Английская Википедия:1980s in video games

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Шаблон:Short description

1970s . 1980s in video games . 1990s
Other topics: Anthropology . Comics . Fashion . Music . Science and technology . Sociology
Файл:Prickätarpucken.svg
Pac-Man (1980)

The 1980s was the second decade in the industry's history. It was a decade of highs and lows for video games. The decade began amidst a boom in the arcade business with giants like Atari still dominating the American market since the late-1970s. Another, the rising influence of the home computer, and a lack of quality in the games themselves led to an implosion of the video game market that nearly destroyed the industry in North America.[1] It took home consoles years to recover from the crash, but Nintendo filled in the void with its Nintendo Entertainment System (NES, Famicom), reviving interest in consoles.[2] Up until this point, most investors believed video games to be a fad that has since passed.[3] In the remaining years of the decade, Sega ignites a console war with Nintendo, developers that had been affected by the crash experimented with the more advanced graphics of the PC,[4] and Nintendo released the Game Boy, which would become the best-selling handheld gaming device for the next two-decades.[5] Other consoles releases in the decade included the Intellivision, TurboGrafx-16 (PC Engine) and Sega Genesis (Mega Drive). Notable games of the 1980s included Super Mario Bros, Duck Hunt, Metroid, Elite, SimCity, Galaga, Pitfall!, Frogger, Mike Tyson's Punch-Out!!, Defender, Mega Man 2, The Legend of Zelda, Castlevania, Ghosts 'n Goblins, Super Mario Bros. 2, Bubble Bobble, Double Dragon, Final Fight, Ninja Gaiden, Tetris, Adventure, Joust, Robotron: 2084, Pac-Man, Dig Dug, Arkanoid, Populous, R-Type, Contra, Donkey Kong, Centipede, Super Mario Bros. 3, Prince of Persia, Gauntlet, Dragon's Lair, Golden Axe, Ms. Pac-Man, Out Run, Final Fantasy, Altered Beast, Shinobi, Lode Runner, Battlezone, Dragon Quest, and Marble Madness.

Consoles of the 1980s

Third generation consoles (1983–1993)

Шаблон:Main

Файл:NES-Console-Set.jpg
The Nintendo Entertainment System was released in the mid-1980s and became the best-selling gaming console of its time

Starting in 1983 the third generation began with the Japanese release of the Family Computer (or "Famicom"; later known as the Nintendo Entertainment System in the rest of the world) by Nintendo. Although the previous generation of consoles had also used 8-bit processors, it was at the end of this generation that home consoles were first labeled by their "bits". This also came into fashion as 16-bit systems like Sega's Genesis were marketed to differentiate between the generations of consoles. In the United States, this generation in gaming was primarily dominated by the NES/Famicom. Other notable consoles included Sega's Mark III, also known as the Master System.

Early Fourth generation consoles (1987–1996)

Файл:Sega-Genesis-Mod1-Set.jpg
The Sega Genesis was released in North America in 1989.

Шаблон:Main

Starting in 1987 with the PC Engine in Japan and ending in 1996, with the last console being the Neo-Geo in 1991, the fourth generation of video game consoles consisted primarily of games and systems programmed for the 16-bit era. During this generation, 2D graphics had improved over the previous generation and experimentation began to occur with 3D graphics, although 3D games were more prevalent on the PC at the time. The fourth generation also was the first time compact discs were considered a viable port for video game retail sales with the CD-i. Some of the most notable systems released during this generation were the Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Entertainment System (1990), the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis (1988), and the Neo Geo (1991).[6] Nintendo's Game Boy was also released during the fourth generation, which would later become the most popular series of handheld gaming systems during the 1990s.[7] A rivalry between Sega and Nintendo occurred during this generation, starting the first ever console war.

History

Golden age of arcade games

Шаблон:Main

In the early-1980s, arcade games were a vibrant industry. The arcade video game industry in the US alone was generating $5 billion of revenue annually in 1981[8] and the number of arcades doubled between 1980 and 1982.[9] The effect video games had on society expanded to other mediums as well such as major films and music. In 1982, "Pac-Man Fever" charted on the Billboard Hot 100 charts[10] and Tron became a cult classic.[11]

Third-party development and an oversaturated market

Following a dispute over recognition and royalties, several of Atari's key programmers split and founded their own company Activision in late 1979.[12] Activision was the first third-party developer for the Atari 2600.[13] Atari sued Activision for copyright infringement and theft of trade secrets in 1980,[14] but the two parties settled on fixed royalty rates and a legitimizing process for third parties to develop games on hardware.[15]

In the aftermath of the lawsuit, an oversaturated market resulted in companies that had never had an interest in video games before beginning to work on their own promotional games; brands like Purina Dog Food.[16] The market was also flooded with too many consoles and too many poor quality games,[17] elements that would contribute to the collapse of the entire video game industry in 1983.

Video game crash of 1983

Шаблон:Main

By 1983, the video game bubble created during the golden age had burst and several major companies that produced computers and consoles had gone into bankruptcy.[18] Atari reported a $536 million loss in 1983.[19] Some entertainment experts and investors lost confidence in the medium and believed it was a passing fad.[20] A game often given poster child status to this era, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial had such bad sale figures that the remaining unsold cartridges were buried in the deserts of New Mexico.[21][22]

Rise of computer gaming

The brunt of the crash was felt mainly across the home console market. Home computer gaming continued to thrive in this time period, especially with lower-cost machines such as the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum. Some computer companies adopted aggressive advertising strategies to compete with gaming consoles and to promote their educational appeal to parents as well.[23][24] Home computers also allowed motivated users to develop their own games, and many notable titles were created this way, such as Jordan Mechner's Karateka, which he wrote on an Apple II while in college.[25]

In the late 1980s, IBM PC compatibles became popular as gaming devices, with more memory and higher resolutions than consoles, but lacking in the custom hardware that allowed the slower console systems to create smooth visuals.[26]

Rejuvenation

By 1985, the home market console in North America had been dormant for nearly two years. Elsewhere, video games continued to be a staple of innovation and development. After seeing impressive numbers from its Famicom system in Japan, Nintendo decided to jump into the North American market by releasing the Nintendo Entertainment System, or NES for short. After release it took several years to build up momentum, but despite the pessimism of critics it became a success. Nintendo is credited with reviving the home console market.[2]

One innovation that led to Nintendo's success was its ability to tell stories on an inexpensive home console; something that was more common for home computer games, but had only been seen on consoles in a limited fashion. Nintendo also took measures to prevent another crash by requiring third-party developers to adhere to regulations and standards, something that has existed on major consoles since then. One requirement was a "lock and key" system to prevent reverse engineering. It also forced third parties to pay in full for their cartridges before release, so that in case of a flop, the liability will be on the developer and not the provider.[27]

Notable video-game franchises established in the 1980s

Arcades

Шаблон:Columns-list

Consoles and home computers

Шаблон:Columns-list

Notes:

Financial performance

Highest-grossing arcade games of the decade

Шаблон:See also

The following titles were the highest-grossing arcade video games of each year in the 1980s, in terms of coin drop earnings.

Highest-grossing arcade games of the 1980s
Year Market Chart(s) Title Revenue Inflation Developer Manufacturer(s) Genre Шаблон:Abbr
1980 Worldwide rowspan="3" Шаблон:N/A Pac-Man Шаблон:US$ Шаблон:US$ Namco Namco / Midway Maze [28][29]
1981
1982
1983 Worldwide Шаблон:N/A Pole Position colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Namco Namco / Atari Racing [30]
1984 UK Шаблон:Unknown Track & Field colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Konami Konami Olympic sports [31]
USA AMOA Pole Position colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Namco Atari Racing [32]
RePlay Pole Position II colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Namco Atari Racing [33]
1985 UK Шаблон:Unknown Commando colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Capcom Capcom Run-and-gun [31]
USA Play Meter Hang-On colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Sega Sega Racing [34]
RePlay Karate Champ colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Technōs Data East Fighting [35]
1986 Japan Game Machine Hang-On colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Sega Sega Racing [36][37]
UK Electrocoin (London) Nemesis (Gradius) colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Konami Konami Scrolling shooter [38]
USA Play Meter Gauntlet colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Atari Games Atari Games Hack-and-slash [39]
RePlay Hang-On colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Sega Sega Racing [40]
1987 Japan Gamest / Game Machine Out Run colspan="2" rowspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Sega Sega Driving [41][42]
USA Play Meter Sega Sega Driving [43]
1988 Japan Gamest / Game Machine After Burner colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Sega Sega Air combat [44][45]
Hong Kong Bondeal RoboCop colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Data East Data East Action [46]
UK Шаблон:Unknown Operation Wolf colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Taito Taito Light gun shooter [47]
USA Play Meter Double Dragon colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Technōs Taito Beat 'em up [48]
1989 Japan Dedicated cabinet Final Lap colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Namco Namco Racing [49]
Conversion kit Tetris colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Sega Sega Puzzle [49][50]
USA AMOA (dedicated) Double Dragon colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Technōs Taito Beat 'em up [51]
AMOA (conversion kit) Capcom Bowling colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Strata Capcom Sports
RePlay (dedicated) Super Off Road colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Leland Leland Racing [52]
RePlay (conversion kit) Ninja Gaiden colspan="2" Шаблон:Unknown Tecmo Tecmo Beat 'em up

Best-selling home video games of the decade

The following table lists the top 20 best-selling home video games of the 1980s. Note that video game sales numbers were not as widely reported during the 1980s, with the exception of titles published by Nintendo and Atari, Inc.

Best-selling home video games of the 1980s (as of 2015)
Шаблон:Abbr Title Units sold Initial release date Platform(s) Genre Developer Publisher(s) Шаблон:Abbr
1 Super Mario Bros. 40.24 million Шаблон:Dts NES Platformer Nintendo R&D4 Nintendo [53]
2 Tetris (Game Boy) 35 million Шаблон:Dts Game Boy Puzzle Nintendo R&D1 Nintendo [54]
3 Duck Hunt 28.31 million Шаблон:Dts NES Light gun shooter Nintendo R&D1 Nintendo [55]
4 Super Mario Land 18.14 million Шаблон:Dts Game Boy Platformer Nintendo R&D1 Nintendo [56]
5 Super Mario Bros. 3 17.28 million Шаблон:Dts NES Platformer Nintendo EAD Nintendo [56]
6 Donkey Kong 15.05 million Шаблон:Dts G&W, Coleco, Atari, NES Platformer Nintendo R&D1 Coleco, Atari Corporation Шаблон:Efn
7 Pac-Man 11.15 million Шаблон:Dts VCS, Coleco, NES, PC Maze Namco Atari, Coleco, Namco, Thunder Mountain Шаблон:Efn
8 Tetris (NES) 8 million Шаблон:Dts NES Puzzle Nintendo R&D1 Nintendo [57]
9 Super Mario Bros. 2 7.46 million Шаблон:Dts NES Platformer Nintendo EAD Nintendo [56]
10 The Legend of Zelda 6.51 million Шаблон:Dts NES Action-adventure Nintendo EAD Nintendo [58]
11 Space Invaders 6.09 million Шаблон:Dts Atari VCS Shoot 'em up Taito Atari, Inc. [59]Шаблон:Efn
12 The Last Ninja 2 5.5 million Шаблон:Dts Computers Action-adventure System 3 Activision [60]
13 Pitfall! 5 million Шаблон:Dts Multi-platform Platformer Activision Activision [61]
14 Zelda II: The Adventure of Link 4.38 million Шаблон:Dts NES Action role-playing Nintendo EAD Nintendo [62]
15 Excitebike 4.16 million Шаблон:Dts NES Racing Nintendo R&D1 Nintendo [63]
16 Frogger 4.1 million Шаблон:Dts Atari VCS, Computers Action Konami Parker Brothers, Sierra On-Line Шаблон:Efn
17 Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? 4 million Шаблон:Dts Multi-platform Educational Broderbund Broderbund [64]
The Last Ninja 4 million Шаблон:Dts Commodore 64 Action-adventure System 3 Activision [60]
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 4 million Шаблон:Dts NES Action-platformer Konami Ultra Games [65]
Populous 4 million Шаблон:Dts Multi-platform God game Bullfrog Productions Electronic Arts [66]

Best-selling home systems of the decade

The following table lists the top 20 best-selling home systems in the 1980s, including home video game consoles, handheld game consoles, handheld electronic games, and personal computers.

Best-selling home systems in the 1980s
Шаблон:Abbr System(s) Manufacturer Type Generation Release Hardware sales Software sales
Japan USA Europe Korea Worldwide As of USA As of
1 Nintendo Entertainment System Nintendo Console Third 1983 14,630,000[67] 20 800 000+[68] 1,000,000[69] 20,000[70] 36,450,000 1989 101,500,000[71] 1989
2 Game & Watch Nintendo Handheld Шаблон:N/A 1980 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 18 600 000+[72][73] 1982 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A
3 Atari 2600 (Atari VCS) Atari Console Second 1977 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 18 450 000+[74][75] 1986 rowspan="10" Шаблон:Unknown rowspan="10" Шаблон:Unknown
4 Commodore 64 (C64) Commodore Computer 8-bit 1982 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 13,700,000[76] 1989
5 IBM Personal Computer (PC) IBM Computer 8/16-bit 1981 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 6,952,600+Шаблон:Efn 1989
6 Apple II Apple Inc. Computer 8-bit 1977 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 4,487,000[76] 1989
7 NEC UltraLite / PC-88 / PC-98 NEC Computer 8/16-bit 1981 4,040,000Шаблон:Efn 211,000+[77] Шаблон:Unknown Шаблон:Unknown 4,251,000+ 1989
8 Famicom Disk System Nintendo Console 8-bit 1986 4,000,000[78] Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 4,000,000 1989
9 MSX ASCII Corp. Computer 8-bit 1983 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 4,000,000[79] 1989
10 Sega SG-1000 / Master System Sega Console Third 1985 1,440,000[80] 1 665 000+[81][82][83] 700,000[69] 130,000[70] 3,935,000+ 1989
11 Apple Macintosh Apple Inc. Computer 16-bit 1977 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 3,502,000[76] 1989
12 Intellivision Mattel Console Second 1979 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 3,000,000+[84] 1983
13 Coleco Mini-Arcade Coleco Dedicated Шаблон:N/A 1982 Шаблон:N/A 3,000,000[85] Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 3,000,000 1982 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A
14 PC Engine / TurboGrafx-16 NEC Console 8/16-bit 1987 2,350,000[67] 300,000[86] Шаблон:Unknown Шаблон:Unknown 2,650,000+ 1989 colspan="2" rowspan="7" Шаблон:Unknown
15 Game Boy Nintendo Handheld 8-bit 1989 1,480,000[67] 1,000,000[68] Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 2,500,000[87] 1989
16 ZX81 / ZX Spectrum Sinclair Computer 8-bit 1981 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 2,300,000[88] 1984
17 ColecoVision Coleco Console Second 1982 Шаблон:N/A 2,000,000[89] Шаблон:Unknown Шаблон:Unknown 2,000,000+ 1984
18 Amstrad CPC Amstrad Computer 8-bit 1984 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:Unknown 2,000,000[90] Шаблон:N/A 2,000,000+ 1989
19 Atari 400 / Atari 800 Atari Computer 8-bit 1979 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 1,900,000[76] 1989
20 Amiga Commodore Computer 16-bit 1985 Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A Шаблон:N/A 1,600,000[76] 1989

Hardware timeline

The following gallery highlights hardware used to predominantly play games throughout the 1980s.

Notes

Шаблон:Noteslist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:History of video games Шаблон:Portal bar

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