Английская Википедия:1965 Nobel Prize in Literature
Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox award The 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded the Russian novelist Mikhail Sholokhov (1905–1984) "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people."[1] He is the third Russian-speaking author to become the prize's recipient.
Laureate
Шаблон:Main Mikhail Sholokhov was born in Vyoshenskaya, Russia. He fought in the Russian Civil War as a Bolshevik at the age of 13. To pursue a career as a journalist, he relocated to Moscow in 1922. He returned to his birthplace two years later and concentrated solely on his literary career. He drew inspiration for his debut book, Donskie Rasskazy ("Tales from the Don", 1925), from his experiences in both the Russian Civil War and World War I.[2]
His magnum opus Tikhii Don ("The Quiet Don", 1928–1966) was published in four volumes (translated as And Quiet Flows the Don (1934); The Don Flows Home to the Sea (1940); Quiet Flows the Don (1966)) to him 14 years to complete. It was praised as a potent illustration of socialist realism and became the most widely-read book in Soviet literature. Sholokhov had a keen interest in how people's lives played out against Russia's changes and problems. It took him 27 years to complete his other significant piece for the Don cycle, Podnyataya Tselina ("Virgin Soil Upturned", 1932–1960).[2][3]
Deliberations
Nominations
Sholokhov started receiving nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature since 1947. He received 20 nominations in total until he was eventually awarded.[4][5] He received the highest number of nominations in the year 1965.[5]
For this year, the Nobel Committee received 120 nominations[6] for 93 authors including Simon Vestdijk, Ramón Menéndez Pidal, Nelly Sachs (awarded in 1966), André Malraux, Ezra Pound, Pablo Neruda (awarded in 1971), E. M. Forster, Max Frisch, and Taha Hussein. 21 of the nominees were newly nominated, such as Alejo Carpentier, Konstantin Paustovsky, Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh, Anna Akhmatova, Marguerite Yourcenar, Gyula Illyés, Marie Luise Kaschnitz, Gilbert Cesbron, Giovannino Guareschi, and Alan Sillitoe. The highest number of nominations was for the French author André Malraux (with six nominations). Eight of the nominees were women, namely: Marguerite Yourcenar, Judith Wright, Anna Akhmatova, Katherine Anne Porter, Marie Luise Kaschnitz, Nelly Sachs, Maria Dąbrowska, and María Raquel Adler.[6]
The authors Jacques Audiberti, Alejandro Casona, Thomas B. Costain, Rampo Edogawa, Eleanor Farjeon, Lorraine Hansberry, Louis Hjelmslev, Mehdi Huseyn, Shirley Jackson, Randall Jarrell, Una Marson, Betty Miller, Edgar Mittelholzer, Fan S. Noli, Dawn Powell, Arthur Schlesinger, Sr., Jack Spicer, Howard Spring, Thomas Sigismund Stribling, Paul Tillich, and Aslaug Vaa died in 1965 without having been nominated for the prize.
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Anna Akhmatova (1889–1966) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 2 | María Raquel Adler (1901–1974) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama | Catholic University of Cuyo |
| 3 | Theodor Adorno (1903–1969) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, essays | Helmut Viebrock (1912–1997) |
| 4 | Shmuel Yosef Agnon (1887–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Baruch Kurzweil (1907–1972) |
| 5 | Alceu Amoroso Lima (1893–1983) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, essays, literary criticism | Academia Mineira de Letras |
| 6 | Louis Aragon (1897–1982) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 7 | Tudor Arghezi (1880–1967) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, essays | Angelo Monteverdi (1886–1967) |
| 8 | Miguel Ángel Asturias (1899–1974) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, essays, drama | Erik Lindegren (1910–1968) |
| 9 | Wystan Hugh Auden (1907–1973) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, essays, screenplay | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 10 | Samuel Beckett (1906–1989) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, poetry | William Stuart Maguinness (1903–1983) |
| 11 | René Béhaine (1880–1966) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays | Yves Gandon (1899–1975) |
| 12 | Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, translation, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 13 | Henri Bosco (1888–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Barthélémy-Antonin Taladoire (1907–1976) |
| 14 | Maurice Bowra (1898–1971) | Шаблон:Flag | history, essays, literary criticism, poetry | Ernest Ludwig Stahl (1902–1992) |
| 15 | Martin Buber (1878–1965) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
philosophy | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 16 | Heinrich Böll (1917–1985) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Gustav Korlén (1915–2014) |
| 17 | Josep Carner (1884–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, translation | Robert Guiette (1895–1976) |
| 18 | Alejo Carpentier (1904–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays | Jean-Louis Flecniakoska (1913–2005) |
| 19 | Gilbert Cesbron (1913–1979) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, drama, poetry | Pierre Jonin (1912–1997) |
| 20 | André Chamson (1900–1983) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays | Charles Rostaing (1904–1999) |
| 21 | René Char (1907–1988) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | Georges Blin (1917–2016) |
| 22 | Maria Dąbrowska (1889–1965) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, drama, literary criticism | Carl Stief (1914–1998) |
| 23 | Lawrence Durrell (1912–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, drama, essays | Paul Gerhard Buchloh (1922–1986) |
| 24 | Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, short story, essays | Friedrich Sengle (1909–1994) |
| 25 | Johan Falkberget (1879–1967) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays | Hans Heiberg (1904–1978) |
| 26 | Edward Morgan Forster (1879–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, essays, biography, literary criticism | Pierre Legouis (1891–1975) |
| 27 | Max Frisch (1911–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 28 | Sudhindra Nath Ghose (1899–1965) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays | Henri Ziégler (1885–1970) |
| 29 | Gopal Singh (1917–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | biography, law, essays, translation | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 30 | Giovannino Guareschi (1908–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays | Mario Manlio Rossi (1895–1971) |
| 31 | Jean Guéhenno (1890–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | essays, literary criticism | Edmond Jarno (1905–1985) |
| 32 | Jorge Guillén (1893–1984) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, literary criticism | Henri Peyre (1901–1988) |
| 33 | Jean Guitton (1901–1999) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, theology | Édouard Delebecque (1910–1990) |
| 34 | Gunnar Gunnarsson (1889–1975) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry | Stellan Arvidson (1902–1997) |
| 35 | Leslie Poles Hartley (1895–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays | Geoffrey Tillotson (1905–1969) |
| 36 | Pêr-Jakez Helias (1914–1995) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, essays | André Lebois (1915–1978) |
| 37 | Taha Hussein (1889–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, translation | Charles Pellat (1914–1992) |
| 38 | Gyula Illyés (1902–1983) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, drama, essays | János Lotz (1913–1973) |
| 39 | Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz (1894–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, drama, translation, short story, novel | Jean Fabre (1904–1975) |
| 40 | Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh (1892–1997) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, translation | Richard Nelson Frye (1920–2014) |
| 41 | Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Carl-Eric Thors (1920–1986) |
| 42 | Marcel Jouhandeau (1888–1979) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, novel | Jean Gaulmier (1905–1997) |
| 43 | Ernst Jünger (1895–1998) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, novel, memoir | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 44 | Marie Luise Kaschnitz (1901–1974) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, drama | Hermann Tiemann (1899–1981) |
| 45 | Yasunari Kawabata (1899–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
| 46 | Miroslav Krleža (1893–1981) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, drama, short story, novel, essays | Association of Writers of Yugoslavia |
| 47 | Erich Kästner (1899–1974) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, screenplay, autobiography | Werner Betz (1912–1980) |
| 48 | André Malraux (1901–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays, literary criticism | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 49 | Gabriel Marcel (1889–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, drama | Olof Gigon (1912–1998) |
| 50 | William Somerset Maugham (1874–1965) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, essays | Jean-Albert Bédé (1903–1977) |
| 51 | Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | philology, history | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 52 | Yukio Mishima (1925–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, literary criticism | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
| 53 | Vilhelm Moberg (1898–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, history | Gösta Bergman (1894–1984) |
| 54 | Henry de Montherlant (1895–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | essays, novel, drama | Louis Moulinier (1904–1971) |
| 56 | Alberto Moravia (1907–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, literary criticism, essays, drama | Uberto Limentani (1913–1989) |
| 57 | Vladimir Nabokov (1899–1977) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
novel, short story, poetry, drama, translation, literary criticism, memoir | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 58 | Pablo Neruda (1904–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 59 | Junzaburō Nishiwaki (1894–1982) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, literary criticism | Naoshirō Tsuji (1899–1979) |
| 60 | Konstantin Paustovsky (1892–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, drama | Karl Ragnar Gierow (1904–1982) |
| 61 | Katherine Anne Porter (1890–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, essays | George Hendrick (b. 1929) |
| 62 | Ezra Pound (1885–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Hans Galinsky (1909–1991) |
| 63 | Zayn al-ʻĀbidīn Rahnamā (1894–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | history, essays, translation | Ali-Asghar Hekmat (1893–1980) |
| 64 | Wilhelm Röpke (1899–1966) | Шаблон:Flag | essays | Olof Gigon (1912–1998) |
| 65 | Nelly Sachs (1891–1970) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, drama | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 66 | Aksel Sandemose (1899–1965) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
novel, essays | Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) |
| 67 | Alan Sillitoe (1928–2010) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, poetry, translation | Robert Graves (1895–1985) |
| 68 | Georges Simenon (1903–1989) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, memoir | René Kaech (1909–1989) |
| 69 | Upton Sinclair (1878–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, autobiography, essays | Sidney Kaplan (1913–1993) |
| 70 | Charles Percy Snow (1905–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 71 | Mikhail Sholokhov (1905–1984) | Шаблон:Flag | novel | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 72 | Carl Erik Soya (1896–1983) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, drama, screenplay, poetry, essays | The Danish PEN-Club |
| 73 | Stijn Streuvels (1871–1969) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Maurice Gilliams (1900–1982) |
| 74 | Jun'ichirō Tanizaki (1886–1965) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
| 75 | Gustave Thibon (1903–2001) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy | Édouard Delebecque (1910–1990) |
| 76 | Miguel Torga (1907–1995) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, short story, novel, drama, autobiography | Göran Hammarström (1922–2019) |
| 80 | Lionel Trilling (1905–1975) | Шаблон:Flag | essays, literary criticism, short story | Lewis Gaston Leary (1906–1990) |
| 81 | Henri Troyat (1911–2007) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, biography, history | Ernst Dickenmann (1902–1985) |
| 82 | Pietro Ubaldi (1886–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy, essays | Academia Santista de Letras |
| 83 | Giuseppe Ungaretti (1888–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, literary criticism | Otis Fellows (1908–1993) |
| 84 | Robert Penn Warren (1905–1989) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, essays, literary criticism | Cleanth Brooks (1906–1994) |
| 85 | Tarjei Vesaas (1897–1970) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 86 | Simon Vestdijk (1898–1971) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, essays, translation | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 87 | Thornton Wilder (1897–1975) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 88 | Edmund Wilson (1895–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | essays, literary criticism, short story, drama | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 89 | Judith Wright (1915–2000) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, literary criticism, novel, essays | Greta Hort (1903–1967) |
| 90 | Marguerite Yourcenar (1903–1987) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays, poetry | I. M. Frandon (?) |
| 91 | Juan Antonio de Zunzunegui (1901–1982) | Шаблон:Flag | novel | Elie Poulenard (1901–1985) |
| 92 | Arnold Zweig (1887–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 93 | Arnulf Øverland (1889–1968) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
Prize decision
The Nobel committee of the Swedish Academy was unanimous to propose that the prize should be awarded to Mikhail Sholokhov, who had been a candidate for many years and a main candidate for the prize the previous year. The committee discussed a proposal to share the prize between Sholokhov and Anna Akhmatova, but the idea was rejected by the committees' chairman Anders Österling saying that the authors had nothing but their language in common. The committee also discussed the possibility of a shared prize to Miguel Angel Asturias and Jorge Luis Borges, and to Shmuel Yosef Agnon and Nelly Sachs respectively.[7]
Reactions
The choice of Sholokhov was widely criticised for being politically motivated, but was celebrated by the authorities in the Soviet Union.[7]
References
External links
- Award Ceremony speech nobelprize.org
- List of all nominations nobelprize.org
Шаблон:Nobel Prize in Literature
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1965 nobelprize.org
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Mikhail Sholokhov – Facts nobelprize.org
- ↑ Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov britannica.com
- ↑ Nomination archive – Mikhail Sholokhov nobelprize.org
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Nomination archive – Michail Solochov nobelprize.org
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Nomination archive – 1965 nobelprize.org
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite web
