Английская Википедия:1971 Nobel Prize in Literature
Шаблон:Infobox award The 1971 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Chilean politician and poet Pablo Neruda (1904–1973) "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams."[1] Neruda became the second Chilean Nobel laureate in Literature after Gabriela Mistral in 1945.
Laureate
Шаблон:Main article Pablo Neruda is known for his surrealist poems and historical epics which touches political, human and passionate themes. Among his well known works which are read throughout the world include Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada ("Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair", 1924), which established him as a prominent poet and an interpreter of love and erotica, and Cien Sonetos de Amor ("100 Sonnets of Love", 1959). A diplomat, his official journey in Asia affected him strongly, which is reflected in two volumes of poems titled Residencia en la tierra ("Residence on Earth", 1933 and 1935). Neruda's Communist sympathies reflect in his work Canto General (1939), an epic poem about the whole South American continent.[2][3][4]
Deliberations
Nominations
In 1971, the Swedish Academy received 137 nominations for 91 individuals. Neruda received 25 nominations since 1956 and received two nominations which eventually led to him being awarded the 1971 prize. Among the shortlist were Neruda, W. H. Auden, Patrick White (awarded in 1973), André Malraux and Eugenio Montale (awarded in 1975).[5]
The most number of nominations were for Jorge Luis Borges and Montale, both receiving 6 nominations.[6] André Malraux was the nominee who had been nominated for most years (22 years) up to 1971. 25 of the nominees were nominated first-time, among them Elie Wiesel (awarded the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize), José García Villa, James Baldwin, Arno Schmidt, Georges Schéhadé, William Golding (awarded in 1983) and Richard E. Kim. The oldest nominee was Jacques Maritain (aged 89) while the youngest was Richard E. Kim (aged 39).[6] Peruvian novelist José María Arguedas was nominated posthumously by the Professor of Scandinavian languages, Elie Poulenard (1901–1985) from University of Strasbourg. Estonian poet Marie Under was the only female nominee.
The authors André Billy, C. D. Broad, Walter Van Tilburg Clark, Daniel de la Vega, Nels F. S. Ferré, Peter Fleming, Claude Gauvreau, Gaito Gazdanov, A. P. Herbert, Philippe Hériat, Raicho Hiratsuka, Ogden Nash, Allan Nevins, Reinhold Niebuhr, Naoya Shiga, Kenneth Slessor, Juhan Smuul, Aleksandr Tvardovsky, Frank Underhill, Charles Vildrac, Waldo Williams, and Philip Wylie died in 1971 without having been nominated for the prize. The Indian novelist Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay and Dutch writer Simon Vestdijk died months before the announcement.
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Edward Albee (1928–2016) | Шаблон:Flag | drama | Dieter Schaller (1929–2003) |
| 2 | Jorge Amado (1912–2001) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Laurent Versini (1932–2021) |
| 3 | Jerzy Andrzejewski (1909–1983) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Eeva Kilpi (b. 1928) |
| 4 | Louis Aragon (1897–1982) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, essays | Jean Gaudon (1926–2019) |
| 5 | José María Arguedas (1911–1969) (posthumous nomination) |
Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, essays | Elie Poulenard (1901-1985) |
| 6 | Wystan Hugh Auden (1907–1973) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, essays, screenplay | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 7 | Riccardo Bacchelli (1891–1985) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 8 | James Baldwin (1924–1987) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, poetry, drama | Jacob Louis Mey (b. 1926) |
| 9 | Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay (1898–1971) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, essays, autobiography, songwriting | Krishna Kripalani (1907–1992) |
| 10 | Mykola Bazhan (1904–1983) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Omeljan Pritsak (1919–2006) |
| 11 | Saul Bellow (1915–2005) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
novel, short story, memoir, essays | Jara Ribnikar (1912–2007) |
| 12 | Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, translation, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 13 | Jawad Boulos (1900–1982) | Шаблон:Flag | essays | Camille Aboussouan (1919–2013) |
| 14 | Heinrich Böll (1917–1985) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 15 | Michel Butor (1926–2016) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, essays, translation | Karl Ragnar Gierow (1904–1982) |
| 16 | Elias Canetti (1905–1994) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
novel, drama, memoir, essays | Keith Spalding (1913–2002) |
| 17 | Alejo Carpentier (1904–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays | Henri Peyre (1901–1988) |
| 18 | Lord David Cecil (1902–1986) | Шаблон:Flag | biography, history, essays | Leslie Poles Hartley (1895–1972) |
| 19 | Aimé Césaire (1913–2008) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, essays | Karl Ragnar Gierow (1904–1982) |
| 20 | André Chamson (1900–1983) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 21 | Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca (1914–2008) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | Yaşar Nabi Nayır (1908–1981) |
| 22 | Tsendiin Damdinsüren (1908–1986) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, novel, translation | Walther Heissig (1913–2005) |
| 23 | Salvador de Madariaga (1886–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | essays, history, law, novel | Kazimir Geza Werner (1900–1985) |
| 24 | Henry de Montherlant (1895–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | essays, novel, drama | Anders Österling (1884–1981) |
| 25 | Paul Demiéville (1894–1979) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
essays, translation | Martin Gimm (b. 1930) |
| 26 | Lawrence Durrell (1912–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, poetry, drama, essays | Haydn Trevor Mason (1929–2018) |
| 27 | Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, short story, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 28 | Rabbe Enckell (1903–1974) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, poetry | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 29 | Salvador Espriu (1913–1985) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, poetry | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 30 | Romain Gary (1914–1980) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
novel, essays, literary criticism, screenplay | Walther Hinz (1906–1992) |
| 31 | Maurice Genevoix (1890–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays | Yves Gandon (1899–1975) |
| 32 | William Golding (1911–1993) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, drama, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 33 | Günter Grass (1927–2015) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, poetry, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 34 | Graham Greene (1904–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, autobiography, essays | Mary Renault (1905–1983) |
| 35 | Jorge Guillén (1893–1984) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, literary criticism | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 36 | Paavo Haavikko (1931–2008) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, essays | Eeva Kilpi (b. 1928) |
| 37 | William Heinesen (1900–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, short story, novel | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 38 | Vladimír Holan (1905–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) |
| 39 | Eugène Ionesco (1909–1994) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
drama, essays | Karl Ragnar Gierow (1904–1982) |
| 40 | Roman Jakobson (1896–1982) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
essays | Jean Dubois (1920–2015) |
| 41 | Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Файл:Nobel prize winner.svgPär Lagerkvist (1891–1974) |
| 42 | Younghill Kang (1898–1972) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
novel, memoir, drama | Robert Payne (1911–1983) |
| 43 | Erich Kästner (1899–1974) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, screenplay, autobiography | Kazimir Geza Werner (1900–1985) |
| 44 | Richard Eun Kook Kim (1932–2009) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
novel, short story | Baek Cheol (1908-1985) |
| 45 | Arthur Koestler (1905–1983) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
novel, autobiography, essays | Georges Matoré (1908–1998) |
| 46 | Miroslav Krleža (1893–1981) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, drama, short story, novel, essays | Gunnar Jacobsson (1918–2001) |
| 47 | Karl Krolow (1915–1999) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, translation | Emil Ernst Ploss (1925–1972) |
| 48 | Philip Larkin (1922–1985) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, essays | Jørgen Læssøe (1924–1993) |
| 49 | Siegfried Lenz (1926–2014) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, drama | Karl Ragnar Gierow (1904–1982) |
| 50 | Väinö Linna (1920–1992) | Шаблон:Flag | novel | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 51 | Compton Mackenzie (1883–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, poetry, history, biography, essays, literary criticism, memoir |
Magne Oftedal (1921–1985) |
| 52 | Archibald MacLeish (1892–1982) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays, drama, law | William Summers Anderson (1919–2021) |
| 53 | Hugh MacLennan (1907–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays | Lawrence Lande (1906–1998) |
| 54 | André Malraux (1901–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays, literary criticism | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 55 | Jacques Maritain (1882–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | philosophy | Charles Dédéyan (1910–2003) |
| 56 | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, drama, essays | Arthur Arnholtz (1901–1973) |
| 57 | Miquel Melendres i Rué (1905–1974) | Шаблон:Flag | essays, theology, poetry, memoir | Antoni Griera (1887–1973) |
| 58 | Arthur Miller (1915–2005) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, screenplay, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 59 | Eugenio Montale (1896–1981) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, translation | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 60 | Vilhelm Moberg (1898–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, history | Anders Österling (1884–1981) |
| 61 | Alberto Moravia (1907–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, literary criticism, essays, drama | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 62 | Vladimir Nabokov (1899–1977) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
novel, short story, poetry, drama, translation, literary criticism, memoir | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 63 | Mikhail Naimy (1889–1988) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, short story, novel, autobiography, literary criticism | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 64 | Pablo Neruda (1904–1973) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 65 | Fritiof Nilsson Piraten (1895–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, novel, essays, law | Bertil Ejder (1916–2005) |
| 66 | Ezra Pound (1885–1972) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Hans Galinsky (1909–1991) |
| 67 | Evaristo Ribera Chevremont (1890–1976) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | Ernesto Juan Fonfrías (1909–1990) |
| 68 | Yannis Ritsos (1909–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, songwriting | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 69 | Alain Robbe-Grillet (1922–2008) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays, screenplays | Henry Olsson (1896–1985) |
| 70 | Tadeusz Rózewicz (1921–2014) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, translation | Gunnar Jacobsson (1918–2001) |
| 71 | Hans Ruin (1891–1980) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
philosophy | Arthur Arnholtz (1901–1973) |
| 72 | Georges Schéhadé (1905–1989) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, drama, novel | Camille Aboussouan (1919–2013) |
| 73 | Arno Schmidt (1914–1979) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, biography, essays | Lars Gyllensten (1921–2006) |
| 74 | Léopold Sédar Senghor (1906–2001) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, essays | Karl Ragnar Gierow (1904–1982) |
| 75 | Robert Shih [Shi Jieyun] (1926–1983) | Шаблон:Flag | essays | Étienne Lamotte (1903–1983) |
| 76 | Claude Simon (1913–2005) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays | Henry Olsson (1896–1985) |
| 77 | Charles Percy Snow (1905–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, essays | Sylvère Monod (1921–2006) |
| 78 | Zaharia Stancu (1902–1974) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, novel, philosophy, essays | Karl Ragnar Gierow (1904–1982) |
| 79 | Marie Under (1883–1980) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry | Algirdas Landsbergis (1924–2004) |
| 80 | Simon Vestdijk (1898–1971) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, poetry, essays, translation | Karl Ragnar Gierow (1904–1982) |
| 81 | José García Villa (1908–1997) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
poetry, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 82 | Gerard Walschap (1898–1989) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, drama, essays | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 83 | Mika Waltari (1908–1979) | Шаблон:Flag | short story, novel, poetry, drama, essays, screenplay | Inna Koskenniemi (1923–1995) |
| 84 | Sándor Weöres (1913–1989) | Шаблон:Flag | poetry, translation | Áron Kibédi Varga (1930–2018) |
| 85 | Patrick White (1912–1990) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, drama, poetry, autobiography | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 86 | Elie Wiesel (1928–2016) | Шаблон:Flag Шаблон:Flag |
memoir, essays, novel, drama | Gerd Høst-Heyerdahl (1915–2007) |
| 87 | Thornton Wilder (1897–1975) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, short story | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
| 88 | Tennessee Williams (1911–1983) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, novel, screenplay, short story, poetry | Kazimir Geza Werner (1900–1985) |
| 89 | Henry Williamson (1895–1977) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story | Petronella O'Flanagan (?) |
| 90 | Angus Wilson (1913–1991) | Шаблон:Flag | novel, short story, essays | Gerhard Nickel (1928–2015) |
| 91 | Carl Zuckmayer (1896–1977) | Шаблон:Flag | drama, screenplay | Шаблон:Unbulleted list |
Prize Decision
The Academy's archives later revealed in 2022 that Pablo Neruda was almost denied the Nobel Prize because of his "communist tendencies" and odes to Stalin.[5] While Anders Österling of the Nobel committee praised Neruda's "poetic natural power and dynamic vitality", he questioned whether the increasingly dominant communist tendency in his poetry is compatible with the purpose of the Nobel prize. In the archives, Österling wrote that "a writer's way of thinking – whether Marxist, syndicalist, anarchist or something else – belongs to his free right. However, Neruda is fully politically involved, including through his hymns to Stalin and other purely propagandistic achievements. On that basis, I have reservations about his candidacy, without, however, wanting to firmly reject it in advance..."[5] Österling had previously spoken out against the candidacy both of Ezra Pound and Samuel Beckett, but was eventually persuaded with Neruda's and Beckett's merits later awarded them the prize, but not Pound.[5]
Reactions
Bo Strömstedt, cultural editor of the newspaper Expressen, suggested ironically that Neruda's appointment to the Paris embassy might have been decisive factor for him being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, describing it as "Pension for Diplomats".[7] In an interview, he pointed out that three laureates in the last decade had been diplomats: Saint-John Perse of France, Giorgos Seferis of Greece and Miguel Ángel Asturias of Guatemala. "I call it a Nobel old‐age pension for diplomats," he said. "I think Pablo Neruda is a great poet and a greater artist than Patrick White but like choices that come too late, it's a bit dull. I'm for choosing younger persons who are in the midst of their work."[7]
Nobel lecture
Pablo Neruda delivered a Nobel lecture entitled "Towards the Splendid City" on 13 December 1971, in which he raises some great points about the craft of writing poetry and the poet's relation to society. Neruda expressed: "I believe that poetry is an action, ephemeral or solemn, in which there enters as equal partners solitude and solidarity, emotion and action, the nearness to oneself, the nearness to mankind and to the secret manifestations of nature."[8]
References
External links
- Award Ceremony speech nobelprize.org
- Nobel diploma nobelprize.org
- Banquet speech nobelprize.org
Шаблон:Nobel Prize in Literature Шаблон:1971 Nobel Prize winners
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Pablo Neruda – Facts nobelprize.org
- ↑ Pablo Neruda britannica.com
- ↑ Pablo Neruda poetryfoundation.org
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Nomination archive – 1971
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Nobel lecture nobelprize.org
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