Английская Википедия:1964 Nobel Prize in Literature
Шаблон:Infobox award The 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded the French writer Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) "for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age."[1]
Sartre declined the prize, saying that he never accepted any official honours and that he did not want the writer to become an institution. Furthermore, regarding the political grounds for his action, Sartre declared about the Nobel prize that it is one that goes only to Westerners “or to rebels of the East." "It is regrettable that the only Soviet work honored was one that was published abroad and forbidden in its own country.”[2] The Swedish Academy said in announcement: Шаблон:Quote It is the only known occasion when a Laureate has voluntarily declined to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature.[3]
Laureate
Sartre was a philosopher – formulated and popularized the philosophy existentialism largely formed in his Being and Nothingness ("L'Être et le néant", 1943) – and playwright but also wrote novels and short stories. Through the protagonist Antoine Roquentin, his first novel La Nausée ("Nausea", 1938) articulates the existentialist themes of alienation, devotion and loneliness.
His play Huis Clos ("No Exit", 1944) depicts hell as a perpetual co-existence with other people, while Les Mouches ("The Flies", 1943) is an adaptation of the ancient Electra myth. His autobiography Les Mots ("The Words", 1964), in which the author tries to distance himself from his writing and reconstruct his childhood, was received with great acclaim when it came out.[4]
Deliberations
Nominations
Sartre received 16 nominations since 1957. In 1964, the Swedish Academy received two nominations for him with which he was eventually awarded. He was nominated by the Swedish PEN-Club and a professor of German language from the University of Strasbourg. Sartre was included in the shortlisted nominees together with Russian novelist Mikhail Sholokhov (awarded in 1965) and British writer W. H. Auden.
76 individuals were nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature in 1964. 19 of them were nominated first-time, among them Eugène Ionesco, Paul Celan, José María Pemán, Hossein Ghods-Nakhai, James Thomas Farrell, Camilo José Cela (awarded in 1989), Harry Martinson (awarded in 1974), Hugh MacDiarmid, and Miguel Ángel Asturias (awarded in 1967). The highest number of nominations – 3 nominations each – were for Väinö Linna, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, André Malraux, and Mikhail Sholokhov (awarded in 1965). Four of the nominees were women: Judith Wright, Ina Seidel, Nelly Sachs (awarded in 1966), and Katherine Anne Porter.
The authors Halide Edib Adıvar, Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad, Brendan Behan, Angel Cruchaga Santa María, Wenceslao Fernández Flórez, Ian Fleming, Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange, Vassily Grossman, Ben Hecht, Thakin Kodaw Hmaing, Samuil Marshak, Moa Martinson, Flannery O'Connor, Karl Polanyi, Davíð Stefánsson, Păstorel Teodoreanu, Ion Vinea, Felix Weltsch, T. H. White, María Wiesse Romero, Helen Wodehouse, and Madeleva Wolff died in 1964 without having been nominated for the prize.
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jean Anouilh (1910–1987) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, screenplay, translation | Ragnar Josephson (1891–1966) |
| 2 | Miguel Ángel Asturias (1899–1974) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, essays, drama | Erik Lindegren (1910–1968) |
| 3 | Wystan Hugh Auden (1907–1973) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, essays, screenplay | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 4 | Samuel Beckett (1906–1989) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, poetry | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 5 | Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, translation, short story | Henry Olsson (1896–1985) |
| 6 | André Breton (1896–1966) | Шаблон:Flag | history, poetry, essays, literary criticism | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 7 | Martin Buber (1878–1965) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
philosophy | André Neher (1914–1988) |
| 8 | Michel Butor (1926–2016) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, essays, translation | Félix Carrère (?) |
| 9 | Heinrich Böll (1917–1985) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Gustav Korlén (1915–2014) |
| 10 | Josep Carner (1884–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, translation | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 11 | Jérôme Carcopino (1881–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | history | Pierre Grimal (1912–1996) |
| 12 | Camilo José Cela (1916–2002) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essay, poetry, drama, memoir | Daniel Poyán Díaz (?) |
| 13 | Paul Celan (1920–1970) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, translation | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 14 | Heimito von Doderer (1896–1966) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, essays | Ernst Alker (1895–1972) |
| 15 | Lawrence Durrell (1912–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, drama, essays | Georg Luck (1926–2013) |
| 16 | Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, short story, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 17 | Gunnar Ekelöf (1907–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Gunnar Tideström (1906–1985) |
| 18 | Pierre Emmanuel (1916–1984) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | Jacques Robichez (1914–1999) |
| 19 | James Thomas Farrell (1904–1979) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry | Edgar Marquess Branch (1913–2006) |
| 20 | Edward Morgan Forster (1879–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, essays, biography, literary criticism | Pierre Legouis (1891–1980) |
| 21 | Max Frisch (1911–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama | Hennig Brinkmann (1901–2000) |
| 22 | Christopher Fry (1907–2005) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, screenplay | Carl Becker (1925–1973) |
| 23 | Rómulo Gallegos (1884–1969) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | John Callan James Metford (1916–2007) |
| 24 | Hossein Ghods-Nakhai (1911–1977) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Ahmad Matin-Daftari (1897–1971) |
| 25 | Étienne Gilson (1884–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy | Pierre Mesnard (1900–1969) |
| 26 | Jean Giono (1895–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, poetry, drama | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 27 | Robert Graves (1895–1985) | Шаблон:Flag | history, novel, poetry, literary criticism, essays | Sigfrid Siwertz (1882–1970) |
| 28 | Jean Guéhenno (1890–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | essays, literary criticism | Edmond Jarno (1905–1985) |
| 29 | Taha Hussein (1889–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, translation | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 30 | Eugène Ionesco (1909–1994) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
drama, essays | Erik Lindegren (1910–1968) |
| 31 | Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Carl-Eric Thors (1920–1986) |
| 32 | Marcel Jouhandeau (1888–1979) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, novel | Jean Gaulmier (1905–1997) |
| 33 | Pierre Jean Jouve (1887–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, literary criticism | Claude Pichois (1925–2005) |
| 34 | Ernst Jünger (1895–1998) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, novel, memoir | Rudolf Till (1911–1979) |
| 35 | Yasunari Kawabata (1899–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
| 36 | Miroslav Krleža (1893–1981) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, drama, short story, novel, essays | The Yugoslavian Writers Association |
| 37 | Väinö Linna (1920–1992) | Шаблон:Flag | novel | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 38 | Robert Lowell (1917–1977) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, translation | Erik Lindegren (1910–1968) |
| 39 | Karl Löwith (1897–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy | Franz Dirlmeier (1904–1977) |
| 40 | Hugh MacDiarmid (1892–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | David Daiches (1912–2005) |
| 41 | André Malraux (1901–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays, literary criticism | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 42 | Gabriel Marcel (1889–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, drama | Yves Le Hir (1919–2005) |
| 43 | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, drama, essays | Sigurd Erixon (1888–1968) |
| 44 | William Somerset Maugham (1874–1965) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, essays | Richard Broxton Onians (1899–1986) |
| 45 | Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | philology, history | Gunnar Tilander (1894–1973) |
| 46 | Henri Michaux (1899–1984) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, essays | Bengt Holmqvist (1924–2002) |
| 47 | Yukio Mishima (1925–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, literary criticism | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
| 48 | Vilhelm Moberg (1898–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, history | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 49 | Henry de Montherlant (1895–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | essays, novel, drama | Eugène Napoleon Tigerstedt (1907–1979) |
| 50 | Alberto Moravia (1907–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, literary criticism, essays, drama | Uberto Limentani (1913–1989) |
| 51 | Vladimir Nabokov (1899–1977) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
novel, short story, poetry, drama, translation, literary criticism, memoir | Elizabeth Hill (1901–1978) |
| 52 | Pablo Neruda (1904–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 53 | Junzaburō Nishiwaki (1894–1982) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, literary criticism | Naoshirō Tsuji (1899–1979) |
| 54 | José María Pemán (1897–1981) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, novel, essays, screenplay | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 55 | Jacques Perret (1901–1992) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, memoir, essays | Paul Pédech (1912–2005) |
| 56 | Jacques Pirenne (1891–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | history, law | Pierre Nothomb (1887–1966) |
| 57 | Katherine Anne Porter (1890–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, essays | George Hendrick (b. 1929) |
| 58 | John Boynton Priestley (1894–1984) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, screenplay, literary criticism, essays | Hugh Sydney Hunt (1911–1993) |
| 59 | Nelly Sachs (1891–1970) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, drama | Walter Arthur Berendsohn (1884–1984) |
| 60 | Aksel Sandemose (1899–1965) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
novel, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 61 | Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, novel, drama, essays, screenplay | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 62 | Jean Schlumberger (1877–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Pierre Legouis (1891–1973) |
| 63 | Ina Seidel (1885–1974) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel | Günther Jachmann (1887–1979) |
| 64 | Ramón Jose Sender (1901–1982) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays | Robert Graves (1895–1985) |
| 65 | Charles Percy Snow (1905–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays | Friedrich Schubel (1904–1991) |
| 66 | Mikhail Sholokhov (1905–1984) | Шаблон:Flag | novel | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 67 | Jun'ichirō Tanizaki (1886–1965) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
| 68 | Gustave Thibon (1903–2001) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy | Édouard Delebecque (1910–1990) |
| 69 | Pietro Ubaldi (1886–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, essays | João de Freitas Guimarães (?) |
| 70 | Giuseppe Ungaretti (1888–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, literary criticism | Georges Poulet (1901–1991) |
| 71 | Arthur David Waley (1889–1966) | Шаблон:Flag | translation, essays | David Hawkes (1923–2009) |
| 72 | Mika Waltari (1908–1979) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, novel, poetry, drama, essays, screenplay | Aapeli Saarisalo (1896–1986) |
| 73 | Tarjei Vesaas (1897–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel | Edvard Beyer (1920–2003) |
| 74 | Simon Vestdijk (1898–1971) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, essays, translation | Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |
| 75 | Thornton Wilder (1897–1975) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 76 | Judith Wright (1915–2000) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, literary criticism, novel, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
Prize Decision
On 17 September 1964 the Nobel committee proposed that the prize should be awarded to Jean-Paul Sartre. The second name on the list was Mikhail Sholokov (who was awarded the prize in 1965) and the third name was W.H. Auden. There was some ambivalence within the Swedish Academy to award Sartre. He had been nominated the first time in 1957, but his candidacy was postponed for the future as the Academy was not sure if Sartre's work would have any historical importance. His candidacy was considered and postponed again in 1962 for similar reasons. The publication of Les Mots in 1963 is believed to have strengthened Sartre's candidacy and in October 1964 the Academy decided to award Sartre, their decision was sealed with a final vote on 22 October 1964. A week earlier Sartre, knowing that he was a candidate for the prize, had sent a letter to the Swedish Academy saying he would not accept the award, but as the Academy had already made their decision before the formal final vote they disregarded the letter. The Academy's permanent secretary Karl Ragnar Gierow replied to Sartre's letter saying that the decision had already been made and urged Sartre to reconsider and accept the prize.[3]
Reactions
In a text published in Le Figaro on 23 October 1964 Sartre wrote that he regretted that his refusal to accept the prize had caused a scandal. He explained that he never accepted any prizes or membership of institutions as he believed an author who accepted such things became forever associated with the prize or institution, and that the author should not allow himself to become an institution.[3]
Aftermath
In his memoirs Lars Gyllensten claimed that someone, either Sartre himself or someone related to him, in 1975 had contacted the Swedish Academy and asked if the prize money was available.[3]
References
External links
Шаблон:Nobel Prize in Literature
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1964 nobelprize.org
- ↑ Sartre Explains Stand nytimes.com
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Kaj Schueler Sartres brev kom försent till Akademien Svenska Dagbladet 2 January 2015 (in Swedish)
- ↑ Jean-Paul Sartre nobelprize.org
