Engineer detachment was increased to 49 under the command of Captain SL Rooth RE.

In 1965, the Japanese architect Kenzo Tange was asked by the United Nations to enter a limited competition for the redevelopment of Skopje, after which Tange won 60% of the prize while the Yugoslav team won the remaining 40%. However, Tange's plan for Skopje (one of his major works) remains partly implemented, specifically concerning the New Skopje Railway Station and the so-called City Wall.

Файл:National Security Action Memorandum No. 267 Disaster Assistance for Skopje - NARA - 193638.jpg
From John F. Kennedy Library: National Security Action Memorandum No. 267 Disaster Assistance for Skopje – NARA – 193638, written and signed on October 18, 1963, by president Kennedy's national security advisor McGeorge Bundy

As the city gradually began to recover, the need for revival of cultural life arose. The artist Pablo Picasso donated his painting Head of a Woman (1963), which was exhibited in the new post-earthquake Contemporary Art Museum of Macedonia.[18][19][20] The museum building was a donation from Poland and was designed by several Polish architects.[21] The concert hall "Univerzalna sala" was built with donations from around 35 countries and its prefabricated building was made in neighbouring Bulgaria.[22] After the request of the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Rab Butler informed the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom on February 19, 1964, that the Government of the United Kingdom has approved new 500,000 GBP loan for reconstruction of Skopje.[23]

Several streets and objects in Skopje were named in honor of the countries which helped in their construction and/or donated housing. For example, the government of Romania donated the polyclinic medical center, which was named after its capital, Bucharest. In Karposh Municipality, there are Soviet-donated apartment buildings called in Macedonian: „руски згради“ (ruski zgradi, meaning "Russian buildings") and Swedish and Finnish prefabs called „шведски / фински бараки“ (švedski / finski baraki).[14]

One example is Skopje's Mexico Street (улица Мексичка, ulica Meksička). It was officially named in honor of Mexico and a memorial plaque from the Mexican president Adolfo López Mateos was unveiled at the location. In 2012, the street's well-known resident, the rock musician Vlatko Stefanovski and his brother, the playwright Goran Stefanovski protested against the mayor's decision to rename several city streets, including Mexico Street. The Stefanovski brothers reminded people that the street they grew up on and where the Macedonian rock group Leb i sol was formed was built with donations from Mexico and argued that this act of solidarity must never be forgotten.[24] The old name Meksička was brought back in February 2021 by the Skopje City Council.[25]

Being rebuilt from ruins thanks to the relief from all around the world, Skopje is often referred to as "The City of International Solidarity", which is its motto.[26]

One year after the 1963 Skopje earthquake, the first Yugoslavian Code for Construction in Seismic Regions (temporary code 1964), was prepared by a committee consisting of international and national experts.[27]

Popular culture

The Skopje earthquake is referenced in many works of art including literature, music, theatre and films. An example is the Macedonian feature film Memento, directed by Dimitrie Osmanli in 1967.[28] An example from the field of literature is the poem Skoplje 1963 by the Austrian poet Christine Busta.[29]

Gallery

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Skopje Шаблон:Earthquakes in 1963 Шаблон:Macedonia topics

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок MRT не указан текст
  4. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Trieste не указан текст
  5. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок IRIS не указан текст
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок InYourPocket не указан текст
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок BBC не указан текст
  8. ↑ Болката и сеќавањата остануваат засекогаш Шаблон:Webarchive
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Video: Chairman Khruschev and President Tito visit the earthquake areas of Skopje city in Macedonia, Newsreel, 1963
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ John F. Kennedy Library: National Security Action Memorandum No.267 Disaster Assistance for Skopje
  12. ↑ Nova Makedonija: Скопје 1963–2010 година Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Radio Free Europe: Годишнина од катастрофалниот земјотрес Шаблон:In lang
  15. ↑ The New Yorker, October 17, 1964
  16. ↑ Davis Ian (1977) "Emergency Shelters", Disasters: the international journal of disaster relief, vol 1, no 1, p.27
  17. ↑ Večer:Населба Дексион Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Milutin Tomanović (1965) Hronika međunarodnih događaja 1964, Institute of International Politics and Economics, p251 (in Serbo-Croatian)
  24. ↑ Utrinski vesnik:Трајановски се мисли да ја смени одлуката за улица „Киро Глигоров“ Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  26. ↑ Skopje Official Site
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  28. ↑ IMDb.com
  29. ↑ Christine Busta, Unterwegs zu älteren Feuern. Gedichte. 3rd ed. Salzburg, Wien: O. Müller, 1995, p. 31
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:1963_Skopje_earthquake&oldid=12568895