Английская Википедия:1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox election

From February 8 to June 14, 1988, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 1988 United States presidential election.

Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1988 Democratic National Convention held from July 18 to July 21, 1988, in Atlanta, Georgia.

Background

Having been badly defeated in the 1984 presidential election, the Democrats in 1985 and 1986 were eager to find a new approach to win the presidency. They created the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), with the aim of recruiting a candidate for the 1988 election.Шаблон:Citation needed

The large gains in the 1986 mid-term elections (which resulted in the Democrats taking back control of the Senate after six years of Republican rule) and the continuing Iran–Contra affair gave Democrats confidence in the run-up to the primary season.Шаблон:Citation needed

Candidates

Nominee

Candidate Most recent office Home state Campaign Popular

vote

Contests won Running mate
Michael Dukakis Файл:Dukakis campaign portrait 3x4.jpg Governor of Massachusetts
(1975–1979,
1983–1991) 		Massachusetts
Massachusetts 		Файл:Dukakis Bentsen 1988 campaign logo.svg

(Campaign)

10,024,101
(42.37%) 		30
NH, MN, ME primary, VT primary
FL, HI caucus, ID caucus, MD
MA, RI, TX, WA
AS caucus, CO caucus, KS caucus
CT, WI, AZ caucus, NY, UT caucus, PA, IN
OH, NE, OR, CA, MT, NJ, NM, ND 		Lloyd Bentsen

Withdrew during primaries or convention

Candidate Most recent office Home state Campaign

Withdrawal date

Popular vote Contests won
Jesse Jackson Файл:Jesse Jackson portrait.jpg Civil rights leader Файл:Flag-map of South Carolina.svg
South Carolina 		Файл:Jesse Jackson 1988 camapign logo.svg
Eliminated at convention: July 21, 1988
(Campaign) 		6,941,816
(29.34%) 		13
AL, GA, LA, MS, VA
AK caucus, SC, PR
VT caucus, MI caucus, DE caucus, DC
Al Gore Файл:Al Gore Senate portrait (cropped).jpg U.S. Senator
from Tennessee
(1985–1993) 		Файл:Flag-map of Tennessee.svg
Tennessee 		Файл:Al Gore '88 logo.svg
Withdrew: April 21, 1988
(Campaign) 		3,190,992
(13.49%) 		7
WY caucus, AR, KY
NV caucus, NC, OK, TN
Paul Simon Файл:Sen. Paul Simon.jpg U.S. Senator
from Illinois
(1985–1997) 		Illinois
Illinois 		Файл:Paul Simon presidential campaign, 1988.png
Withdrew: April 7, 1988 		1,107,692
(4.68%) 		1
IL
Dick Gephardt Файл:Dick Gephardt portrait (cropped).jpg U.S. Representative
from Missouri
(1977–2005) 		Missouri
Missouri 		Файл:Dickgephardt1988.gif
Withdrew: March 29, 1988 		1,452,331
(6.14%) 		3
IA caucus, SD, MO
Gary Hart Файл:Gary Hart 1984 (cropped).jpg U.S. Senator
from Colorado
(1975–1987) 		Colorado
Colorado 		Файл:Garyhart1988.gif
Suspended campaign: May 8, 1987
Re-entered: December 12, 1987
Withdrew: March 12, 1988 		390,200
(1.65%) 		0

Candidates who received less than 1%

Withdrew before primaries

Candidate Experience Home state Campaign

Withdrawal date

Pat Schroeder Файл:PatSchroeder.jpg U.S. Representative
from Colorado
(1973–1997) 		Файл:Flag-map of Colorado.svg
Colorado 		Withdrew: September 28, 1987
Joe Biden Файл:Biden Senate Portrait (retouched) (crop 1).png U.S. Senator
from Delaware
(1973–2009) 		Файл:Flag-map of Delaware.svg
Delaware 		Файл:Joe Biden President 88 logo.svg
Withdrew: September 23, 1987
(Campaign)

Declined

Polling

Nationwide polling

Before 1987

Poll source Publication Sample

size

Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header
GallupШаблон:Efn[2] Jan 1986 ? ? 23% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic|46% 17% 15% Шаблон:Party shading/Independent|99%
GallupШаблон:Efn[2] April 11–14, 1986 615 RV ±6.0% 25% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic|39% 14% 18% Шаблон:Party shading/Independent|104%Шаблон:Efn
GallupШаблон:Efn[3] July 11–14, 1986 729 RV ±5.0% 22% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic|34% 26% 17% Шаблон:Party shading/Independent|101%Шаблон:Efn

1987

Poll source Dates Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header
Gallup[4] Apr. 10–13, 1987 ? ? 2% – 4% 3% 2% 46% 18% – 25%
May 8, 1987: Gary Hart suspends his campaign
Los Angeles Times May 7–9, 1987 393 RV ±6.0% 2% 3% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic|12% 6% 6% – 7% 3% Шаблон:Party shading/Independent|61%Шаблон:Efn
December 16, 1987: Gary Hart re-enters the race
Washington Post/ABC[5] Dec. 15–17, 1987 318 RV ±6.0% 2% – 15% 2% 5% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic|30% 20% 8% 18%
YCS[6] Dec. 17–18, 1987 ? ? – – 14% 4% – Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic |30% 22% 7% 23%
Gallup[4][6] Dec. 17–28, 1987 ? ? – – 10% 2% – Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic |31% 13% 10% 25%

1988

Poll source Publication Sample

size

Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header
YCS[6] Jan. 3–6, 1988 ? – 11% 4% – Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic |28% 17% 13% 27%
CBS News/New York Times[6] Jan. 17–21, 1988 ? 2% 6% 4% 4% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic |23% 17% 9% 35%
Washington Post/ABC[6] Jan. 17–23, 1988 ? 3% 11% 4% – 23% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic |25% 12% 22%
Gallup[4][6] Jan. 22–24, 1988 560 3% 16% 9% 6% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic |23% 15% 9% 19%
Harris Interactive[6] Jan. 7–26, 1988 ? – 15% 6% – Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic |19% 15% 8% 37%
Gordon Black[6] Jan. 21–28, 1988 ? – 13% 9% – Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic |17% 13% 7% 41%
CBS News/New York Times[6] Jan. 30–31, 1988 447 – 8% 4% – Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic |18% 16% 6% 48%
February 8: Iowa caucus
Washington Post/ABC[7] Feb. 11–13, 1988 383 LV 6% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic |40% 16% 7% 3% 7% 17% 5%
CBS News[7] Feb. 12–13, 1988 483 LV 3% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic |42% 18% 4% 4% 4% 12% 13%
Gallup[7] Feb. 12–13, 1988 756 LV 5% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic |39% 18% 5% 3% 7% 16% 7%
February 16: New Hampshire primary
CBS News/New York TimesШаблон:Efn[8] Feb. 17–21, 1988 933 1% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic |21% 12% 8% 10% 13% 6% 30%
March 8: Super Tuesday
CBS News/New York Times[8] Mar. 19–22, 1988 ? – Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic |29% 8% 14% – 22% 6% 21%

Head-to-head polling

Poll source Publication Sample

size

Margin

of error

Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header
Gallup[3] June 9–16, 1986 452 RV ±6.0% 30% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic|55% – — 15%
– Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic|59% 28% — 13%
— Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic|75% – 14% 11%

Statewide and regional polling

South

Poll source Dates Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header
Atlanta Journal-Constitution[9]Шаблон:Efn Sep. 18–28, 1987 6,452 A ±2.0% 3% 3% – 9% 5% 13% – Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic|27% 5% Шаблон:Party shading/Independent|35%Шаблон:Efn
– – 17% – – – Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic|27% 11% – Шаблон:Party shading/Independent|45%Шаблон:Efn

California

Poll source Dates Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header
Teichner/Sacramento Bee[10] May 8–9, 1987 510 RV ±4.0% 3% 4% 5% 2% 2% Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic|34% 9% 2% Шаблон:Party shading/Independent|39%
2% 4% 8% 5% 5% – Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic|13% 3% Шаблон:Party shading/Independent|40%

Maryland

Poll source Dates Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header
Savitz Research Center[11] October 9–14, 1987 559 RV ±4.0% 2% – 12% 5% 6% – Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic|35% 6% Шаблон:Party shading/Independent|35%Шаблон:Efn

New Hampshire

Poll source Dates Sample
size 		Margin
of error 		Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header Шаблон:Vert header
Bannon Research[12] Sep.–Oct. 1986 501 LV ±5.0% 1% 1% 26% – 1% – Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic |47% 6% 1% – 19%
1% 1% 19% 27% 1% — Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic |33% 3% – – 17%

Pre-primary events

The Hart-Rice affair

Файл:Gary Hart Senator in 1987 (1).jpg
Former U.S. Senator Gary Hart delivers a speech in 1987. Hart was the runner-up for the 1984 Democratic nomination and front-runner for 1988, but his campaign faltered and collapsed after revelations of an extra-marital affair.

The Democratic front-runner for most of 1987 was former Colorado Senator Gary Hart.[13] Hart had made a strong showing in the 1984 primaries and, after Mondale's defeat in the presidential election, had positioned himself as the moderate centrist many Democrats felt their party would need to win.[14]

However, questions and rumors about possible extramarital affairs and about past debts dogged Hart's campaign.[15] One of the great myths is that Senator Hart challenged the media to "put a tail" on him and that reporters then took him up on that challenge. In fact, Hart had told E. J. Dionne of The New York Times that if reporters followed him around, they would "be bored". However, in a separate investigation, the Miami Herald claimed to have received an anonymous tip from a friend of Donna Rice that Rice was involved with Hart. It was only after Hart had been discovered that the Herald reporters found Hart's quote in a pre-print of The New York Times Magazine.[16]

On May 8, 1987, a week after the Donna Rice story broke, Hart dropped out of the race.[15]

In December 1987, Hart surprised many political pundits by resuming his presidential campaign.[17] He again led in the polls for the Democratic nomination, both nationally and in Iowa. However, the allegations of adultery and reports of irregularities in his campaign financing had delivered a fatal blow to his candidacy, and he fared poorly in the early primaries before dropping out again.[18]

The Hart scandal would later be depicted in the 2018 film The Front Runner, with Hugh Jackman portraying Hart.

Biden plagiarism scandals

Файл:Joe Biden, official 104th Congress photo.png
Senator Joe Biden was another early contender who was forced to withdraw before the primaries when multiple plagiarism scandals derailed his candidacy.

Шаблон:See also

Delaware Senator Joe Biden led a highly competitive campaign which ended in controversy after he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by Neil Kinnock, then-leader of the British Labour Party.[19] Though Biden had correctly credited the original author in all speeches but one, the one of which he failed to make mention of the originator was caught on video and sent to the press by members of the Dukakis campaign. In the video Biden is filmed repeating a stump speech by Kinnock, with only minor modifications. Michael Dukakis later acknowledged that his campaign was responsible for leaking the tape, and two members of his staff resigned.[20]

It was also discovered that Biden had been guilty of plagiarism years before, while a student at the Syracuse University College of Law in the 1960s. Though Biden professed his integrity, the impression lingering in the media as the result of this double punch would lead him to drop out of the race.[20] He formally suspended his campaign on September 28, 1987.

The Delaware Supreme Court's Board on Professional Responsibility would later clear Biden of the law school plagiarism charges.[21]

After campaigns in 2008 and 2020, Biden was elected Vice President in 2008 and President in 2020.

Endorsements

Michael Dukakis

Jesse Jackson

Al Gore

Dick Gephardt

Gary Hart

Paul Simon

Results

In the Iowa caucuses, Gephardt finished first, Simon finished second, and Dukakis finished third. In the New Hampshire primary, Dukakis finished first, Gephardt finished second, and Simon finished third. Dukakis and Gore campaigned hard against Gephardt with negative ads, and eventually the United Auto Workers retracted their endorsement of Gephardt, who was heavily dependent on labor union backing.

In the Super Tuesday races, Dukakis won six primaries, Gore five, Jackson five and Gephardt one, with Gore and Jackson splitting the southern states. The next week, Simon won Illinois. 1988 is tied with 1992 as the race with the most candidates winning primaries since the McGovern reforms of 1971. Gore's effort to paint Dukakis as too liberal for the general election proved unsuccessful and he eventually withdrew. Jackson focused more on getting enough delegates to make sure African-American interests were represented in the platform than on winning outright.[42] Dukakis eventually emerged as the party's nominee.

Date[43][44]
Шаблон:Small 		Total pledged
delegates[45] 		Contest Delegates won and popular vote Total
Michael Dukakis Jesse Jackson Al Gore Paul Simon Dick Gephardt Others
February 8 45 Iowa caucus[46] 12
27,750
11,000
80 		15
33,375 		18
39,125
13,625 		124,955
February 16 16 New Hampshire[47] 8
44,112
9,615
8,400 		4
21,094 		4
24,513
15,179 		122,913
February 23 68 Minnesota[48] 25
8,990 		15
5,270 		274 13
4,766
1,970
5,281 		26,551
17 South Dakota[48] 7
22,349
3,867
5,993
3,992 		10
31,184
4,221 		71,606
February 28 20 Maine primary[49] 8
3,170 		7
2,722
139
378
282
2,053 		8,744
March 1 12 Vermont Caucus[50] 6
582 		6
696
6 		— —
120 		1,404
March 5 11 Wyoming caucus[51] 4
76
38 		4
88
6 		3
61
1 		270
March 8
(Super Tuesday)
(1099) 		47 Alabama[52]
31,206 		25
176,764 		22
151,739
3,063
30,214
12,845 		405,831
32 Arkansas[53] 8
94,103 		7
85,003 		16
185,758
9,020
59,711
63,949
101 Florida[54] 68
520,868 		33
254,825
161,106
27,592
182,779
121,606
64 Georgia[55]
97,179 		29
247,831 		24
201,490
8,388
41,489
26,375
17 Hawaii caucus[56] 10
2,716 		7
1,739
58
46
98
318
16 Idaho caucus[57] 7
144 		4
73
32
16
3
112
48 Kentucky[58] 11
59,433 		9
49,667 		27
145,988
9,393
28,982
25,258
52 Louisiana[59] 10
95,661 		23
221,522 		18
174,971
5,153
67,029
60,683
56 Maryland[60] 34
242,479 		22
152,642
46,063
16,013
42,059
16,631
93 Massachusetts[61] 71
418,256 		22
133,385
31,631
26,176
72,943
31,552
40 Mississippi[62] 1
29,941 		24
160,651 		15
120,364
2,118
19,693
26,650
71 Missouri[63]
61,303 		18
106,386
14,549
21,433 		53
305,287
18,857
12 Nevada caucus[64] 3
427 		3
382 		4
491
20
33 		2
285
68 North Carolina[65] 16
137,993 		25
224,177 		27
235,669
8,032
37,553
36,534
39 Oklahoma[66] 9
66,278
52,417 		20
162,584
6,901 		10
82,596
21,951
20 Rhode Island[67] 16
34,159 		4
7,369
1,932
1,392
2,013
1,958
56 Tennessee[68]
19,348 		12
119,248 		44
416,861
2,647
8,470
9,740
145 Texas[69] 61
579,713 		46
433,335 		38
357,764
34,499
240,158
121,576
62 Virginia[70] 15
80,183 		32
164,709 		15
81,419
7,045
15,935
15,608
53 Washington[71] 29
3,784 		24
3,083
166
300
78
1,074
6 American Samoa caucus[72] 4
(39%)
(7%) 		— — 2
(22%)
(32%)
March 10 10 Alaska caucus[73] 3
774 		4
882
48
18
15
791
March 12 36 Colorado caucus[74] 17
4,852 		13
3,720
307
14 		— 6
1,867
37 South Carolina[75]
1,018 		22
8,114 		7
2,777
36
307 		8
2,853
March 15 160 Illinois[76] 29
245,289 		57
484,233
77,265 		74
635,219
35,108
23,816
March 19 34Шаблон:Efn Kansas caucus[77] 15
278 		13
235 		7
125 		—
12
114
March 20 40 Puerto Rico[78] 11
70,733 		13
87,757 		7
45,361 		9
57,639
9,159
3,753
March 26 127 Michigan caucus[79] 45
61,674 		82
113,777
4,253
4,466
27,222
326
March 29[80] 63[81] Connecticut[82] 35
(58%) 		17
(28%)
(8%)
(1%) 		— 11Шаблон:Efn
(5%)
April 5 81[83] Wisconsin[84] 44
(47%) 		24
(30%) 		13
(17%)
(5%) 		—
(1%)
April 16 36[85] Arizona caucus[86]
(54%)
(38%)
(5%)
(1%) 		—
(2%)
April 18 15[87] Delaware caucus[88]
Шаблон:Nowrap
Шаблон:Nowrap
Шаблон:Nowrap 		— —
Шаблон:Nowrap
April 19 243Шаблон:Efn New York[89] 142
801,457 		87
585,076 		5
157,559
17,011 		–
14,083
April 25 23 Utah caucus[90] 19
(72%) 		4
(15%) 		– – –
(13%)
April 26 161 Pennsylvania[91] 114
1,002,480 		47
411,260
44,542
9,692
7,254
32,462
May 3 79[92] Indiana[93] 63
(70%) 		16
(22%)
(3%)
(2%)
(3%) 		—
159[94] Ohio[95] 115
(63%) 		41
(27%)
(2%)
(1%) 		– 3
(7%)Шаблон:Efn
16[96] Washington, D.C.[97] 3
(18%) 		13
(80%)
(1%)
(1%) 		– —
May 10 25 Nebraska[98] 18
(63%) 		7
(26%)
(1%)
(1%)
(3%)
(6%)
37 West Virginia[99] 36
(75%) 		1
(13%)
(3%)
(1%)
(2%)
(6%)
May 17 45 Oregon[100] 27
(57%) 		18
(38%)
(1%)
(1%)
(2%)
(1%)
June 7 272 California[101] 173
1,910,808 		99
1,102,093
56,645
43,771 		–
25,417
19[102] Montana[103] 15
(69%) 		4
(22%)
(2%)
(1%)
(3%)
(3%)
100 New Jersey[104] 66
414,829 		34
213,705
18,062 		— —
7,706
24 New Mexico[105] 16
(61%) 		8
(28%)
(3%)
(2%) 		–
(6%)
June 14 ? North Dakota[106]
(85%)
(15%) 		– – – –
Total[107] 1,427
10,024,101 (42.37%) 		1,046
6,941,816 (29.34%) 		307
3,190,992 (13.49%) 		115
1,452,331 (6.14%) 		98
1,107,692 (4.68%)
940,431 (3.98%)

Convention and general election

Шаблон:Main The Democratic Party Convention was held in Atlanta, Georgia, July 18–21. The Dukakis nominating speech delivered by Arkansas governor and future president Bill Clinton was widely criticized as too long and tedious.[108]

Texas State Treasurer Ann Richards (who two years later became the state governor) delivered a memorable keynote address in which she uttered the lines "Poor George [Bush], he can't help it, he was born with a silver foot in his mouth." Six years later, Bush's son George W. Bush would deny Richards re-election as Texas Governor.

With most candidates having withdrawn and asking their delegates to vote for Dukakis, the tally for president was as follows:[109]

Jesse Jackson's campaign believed that since they had come in a respectable second, Jackson was entitled to the vice presidential spot. Dukakis refused, and gave the spot to Lloyd Bentsen.

Bentsen was selected in large part to secure the state of Texas and its large electoral vote for the Democrats. During the vice-presidential debate, Republican candidate and Senator Dan Quayle ignored a head-on confrontation with Bentsen (aside from the "Jack Kennedy" comparison) and spent his time attacking Dukakis.

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:United States presidential election candidates, 1988 Шаблон:U.S. presidential primaries

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6 6,7 6,8 Шаблон:Cite news
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  13. ↑ John Dillin for The Christian Science Monitor. 23 February 1987 Cuomo's `no' opens door for dark horses
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  17. ↑ Bob Drogin for the Los Angeles Times. 16 December 1987 Hart Back in Race for President : Political World Stunned, Gives Him Little Chance
  18. ↑ Associated Press, in the Los Angeles Times. 13 March 1988 Quits Campaign : 'The People 'Have Decided,' Hart Declares
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  31. ↑ Our Campaigns - GA US President - D Primary Race - Mar 08, 1988
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  48. ↑ 48,0 48,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  56. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  57. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  58. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  61. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  63. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  64. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  65. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  66. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  67. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  68. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  69. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  70. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  71. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  72. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  73. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  74. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  75. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  76. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  77. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  78. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  79. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  80. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  81. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  82. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  83. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  84. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  85. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  86. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  87. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  88. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  89. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  90. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  91. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  92. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  93. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  94. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  95. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  96. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  97. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  98. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  99. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  100. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  101. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  102. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  103. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  104. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  105. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  106. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  107. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  108. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  109. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries&oldid=12614868