Английская Википедия:1984 Carolinas tornado outbreak

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Шаблон:Missing information Шаблон:Infobox storm The Carolinas tornado outbreak of March 28, 1984, was the most destructive tornado outbreak to sweep through the two states since another tornado outbreak struck 100 years and 1 month earlier, according to NOAA and NCDC public records.

Summary

On the evening of March 27, upper-air plots identified a broad and powerful upper-level trough exiting the southern Rocky Mountains into the Great Plains.[1] Winds in the upper reaches of the troposphere accelerated upwards of Шаблон:Convert across Texas and Mississippi. In the mid-levels of the atmosphere, the trough detached into a cut-off low, while a potent shortwave trough rounded the base of this feature into the Gulf Coast of the United States. Winds at this level increased to Шаблон:Convert, and notably, became increasingly diffluent across the Southeastern United States.[2] Early on March 28, a surface area of low pressure developed over eastern Texas and reached a minimum barometric pressure of Шаблон:Convert as it pushed into western Tennessee later that day.[3] Winds in the lower levels of the atmosphere intensified to Шаблон:Convert and likewise increased at the surface,[2] contributing to significant warm air advection to the south of a warm front draped across the Appalachian Mountains in North Carolina. By 15:00 UTC, surface dewpoints had surged in excess of Шаблон:Convert across Georgia and South Carolina, at which time forecasters at the National Weather Service Severe Local Storms Unit (SLSU) – equivalent to the modern-day Storm Prediction Center – outlined a Moderate risk of severe weather from southwestern Georgia northeastward into southern Maryland. Within three hours, these moist dewpoints surged well into eastern North Carolina as the surface low pushed into southern Kentucky.[3]

To the south of the original area of low pressure, a distinct mesolow developed along the warm front across northern Alabama. This feature first began to form around 18:00 UTC, and within three hours, it had rapidly deepened to a barometric pressure of Шаблон:Convert. This system moved rapidly northeast at speeds up to Шаблон:Convert, thus crossing into eastern North Carolina during the evening hours.[2] As it did so, low-level winds across the eastern Carolinas originated from a southerly direction instead of a southwesterly direction; this shift in flow created a strongly sheared environment across the region. Meanwhile, afternoon temperatures climbed above Шаблон:Convert, contributing to significant destabilization. Convective available potential energy values rose between 2,000 and 3,000 J/kg into North Carolina,[1] with locally higher values observed in northeastern South Carolina.[2]

These environmental conditions bore strong resemblance to the idealized tornado setup across the Carolinas, and they prompted the SLSU to upgrade areas from eastern Alabama into the Outer Banks of North Carolina to a High risk of severe weather,[3] the first occurrence on record in this portion of the United States.[1] As the mesolow moved across the Carolinas, it was supported by a surface trough to its east-northeast which likely formed as a result of differential heating.[3] Strong low-level convergence associated with this feature led to vigorous thunderstorm development in close proximity to the low,[1] where low-level helicity was maximized and highly supportive of supercell thunderstorms.[2] These supercells first began producing tornadoes across Upstate South Carolina around 19:15 UTC and continued to do so as they moved northeast, passing between Columbia and Charlotte around 22:00 UTC, near Fayetteville around 00:00 UTC on March 29, and finally ending north of the Albemarle Sound in northeastern North Carolina around 02:00 UTC.[1][3] In total, 24 tornadoes were confirmed, with 11 each in the Carolinas and 2 in Georgia. The size and scope of the event drew parallels to the 1884 Enigma tornado outbreak and tornado outbreak on April 16, 2011, and it held the record for number of tornadoes in the Carolinas until that 2011 event.[1] Comparisons were also drawn to the 1925 Tri-State tornado outbreak given the progression of an intense collection of tornadoes located near the mesolow.[2]

Confirmed tornadoes

Шаблон:Tornado Chart

List of confirmed tornadoes – Wednesday, March 28, 1984Шаблон:Efn
F# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Time (UTC) Path length Max width Summary
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1 SW of Winder to Fort Yargo State Park Barrow GA Шаблон:Coord 20:25 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert Hundreds of trees were downed. Thirty chicken houses, a manufactured home, a golf course, and more than one hundred buildings sustained minor roof damage. A child in the manufactured home sustained minor injuries.[4][5]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F0 N of McDonough Henry GA Шаблон:Coord 21:30 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert A large pine tree was twisted.[5][6]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1 NE of Ware Shoals Laurens SC Шаблон:Coord 21:30 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert An F1 tornado tracked to the northeast of Ware Shoals. It was embedded within a larger area of downburst winds that also moved across Anderson and Abbeville counties. In the latter, more than 18 homes were damaged or destroyed and 24 people were injured.[5][7]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2 N of Laurens Laurens SC Шаблон:Coord 21:40 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert A large and significant tornado destroyed 19 manufactured homes and damaged another 13 others. It also damaged or destroyed 5 community buildings and Шаблон:Convert of timber. A total of 43 people were injured.[5][8]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2 Newberry Newberry SC Шаблон:Coord 22:20 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert 1 death – A large F2 tornado moved northeast through downtown Newberry, which reportedly resembled a "war zone" after the tornado struck. It damaged or destroyed 80 businesses, including a church lost its roof and a wall, as well as a dance academy building that partially collapsed. The fatality occurred when an automotive shop was destroyed. An additional 38 people were injured.[5][9][10]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F3 New Hope Newberry, Fairfield SC Шаблон:Coord 22:40–22:53 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert A large and intense tornado began near New Hope and continued eastward into Fairfield County. This tornado and the previous one collectively destroyed 254 houses, 86 businesses, 68 farm buildings, 45 manufactured homes, and 7 large public buildings. This second tornado injured 10 people.[5][11][12]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F4 Winnsboro to Lake Wateree Fairfield, Kershaw SC Шаблон:Coord 23:00 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert 6 deaths – F4 tornado moved east through the northern edge of Winnsboro before crossing Interstate 77, parallel to the previous tornado along much of its path. A private school was severely damaged, where witnesses reported buses thrown into the air. A church and several masonry retail buildings collapsed as well. In total, the violent tornado damaged or destroyed 40 houses, 24 manufactured homes, 5 communities, and 4 businesses. It killed 6 people, of which 5 were in mobile homes and 1 died from a heart attack, and injured 49 others. Strong downburst winds accompanied this tornado and three subsequent ones.[5][9][13]Шаблон:Rp[14]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1 N of Monroe Union NC Шаблон:Coord 23:10 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert One manufactured home was destroyed and two others were damaged. A garage was demolished as well.[5][15]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F4 SE of Kershaw Lancaster, Kershaw Шаблон:Coord SC 23:20–23:25 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert Another violent tornado damaged several buildings, caused extensive tree damage, and injured five people in Lancaster County. It crossed into Kershaw County, demolishing a manufactured home park and injuring 31 more people.[5][16][17]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2 N of McBee Chesterfield SC Шаблон:Coord 23:40 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert A strong tornado moved through a pine forest. It was accompanied by strong downburst winds that caused considerable damage southeast of Kershaw in Kershaw County to west of Patrick in Chesterfield County.[5][18]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F4 Cash area Chesterfield SC Шаблон:Coord 23:45 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert A violent tornado damaged or destroyed 36 farm buildings, 4 homes, 2 businesses, and large swaths of forest. It injured 24 people.[5][19]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F4 Bennettsville, SC to Laurinburg, NC Marlboro (SC), Scotland (NC) SC, NC Шаблон:Coord 00:10–00:25 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert 7 deaths – A violent tornado moved through the north side of Bennettsville before dissipating near Laurinburg. It killed three people in the rural community of Lester and four others in Fletcher before crossing the state line. In total, 100 people were injured.[5][20][21]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F4 E of Bennettsville, SC to Parkton, NC Marlboro (SC), Scotland (NC),

Robeson (NC), Cumberland (NC)

SC, NC Шаблон:Coord 00:20–01:30 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert 5 deaths – Another F4 tornado touched down near Bennettsville. To the east, the tornado devastated the towns of Tatum and McColl. The tornado crossed the state line and struck the towns of Johns and Maxton before obliterating Red Springs. The tornado dissipated near Parkton, after injuring 395 people.[5][22][23][24][25][26]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F3 NE of Tobermory to Clinton Bladen, Cumberland, Sampson NC Шаблон:Coord 00:45–01:15 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert 12 deaths – Tornado first struck Beaver Dam, killing two and leveling a large swath of pine forest. The tornado then struck Salemburg, killing one person there before killing two others near Roseboro. Six people were killed in the Clinton area before the tornado dissipated. The tornado injured 101 people.[5][27][28][29]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2 Rocky Mount to West Mount Nash NC Шаблон:Coord 01:10 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert F2 damage occurred in West Mount.[5][30]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F4 NE of Clinton to Mount Olive Sampson, Duplin, Wayne NC Шаблон:Coord 01:15–01:40 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert 3 deaths – A violent tornado began northeast of Clinton, killing one person in central Sampson County. It continued into Duplin County, causing severe damage to Faison and Calypso. In Wayne County, another two people died in Mount Olive. Otherwise, 149 people were injured.[5][31][32][33]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F3 Between LaGrange Wayne, Lenoir NC Шаблон:Coord 01:30–01:37 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert An intense tornado injured 81 people.[5][34][35]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F4 NE of LaGrange to NE of Greenville Wayne, Lenoir, Greene, Pitt NC Шаблон:Coord 01:45–02:20 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert 16 deaths – This violent tornado was the deadliest of the outbreak, causing fatalities and major damage in and around Snow Hill, Winterville, Ayden, and Greenville. In total, 153 people were injured.[5][36][37][38][39]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F3 NW of Lewiston Bertie NC Шаблон:Coord 01:55 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert 6 deaths – An intense tornado moved near Lewiston, demolishing a manufactured home park and killing six people; five deaths originated from the same family. Nineteen people were also injured.[5][40]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2 SE of Ahoskie Bertie, Hertford NC Шаблон:Coord 02:10–02:15 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert A significant tornado caused F2 damage and seven injuries near Ahoskie.[5][41][42]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1 E of Cambridge Hertford NC Шаблон:Coord 02:17 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert A weak tornado caused damage near Harrellsville.[5][43]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2 W of Loris, SC to Tabor City, NC Horry (SC), Columbus (NC) SC, NC Шаблон:Coord 02:35–02:45 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert An intense tornado crossed the South Carolina–North Carolina line, destroying two manufactured homes and damaging another house. It also inflicted considerable damage to utilities and injured eight people.[5][44][45]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F3 Near Gatesville Gates NC Шаблон:Coord 02:30 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert 2 deaths – Nine houses and seven manufactured homes were destroyed, and thirty-nine other houses were damaged. Ten people were injured.[5][46]
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2 Snug Harbor Chowan, Perquimans NC Шаблон:Coord 03:15–03:20 Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert 1 death – The last tornado of the outbreak touched down as a waterspout over the Albemarle Sound before moving onshore. A tree was blown over, crushing a manufactured home and resulting in one fatality and an injury.[5][47][48]
Outbreak death toll
State Total County County
total
North Carolina 42 Bertie 6
Cumberland 2
Gates 2
Greene 7
Perquimans 1
Pitt 9
Robeson 2
Sampson 10
Wayne 3
South Carolina 15 Fairfield 5
Marlboro 9
Newberry 1
Totals 57
All deaths were tornado-related

Aftermath

Ultimately this outbreak was responsible for 57 deaths, 1,249 injuries, and confirmed tornado damage in 2 counties in Georgia, 8 counties in South Carolina, and 17 counties in North Carolina, according to data from the National Weather Service and the National Climatic Data Center records and statistical data.

This was an unusual East Coast outbreak both in its sustained intensity and in some of its meteorological specifics. It was noted by Grazulis and other researchers[13]Шаблон:Rp that this outbreak developed near the center of a large-scale low, in a fashion resembling the 1925 Tri-State tornado. In this outbreak, the damage path was attributed to separate tornadoes, though one storm produced (on an estimated 250+ mile track) a family of 13 large tornadoes, 10 of which produced F3 or F4 damage, which was occasionally connected by swaths of downburst damage. The resulting tornado family, the series of tornadoes in totality is among the longest on record.[49]

This outbreak was also part of a larger storm system that was responsible for producing severe weather across a much wider area of the eastern U.S. On the previous day, weaker tornadoes had been reported in scattered locations from Louisiana to Alabama, and a thunderstorm-caused flash flood was suspected to be the cause of a train derailment in north Florida. The northern part of the same system first spawned additional severe (non-tornadic) thunderstorms, which caused 4 additional deaths in Maryland and Pennsylvania, before then dropping snow, sleet and ice across a wide area of the northeast. The thunderstorms which produced the tornado outbreak were also responsible (according to the same data) for numerous reports of large hail and wind damage in Appalachian southwest North Carolina, and numerous larger cities (Atlanta, Baltimore, Greenville, South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, Dover, Delaware, Fayetteville, North Carolina, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Raleigh, North Carolina, Suffolk, Virginia, Norfolk, Virginia) at the periphery of the outbreak, with wind damage from thunderstorms reported as far north as Delaware.

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

  • Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001). The Tornado. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 203.
  • Fujita, T. T.; Stiegler, D. (1985). "Detailed analysis of the tornado outbreak in the Carolinas by using radar, satellite, and aerial survey data. Preprints". 14th Conference on Severe Local Storms, Indianapolis. American Meteorological Society. pp. 271–274.
  • Kraft, Scott; Harper, Timothy (April 1, 1984). "Wreckage, victims tell tornado's tale on 450-mile route". Herald-American (Syracuse, New York). Associated Press. p. 16.

External links

Шаблон:1984 tornado outbreaks

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 Шаблон:Cite report
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Шаблон:Cite report
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  5. ↑ 5,00 5,01 5,02 5,03 5,04 5,05 5,06 5,07 5,08 5,09 5,10 5,11 5,12 5,13 5,14 5,15 5,16 5,17 5,18 5,19 5,20 5,21 5,22 5,23 Шаблон:Cite report
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Grazulis, Thomas P. (1991). Significant Tornadoes 1880–1989. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: Environmental Films.
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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