Английская Википедия:1966 California gubernatorial election

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The 1966 California gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1966. The election was a contest primarily between incumbent governor Pat Brown and former actor Ronald Reagan, who mobilized conservative voters and defeated Brown in a landslide. As of the 2022 gubernatorial election, this is the last time an incumbent governor of California lost re-election, though one subsequent incumbent governor was recalled.

Background

Incumbent governor Pat Brown had been twice elected with significant accomplishments, such as the construction of the state highway system. After his re-election victory over former vice president Richard Nixon in 1962, Brown was strongly considered for Lyndon B. Johnson's running mate in 1964. However, Brown's popularity began to sag amidst the civil disorders of the Watts riots and the early student protests at the University of California, Berkeley including the Free Speech Movement.

Primaries

California's liberal Republicans including George Christopher leveled attacks on Ronald Reagan for his conservative positions. Reagan popularized the eleventh commandment created by California Republican Party chairman Gaylord Parkinson. In his 1990 autobiography An American Life, Reagan attributed the rule to Parkinson, explained its origin, and claimed to have followed it, writing, "The personal attacks against me during the primary finally became so heavy that the state Republican chairman, Gaylord Parkinson, postulated what he called the Eleventh Commandment: Thou shalt not speak ill of any fellow Republican. It's a rule I followed during that campaign and have ever since." Parkinson used the phrase as common ground to prevent a split in the party.

Campaign

Polls in February 1966 showed Christopher with a seven-point lead over Brown and Brown leading Reagan by four, so Brown sought to influence the Republican primary in Reagan's favor by having operatives pass negative claims against Christopher to columnist Drew Pearson. With the nomination of Reagan, a well-known and charismatic political outsider-actor, the Republicans seized upon Brown's sudden unpopularity evidenced by a tough battle in the Democratic primary. Nixon worked tirelessly behind the scenes and Reagan trumpeted his law-and-order campaign message, going into the general election with a great deal of momentum. After pollsters discovered that the Berkeley student protests were a major priority of Republican voters, Reagan repeatedly promised to "clean up the mess at Berkeley."

At first, Brown tried to smear Reagan's conservative supporters with "lame Nazi metaphors". After Reagan deftly parried that tactic, Brown made a serious gaffe. He ran a television commercial in which he used a rhetorical question to remind a group of elementary school children that John Wilkes Booth, another actor, had killed Abraham Lincoln. Brown's crude comparison of Reagan to Booth based on their common background as actors—in the state that happens to be home to Hollywood—did not go over well with the California electorate. Within 48 hours, Reagan had overtaken Brown in the polls.

With a lead that grew throughout September and October, Reagan won by over 990,000 votes, aided by traditionally Democratic working-class areas in Los Angeles and elsewhere. Brown won in only three counties, Alameda, Plumas, and San Francisco. He narrowly won Alameda by about 2,000 votes and Plumas by about 100 votes.

Results by county

County	Reagan	Votes	Brown	Votes
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Mono	77.84%	1,205	22.16%	343
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Orange	72.15%	293,413	27.85%	113,275
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Sutter	70.43%	9,828	29.57%	4,126
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Calaveras	67.77%	3,810	32.23%	1,812
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Butte	67.48%	25,443	32.52%	12,263
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Glenn	66.35%	4,676	33.65%	2,371
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Inyo	66.19%	3,961	33.81%	2,023
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Nevada	65.85%	7,373	34.15%	3,823
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Alpine	65.78%	148	34.22%	77
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Del Norte	63.99%	3,409	36.01%	1,918
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|San Diego	63.82%	252,070	36.18%	142,890
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Santa Barbara	63.54%	50,284	36.46%	28,853
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Lake	63.09%	5,499	36.91%	3,217
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|El Dorado	63.08%	9,189	36.92%	5,378
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Tehama	63.01%	6,629	36.99%	3,891
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Imperial	62.87%	12,372	37.13%	7,307
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Riverside	62.77%	84,501	37.23%	50,112
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Modoc	62.73%	1,946	37.27%	1,156
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Kern	62.67%	64,716	37.33%	38,543
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|San Luis Obispo	62.55%	21,528	37.45%	12,891
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Trinity	62.27%	2,050	37.73%	1,242
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|San Bernardino	62.19%	121,916	37.81%	74,120
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Colusa	62.09%	2,806	37.91%	1,713
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Mariposa	61.51%	1,811	38.49%	1,133
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Santa Cruz	61.47%	26,988	38.53%	16,913
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Monterey	61.06%	35,944	38.94%	22,923
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|San Benito	60.96%	3,565	39.04%	2,283
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Ventura	60.94%	58,068	39.06%	37,224
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|San Joaquin	60.77%	54,647	39.23%	35,281
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Sonoma	60.68%	41,516	39.32%	26,898
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Yuba	60.52%	6,658	39.48%	4,344
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Tulare	59.95%	33,095	40.05%	22,109
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Mendocino	59.81%	10,161	40.19%	6,827
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Napa	59.53%	17,740	40.47%	12,060
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Amador	58.33%	2,985	41.67%	2,132
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Tuolumne	58.21%	4,845	41.79%	3,479
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Los Angeles	57.26%	1,389,995	42.74%	1,037,663
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Marin	57.21%	40,411	42.79%	30,230
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Humboldt	57.20%	19,210	42.80%	14,374
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Kings	55.79%	9,957	44.21%	7,890
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Santa Clara	55.40%	164,970	44.60%	132,793
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Sierra	55.27%	650	44.73%	526
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Contra Costa	55.13%	107,543	44.87%	87,525
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Shasta	54.83%	15,155	45.17%	12,486
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Placer	54.61%	14,664	45.39%	12,187
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Stanislaus	54.37%	31,473	45.63%	26,418
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Siskiyou	54.21%	7,057	45.79%	5,962
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Madera	54.18%	7,490	45.82%	6,335
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Fresno	53.96%	70,182	46.04%	59,869
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Lassen	53.95%	3,190	46.05%	2,723
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|San Mateo	53.71%	107,498	46.29%	92,654
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Merced	53.01%	14,103	46.99%	12,499
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Sacramento	50.91%	109,801	49.09%	105,861
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Solano	50.15%	23,187	49.85%	23,047
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican|Yolo	50.08%	13,073	49.92%	13,032
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic|Alameda	49.75%	189,055	50.25%	190,968
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic|Plumas	49.18%	2,658	50.82%	2,747
align="center" Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic|San Francisco	41.11%	114,796	58.89%	164,435

Further reading

• Anderson, Totton J.; Lee, Eugene C. (1967), "The 1966 Election in California", Western Political Quarterly, 20#2 pp. 535–554 in JSTOR
• Becker, Jules, and Douglas A. Fuchs. "How two major California dailies covered Reagan vs. Brown." Journalism Quarterly 44.4 (1967): 645–653.
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Cannon, Lou (2001), Ronald Reagan: The Presidential Portfolio (PublicAffairs, 2001)
• Cannon, Lou. "Preparing for the Presidency: The Political Education of Ronald Reagan" in A Legacy of Leadership: Governors and American History ed. by Clayton McClure Brooks (2008) pp 137–155. online
• Dallek, Matthew. The Right Moment: Ronald Reagan's First Victory and the Decisive Turning Point in American Politics (2000), 1966 election;
• De Groot, Gerard J. "'A Goddamned Electable Person': The 1966 California Gubernatorial Campaign of Ronald Reagan." History 82#267 (1997) pp: 429-448 online.
• De Groot, Gerard J. "Ronald Reagan and Student Unrest in California, 1966-1970." Pacific Historical Review 65.1 (1996): 107–129. online free Шаблон:Webarchive
• Edwards, Anne. Early Reagan: The Rise to Power (New York, 1987), includes 1966 election
• McKenna, Kevin. "The 'Total Campaign': How Ronald Reagan Overwhelmingly Won the California Gubernatorial Election of 1966." (Thesis, Columbia University, 2010)
• Pawel, Miriam. (2018). The Browns of California: the family dynasty that transformed a state and shaped a nation. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Rapoport, R. California Dreaming: The Political Odyssey of Pat & Jerry Brown. Berkeley: Nolo Press (1982) Шаблон:ISBN.
• Шаблон:Citation summary
• Rarick, Ethan. "The Brown Dynasty." in Modern American Political Dynasties: A Study of Power, Family, and Political Influence ed by Kathleen Gronnerud and Scott J. Spitzer. (2018): 211–30.
• Reeves, Michelle. "Obey the Rules or Get Out": Ronald Reagan's 1966 Gubernatorial Campaign and the 'Trouble in Berkeley'." Southern California Quarterly (2010): 275–305. in JSTOR
• Rice, Richard B. The Elusive Eden: A New History of California. (McGraw-Hill, 2012). ). Шаблон:ISBN.
• Rogin, Michael Paul, John L. Shover. Political Change in California: Critical Elections and Social Movements, 1890-1966 (Greenwood, 1970).
• Rorabaugh, William J. Berkeley at War, the 1960s (Oxford University Press, 1989).
• Schuparra, Kurt. Triumph of the Right: The Rise of the California Conservative Movement, 1945-1966 (M.E. Sharpe, 1998).

External links

• Autumn and Cardboard: The 1966 California Gubernatorial Election
• Reagan Heritage
• BepressШаблон:Dead link (pg 13)
• SFgate